Poyang'anizana ndi kuphedwa chifukwa cha udindo wake pakupha anthu oposa 1 miliyoni, ambiri mwa iwo ana, mkulu wa Auschwitz, Rudolf Hoess, adaganizira za moyo wake ndi ntchito zake:
Lerolino, ndikudandaula kwambiri kuti sindinacheze ndi banja langa. (Hoess, 'Auschwitz, The Nazis and the Final Solution,' BBC2, February 15, 2005)
Hoess ndithudi ali kumapeto kwenikweni kwa sipekitiramu, koma kulephera kwake kuzindikira kuopsa kodabwitsa kwa zomwe adachita sikwachilendo. Mike Wallace wa CBS News adafunsa yemwe adachita nawo kuphedwa kwa azimayi ndi ana aku America ku My Lai.
"Q. Ndinu okwatira? A. Kulondola Q. Ana? A. Awiri. Q. Zaka zingati? A. Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka ziwiri ndi theka, ndipo mtsikanayo ali ndi chaka ndi theka. F. Mwachiwonekere, funso limabwera m'maganizo mwanga ... tate wa ana ang'onoang'ono awiri monga choncho ... angawombere bwanji makanda? A. Ndinalibe kamsungwana kakang'ono. Panthawiyo ndinali ndi kamnyamatako. Q. U-nhaโฆMumawombera bwanji makanda? A. Sindikudziwa. Ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zimenezo.โ (Wotchulidwa, Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority, Pinter & Martin, 1974, p.202)
Chimodzi mwa zinyengo zochirikizidwa ndi chitaganya chathu ndicho lingaliro lakuti chiwonongeko chachikulu kaลตirikaลตiri chimazikidwa mu nkhanza zazikulu ndi chidani. Kunena zowona, choipa sichimangokhala choletsedwa, nthawi zambiri chimakhala chopanda lingaliro lililonse loipa - sipangakhale lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha kuvutika konse.
Tonsefe timawadziลตa bwino mawu amene nthaลตi zambiri amatsagana ndi kugwedeza kwa mapewa pamene wina akufunsidwa kuti: โMunatero bwanji?โ Nthawi ndi nthawi pankhondo yaku Iraq tamva mwachiwonekere asitikali aku US ndi Briteni omwe anali ndi zolinga zabwino akuumirira kuti akungogwira ntchito zawo. Yankho lofala limakhala lakuti: โNdikungochita zimene ndalipidwa kuchita.โ
Kubwerezedwa kaลตirikaลตiri mokwanira, mayankho ameneลตa angafike pooneka ngati abwino. Koma taganizirani, mosiyana, ndemanga izi zomwe msilikali waku US Camilo Mejia anakana kubwerera ku gulu lake ku Iraq atachoka mu October 2003:
"Anthu amandifunsa za zomwe ndakumana nazo pankhondo ndikuyankha zidandibwezeranso ku zoopsa zonse - zozimitsa moto, zobisalira, nthawi yomwe ndidawona wachinyamata waku Iraq akukokedwa ndi mapewa ake kudutsa dziwe la magazi ake kapena munthu wosalakwa adadulidwa mutu. ndi mfuti yathu yamakina. Nthawi imene ndinaona msilikali atathyoledwa mkati chifukwa anapha mwana, kapena munthu wokalamba atagwada, akulira ndi manja ake atakwezedwa kumwamba, mwina kufunsa Mulungu chifukwa chimene tinatengera mtembo wopanda moyo wa mwana wake. Ndinaganizira za kuzunzika kwa anthu amene dziko lawo linali bwinja ndipo anachititsidwa manyazi kwambiri ndi zigawenga, kulondera ndiponso kuletsa asilikali obwera kunyumba kwawo.
"Ndipo ndinazindikira kuti palibe chifukwa chilichonse chomwe tidauzidwa chifukwa chomwe tinali ku Iraq chinali chowona ... Ndinazindikira kuti ndinali mbali ya nkhondo yomwe ndimakhulupirira kuti inali yachiwerewere ndi yachigawenga, nkhondo yachiwembu, nkhondo yachifumu. ulamuliro. Ndinazindikira kuti kutsatira mfundo zanga sikunagwirizane ndi ntchito yanga ya usilikali, ndipo ndinaganiza kuti sindingathe kubwerera ku Iraq.โ (Mejia, 'Regaining My Humanity,' http://www.codepink4peace.org/National_Actions_Camilo.shtml)
Nthawi zambiri, lingaliro lachindunji ndiloti kusaina pangano ndi kulipidwa kuti tigwire ntchito kumatichotsera udindo wina uliwonse wamakhalidwe abwino. Tasayina mgwirizano woti tichite monga momwe tawuzidwira - mchitidwe wowoneka ngati wopanda vuto. Ngati anthu omwe tidapangana nawo mgwirizanowu ndiye kuti asankha kutitumiza kuti tikawotche ndi kukhetsa anthu wamba, ndiye kuti ndi udindo wawo, osati wathu.
Katswiri wa zamaganizo Stanley Milgram adanena kuti uku ndikuzemba kwachikale komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe safuna kuvomereza zochita zawo:
โMfungulo ya khalidwe la omvera [ofunitsitsa kuzunza ndi kupha atalamulidwa] sakhala paukali kapena mwaukali koma paubale wawo ndi ulamuliro. Iwo adzipereka okha ku ulamuliro; amadziona ngati zida zokwaniritsira zofuna zake; atafotokozedwa motere, sangathe kumasuka. (Milgram, op., cit, p.185)
Maphunziro ena, pa psychology ya ozunza, afika pamalingaliro ofanana. Lindsey Williams, Katswiri wa Zachipatala, anati:
"... kupatula mikhalidwe yaulamuliro ndi kumvera, komanso chifundo ku boma, pali umboni wochepa wosonyeza kuti ozunza ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi anzawo - osachepera, mpaka pomwe amalembedwa ndikuphunzitsidwa ngati ozunza." (Williams, Amnesty, May/June 1995, p.10)
Mchitidwe wachisembwere, ndiye - tsoka lomwe limatsegula njira yopita ku zoopsa zazikulu popanda kukhala ndi udindo - ndi losavuta kuvomereza kuti tili ndi udindo 'kuchita zomwe tauzidwa'.
Koma m'dera lathu ndendende kudzipereka kumeneku kumalimbikitsidwa ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo yakuti ikufunidwa kwa ife ndi bungwe lililonse lomwe 'limatilemba ntchito' (monga chida), likufuna kuti tisayine mgwirizano wathu motsatira malamulo okhwima, komanso mfundo yakuti ndalama zambiri zimaperekedwa kwa ife omwe sitikufuna kukhala 'timu-osewera'. Mu 1937, Rudolf Rocker analemba kuti:
โNdithu nzowopsa kwa dziko pamene nzika zake zili ndi chikumbumtima; chimene chimafunikira ndicho amuna opanda chikumbumtima, kapena, chabwino koposa, amuna amene chikumbumtima chawo chimagwirizana ndithu ndi zifukwa za boma, amuna amene kudzimva kuti ali ndi thayo laumwini kwaloลตedwa mโmalo ndi chisonkhezero chodziลตika bwino chakuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi zikondwerero za boma.โ (Rocker, Culture and Nationalism, Michael E. Coughlan, 1978, p.197)
Chochitika cha "Gushing".
Mofanana ndi asilikali, atolankhani amakampani nawonso amadzilembera okha ku ulamuliro. Anthu amatha kubwera ndi kupita, koma chaka ndi chaka, mosasinthasintha, atolankhani amatha kuchitira ziwanda adani aboma ndikuwonetsa milandu ya boma lawo. Mofanana ndi asilikali, iwo amaona zimene zimachitika pambuyo pake monga udindo wa munthu wina.
Mu Januwale 2003, Media Lens idalembera wowonetsa wailesi ya BBC Fiona Bruce kumufunsa chifukwa chomwe adafotokozera za kukwera kwa asitikali ku Kuwait "kuti athane ndi chiwopsezo chopitilira Iraq". Bruce anayankha mophweka kuti: "Nditumiza mfundo yanu kwa mkonzi wa nkhani - zikomo." (BBC 18:00 News, January 7, 2003. Bruce, imelo ku Media Lens, January 7, 2003)
Koma ngati tikana kuvomereza udindo wa mawu omwe atuluka pakamwa pathu, kodi sitinataye umunthu wathu? Chotsatira chake, kaลตirikaลตiri, chimakhala chakuti anthu ena amataya miyoyo yawo.
John Irvine wa ITN posachedwapa ananena za "dziko la hermit" ku North Korea komwe anthu adakondwerera kubadwa kwa mtsogoleri wa dzikolo "muwonetsero wa anthu ogwirizana - onyoza angatchule kuti Come Dancing, kapena ayi!" (Irvine, ITV 22:30 News, February 16, 2005)
Zikuoneka kuti anthu aku North Korea "adachitiridwa nkhanza kwa maola ambiri" polemekeza mtsogoleriyo. "Zikafika pazabodza", Irvine adamaliza, uyu ndiwayilesi wosayerekezeka.
Pali zonyansa zonyansa pano. Choyamba, ndithudi, ndi chakuti owonera TV aku Britain amadziwanso zochitika za "kuthamanga". Mzinda wa Baghdad utagonjetsedwa ndi akasinja a US pa April 9, 2003, atolankhani a ku Britain anathamanga kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, wa BBC Rageh Omaar, adanenanso kuti akuwona gulu lankhondo lomwe likubwera:
"M'maganizo mwanga, nthawi zambiri ndimadzifunsa kuti: Zikanakhala bwanji nditaona asilikali oyambirira a Britain kapena America, patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndikulengeza Iraq? Ndipo palibe, palibe chomwe chidafika pafupi ndi zomwe zidachitika powona asitikali aku America - anyamata ochokera ku Nevada ndi California - akungogubuduza mu akasinja. Ndipo ali nafe pano tsopano mu hotelo, m'malo okwera ndi malo olandirira alendo. Inali nthawi yomwe sindinadzikonzekererepo. " (Nkhani za BBC Pa Sikisi, Epulo 9, 2003)
Anali kwa anyamata omwewa omwe Sergeant wakale wa Marine Staff Jimmy Massey ankanena pamene anati:
"Zinandikhumudwitsa kotero kuti ndidazibweretsa kwa mkulu wanga, ndipo ndinamuuza kuti, 'Mukudziwa, bwana, sitiyenera kudandaula za Iraq - mukudziwa, tikuchita. Kupha anthu ambiri kuno, kupha anthu masauzande ambiri aku Iraqโฆ'โ (http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/05/24/148212)
Ola limodzi pambuyo pa lipoti la Omaar, mlembi wakunja, a Jack Straw, adauza mtolankhani wa Channel 4 a Jon Snow kuti adakumana ndi nduna yakunja yaku France tsiku lomwelo: "Kodi adawoneka wolangidwa?" Snow anafunsa, wryly. (Chaneli 4, Epulo 9, 2003)
Pa pulogalamu yomweyi, mtolankhani waku Washington David Smith adamaliza mosapita m'mbali 'chidutswa chake cha kamera' pakugwa kwa Baghdad pogwira mawu "wotsogolera senema waku Republican":
"Ndili wokondwa kuti tinali ndi mtsogoleri wamkulu yemwe sanamvere Hollywood, kapena New York Times, kapena French."
John Irvine, iye mwini, ananena kuti: โNkhondo ya milungu itatu yathetsa mavuto a zaka makumi ambiri a ku Iraq.โ (Irvine, ITN, 18:30 News, Epulo 9, 2003)
Izi zidafika pachimake pakuwukira kosaloledwa kutengera mabodza owopsa momwe anthu zikwizikwi aku Iraq akuphedwa.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi chakuti ndemanga za Irvine pa North Korea zinapangidwa kuchokera pamtima pa machitidwe a propaganda a West - dongosolo lomwe nthawi zonse limatulutsa ziwanda za adani motere. Mu April 1950, bungwe la US National Security Council Directive linati:
"Nzika za United States zili pachiwopsezo chachikulu," akuwopsezedwa ndi "kuwonongedwa osati kwa Republic ino yokha komanso chitukuko chokha" ndi "Communism yapadziko lonse lapansi". (Wotchulidwa, Mark Curtis, The Ambiguities of Power, Zed Books, 1995, p.43)
Chiwopsezocho chinali chachinyengo. Mwachinsinsi, yemwe kale anali Mlembi Wachiwiri wa Boma komanso Wachiwiri kwa Mlembi wa Chitetezo Robert Lovett adanena (March 1950) kuti: "Ngati tingathe kugulitsa zinthu zopanda pake zomwe zimadziwika ndi anthu ambiri, tiyenera kugulitsa nkhani yathu yabwino kwambiri [zokhudza 'chiwopsezo' cha chikomyunizimu] chochulukirapo." (Ibid, p.44)
Mu Meyi 1985, Ronald Reagan adalengeza za "dzidzidzi padziko lonse" kuti athane ndi "chiwopsezo chachilendo komanso chodabwitsa pachitetezo cha dziko komanso mfundo zakunja za United States" zomwe zidapangidwa ndi "ndondomeko ndi zochita za Boma la Nicaragua". (World Court Digest, http://www.virtual-institute.de/en/wcd/wcd.cfm?107090400100.cfm )
Palibe anaseka!
Mu Seputembala 2002, Tony Blair adalengeza m'mawu ake oyamba ku "dossier yaku Britain yowunika zida zowononga anthu ambiri ku Iraq":
โSizinachitikepo kuti Boma lifalitse chikalata chotere. Koma potengera mkangano wokhudza Iraq ndi Zida Zowononga Misa (WMD), ndimafuna kugawana ndi anthu aku Britain zifukwa zomwe ndikukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyi ikuwopseza dziko la UK. " ('Zolemba zonse za mawu oyamba a Tony Blair ku dossier ku Iraq,' The Guardian, September 24, 2002)
A John Morrison, mlangizi wa komiti yazamalamulo yazamalamulo ndi chitetezo komanso wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa intelligence, adauza BBC kuti: "Nditamumva akugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa, ndidangomva rasipiberi ikukwera kuzungulira Whitehall." ('Akuluakulu adachotsedwa pa TV pa Iraq,' Richard Norton-Taylor, The Guardian, July 26, 2004)
Morrison adachotsedwa ntchito chifukwa chowona mtima. Patatha chaka chimodzi, a Blair akuyembekezeka kusankhidwanso, pomwe katswiri wake yemwe adapuma pantchito, Alastair Campbell posachedwapa adawonekera pawonetsero ya mafunso kuti Who Want To Be Milionea? Campbell nayenso 'walandiridwa mwakachetechete kubwerera' mu New Labor khola.
Ho Chi Minh waku Vietnam, Noriega waku Panama, Ortega waku Nicaragua, Castro waku Cuba, Aristide waku Haiti, mtsogoleri aliyense kapena gulu lomwe limalepheretsa zofuna zamakampani aku Western kapena zaluso, onse akhala akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi atolankhani omwe nthawi zonse amakhala okondwa kuyitanitsa atsogoleri awo popanda kuganiza mozama. .
Mnzake wa ziwanda zofalitsa nkhani ndi hagiolatry ya atsogoleri aku Western komanso kupepesa chifukwa cha zolakwa zawo. Chifukwa chake Simon Tisdall akulemba mu Guardian:
"Zisankho zochititsa chidwi ku Afghanistan, Ukraine, Palestine ndi Iraq, zomwe zinayamikiridwa ndi Purezidenti Bush 'mbandakucha wa ufulu', zalimbikitsa chiyembekezo chakumadzulo kuti mfundo za demokalase zikuvomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi." (Tisdall, 'Bush's bandwagon ya demokalase yagunda msewu ku Harare,' The Guardian, February 16, 2005)
Pankhani zazikulu za BBC, Clive Myrie akufotokoza America ngati "wopambana pa demokalase", kutanthauza "kuyitana kwa demokalase yomwe yangopangidwa kumene." (Myrie, BBC1, 13:00 News, February 23, 2005)
Chenjezo Kwa Ofuna Chidwi
Tiyenera kumveketsa bwino kuti mkulu wa asilikali a ku Auschwitz sanadzione ngati woipa kapena wowononga. Ngakhalenso asilikali a ku Lai anga. Ndipo, ngakhale, atolankhani athu a Oxbridge, ophunzitsidwa bwino, ophunzitsidwa bwino. Atha kukhala ndi mkwiyo komanso kudzikonda - siwopha anthu ambiri.
Koma atolankhani omwe amalimbikitsa malingaliro ovomerezeka, a Manichean a dziko - dziko lopangidwa ndi "othandizira anthu" ('Us') ndi "Monster States" {'Them') - ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakina opha mafakitale. Sizimapanga kusiyana kulikonse kuti palibe magazi enieni omwe amawonekera m'manja mwawo.
Wanzeru wazaka za m'ma 2, Nagarjuna, ananena mfundo zofunika:
"Osavulaza ena, Osagwadira onyozeka, Osasiya njira yaukoma - Izi ndi zazing'ono, koma Zofunika kwambiri."
ZOCHITIKA ZOTSATIRA
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Lemberani kwa Simon Tisdall Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Lemberani kwa John Irvine Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
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