Kwa nthawi yoyamba, ngongole ya ogula ku United Kingdom yaposa ndalama zonse zapadziko lonse: lipoti latsopano likuwonetsa kuti tili ndi ngongole ya £ 1.35 trillion(1). Ofufuza ku United States apeza kuti milatho 77,000 yamisewu ili mumkhalidwe wowopsa womwewo ndi womwe unagwera mumtsinje wa Mississippi(2). Patadutsa zaka ziwiri mphepo yamkuntho yotchedwa Hurricane Katrina itagunda, anthu 120,000 ochokera ku New Orleans akukhalabe m'nyumba zamakalavani ndi malo ogona osakhalitsa(3). Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukuyandikira, maboma amakana kuchitapo kanthu. Kusalingana kochulukirachulukira kukuwopseza kupanga magulu ogawanika kwambiri omwe dziko lidawonapo kuyambira nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanayambe. Tsopano vuto lazachuma lomwe limadza chifukwa cha kubwereketsa kopanda malamulo limatha kuthamangitsa anthu masauzande ambiri m'nyumba zawo ndi kuyambitsa mavuto azachuma.
Mavutowa amawoneka osakhudzana, koma onse ali ndi zofanana. Iwo amawuka mokulira kuchokera ku msonkhano womwe unachitika zaka 60 zapitazo ku Swiss spa resort. Inayala maziko a nzeru za boma zomwe zimachititsa mavuto ambiri amasiku ano.
Pamene bungwe la Mont Pelerin Society linakumana koyamba, mu 1947, ntchito yake yandale inalibe dzina. Koma icho chinadziwa kumene icho chinali kupita. Woyambitsa gululi, Friedrich von Hayek, adanena kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi malingaliro ingatenge mbadwo wochepa kuti upambane, koma adadziwa kuti gulu lake lanzeru lidzakopa othandizira amphamvu. Nzeru zake, zomwe pambuyo pake zinadzadziwika kuti neoliberalism, molingana ndi zofuna za olemera kwambiri, kotero kuti olemera kwambiri amalimbikitsa.
Neoliberalism imanena kuti timatumikiridwa bwino ndi ufulu wochuluka wamsika komanso kulowererapo kochepa ndi boma. Udindo wa boma uyenera kukhala wongopanga ndi kuteteza misika, kuteteza katundu wamba komanso kuteteza malo. Ntchito zina zonse zimaperekedwa bwino ndi mabizinesi azinsinsi, zomwe zidzapangitsidwa ndi cholinga cha phindu kuti apereke ntchito zofunika. Mwanjira iyi, mabizinesi amamasulidwa, zisankho zomveka zimapangidwa ndipo nzika zimamasulidwa ku dzanja lachipongwe la boma.
Izi, mulimonse, ndiye chiphunzitso. Koma monga momwe David Harvey akufunira m'buku lake lakuti A Brief History of Neoliberalism, kulikonse kumene ndondomeko ya neoliberal yakhazikitsidwa, yachititsa kuti chuma chisinthike kwambiri osati kungofika pamwamba pa 4 peresenti, koma kufika pamwamba pa khumi mwa anthu khumi mwa anthu 0.1 alionse. 1920). Ku United States, mwachitsanzo, okwera 5% adapeza kale malo omwe adakhala nawo koyambirira kwa XNUMXs(XNUMX). Mikhalidwe yomwe neoliberalism imafuna kuti amasule anthu kuukapolo wa boma - misonkho yochepa, kuthetsedwa kwa ntchito za boma ndi chitetezo cha anthu, kuthetseratu, kusweka kwa mgwirizano - zimangokhala zofunikira kuti anthu apamwamba akhale olemera kwambiri. , kwinaku akusiya wina aliyense kumira kapena kusambira.
Ndiye funso ndi ili. Popeza mavuto omwe ndawatchulawa ndi zotsatira zodziwikiratu za kuthetsedwa kwa ntchito za boma komanso kuchotsedwa kwa mabizinesi ndi misika yandalama, chifukwa zimawononga zofuna za pafupifupi aliyense, kodi neoliberalism yafika bwanji polamulira moyo wa anthu?
Richard Nixon nthawi ina adakakamizika kuvomereza kuti "tonse ndife a Keynesi tsopano": ngakhale a Republican adathandizira ziphunzitso za John Maynard Keynes. Koma tonse ndife andale tsopano. A Thatcher anapitiriza kutiuza kuti "palibe njira ina", ndipo pokwaniritsa mapulogalamu ake, Clinton, Blair, Brown ndi atsogoleri ena omwe kale anali zipani zopita patsogolo akuwoneka kuti akutsimikizira kulondola kwake.
Ubwino waukulu woyamba omwe a Neoliberal anali nawo unali kasupe wosalekeza wa ndalama. Oligarchs aku America ndi maziko awo - Coors, Olin, Scaife, Pew ndi ena - atsanulira mazana a mamiliyoni kuti akhazikitse ma thinktank, kukhazikitsa masukulu abizinesi ndikusintha madipatimenti azachuma aku yunivesite kukhala zotengera pafupifupi kuganiza mopondereza kwa neoliberal. Heritage Foundation, Hoover Institute, American Enterprise Institute ndi ena ambiri ku US, Institute of Economic Affairs, Center for Policy Studies ndi Adam Smith Institute ku UK onse adakhazikitsidwa kuti alimbikitse ntchitoyi. Cholinga chawo chinali kupanga malingaliro ndi chinenero chomwe chidzabisa cholinga chenicheni cha pulogalamuyi - kubwezeretsa mphamvu za anthu apamwamba - ndikuyikapo ngati lingaliro la chitukuko cha anthu.
Ntchito yawo idathandizidwa ndi malingaliro omwe adabwera m'gawo losiyana kwambiri. Magulu osintha zinthu a 1968 adafunanso ufulu wokulirapo, ndipo ambiri a soixante-huitards adawona boma ngati lowapondereza. Monga akuwonetsa Harvey, a neoliberal adatengera zilankhulo ndi malingaliro awo. Ena mwa ma anarchists omwe ndimawadziwa amalankhulabe malingaliro ofanana ndi a neoliberals: cholinga chake ndi chosiyana, koma zotsatira zake ndizofanana.
Ophunzira a Hayek anathanso kugwiritsa ntchito mavuto azachuma. Kumodzi mwa kuyesa kwawo koyamba kunachitika mu mzinda wa New York, womwe unakhudzidwa ndi tsoka la bajeti mu 1975. Mabanki ake adafuna kuti mzindawu utsatire malangizo awo: kudulidwa kwakukulu kwa ntchito za boma, kuphwanyidwa kwa mabungwe, ndalama zothandizira anthu ku bizinesi(6) . Ku United Kingdom, kusokonekera, kumenyedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa bajeti kunalola Margaret Thatcher, yemwe malingaliro ake adapangidwa ndi mlangizi wake wa neoliberal Keith Joseph, kuti amupulumutse. Pulogalamu yake idagwira ntchito, koma idapanga zovuta zatsopano.
Ngati mwayi umenewu ukanakhala wosakwanira, a neoliberals ndi owatsatira awo akanagwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu kapena mphamvu. Ku US ma Democrats adatsatiridwa ndi malamulo atsopano okhudza ndalama za kampeni. Kuti apikisane bwino ndi aku Republican, amayenera kupereka mabizinesi akulu zomwe akufuna. Dongosolo loyamba la neoliberal la onse lidakhazikitsidwa ku Chile kutsatira kulanda kwa Pinochet, mothandizidwa ndi boma la US komanso akatswiri azachuma ophunzitsidwa ndi Milton Friedman, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa bungwe la Mont Pelerin Society. Kuyimba thandizo la polojekitiyi inali nkhani yosavuta: ngati simunagwirizane, mwawomberedwa. International Monetary Fund ndi World Bank adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo pamayiko omwe akutukuka kumene kufuna mfundo zomwezo.
Koma wolimbikitsa kwambiri pulogalamu imeneyi anali atolankhani. Zambiri mwa izo ndi za anthu mamiliyoni ambiri omwe amazigwiritsa ntchito popanga malingaliro omwe amathandizira zokonda zawo. Omwe amawopseza zolinga zawo amanyalanyazidwa kapena kunyozedwa. Kudzera m’manyuzipepala ndi mawailesi akanema m’pamene maganizo owononga anthu a kagulu kakang’ono ka anthu onyanyira afika pooneka ngati anzeru. Oganiza bwino a mabungwe amagulitsa ntchitoyi pokonzanso chilankhulo chathu chandale (kuti mudziwe momwe izi zimachitikira, onani buku la George Lakoff, Musaganize za Njovu!(7)). Masiku ano ndimamva ngakhale anzanga omwe akupita patsogolo akugwiritsa ntchito mawu ngati opanga chuma, kuthandizira misonkho, boma lalikulu, demokalase ya ogula, matepi ofiira, chikhalidwe chamalipiro, ofunafuna ntchito ndi onyenga. Mawuwa, onse opangidwa mwadala kapena olimbikitsidwa ndi a neoliberal, afala kwambiri moti tsopano akuwoneka ngati osalowerera ndale.
Neoliberalism, ikapanda kuyendetsedwa, idzayambitsa mavuto pambuyo pa zovuta, zonse zomwe zingathetsedwe ndi njira zomwe zimaletsa: kulowererapo kwakukulu kumbali ya boma. Polimbana ndi izi, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti sitidzatha kusonkhanitsa zinthu zomwe omwe amathandizira apatsidwa. Koma pamene masoka amene ayambitsa akuwonjezereka, anthu sadzafunikiranso kuwatsimikizira kuti asokeretsedwa.
Zothandizira:
1. Larry Elliott, 23rd August 2007. Ngongole ya ogula imaposa ndalama zonse zapakhomo. The Guardian.
2. Ed Pilkington, 24th August 2007. Chiphunzitso cha Guano mu kugwa kwa mlatho. The Guardian.
3. Anthony Lane, 27th August 2007. New Orleans: Chitonzo Chadziko. The New Statesman.
4. David Harvey, 2005. Mbiri Yachidule ya Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
5. Onani chithunzi patsamba 17 la buku la Harvey.
6. David Harvey, ibid.
7. George Lakoff, 2004. Musaganize za Njovu: Dziwani Makhalidwe Anu ndi Kukhazikitsa Mkangano. Chelsea Green.
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