Nayi nkhani mpaka pano. Tili ndi oimira akuluakulu azamalamulo a chuma chachisanu ndi chitatu ndi 16 pazachuma padziko lonse lapansi (California ndi New York) omwe amafufuza kampani yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta padziko lonse lapansi (ExxonMobil), pomwe onse omwe akufuna kukhala pulezidenti wa Democratic akufuna kuti dipatimenti yachilungamo ya federal ilowe nawo pakufufuza za chomwe chingakhale chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa manyazi kwambiri zamakampani m'mbiri ya America. Ndipo ndicho chiyambi chabe. Zoyipa monga momwe Exxon idakhalira m'mbuyomu, zomwe ikuchita pano - movomerezeka - zikuthandizira kukankhira dziko lapansi m'mphepete ndikulowa m'mavuto akulu kwambiri munthawi yonse yankhani yamunthu.
Kubwerera kugwa, mwina mudamvapo kanthu za momwe Exxon idafotokozera zomwe idadziwa kale zakusintha kwanyengo. Mwinanso munadziganizira nokha: izo sizikundidabwitsa. Koma ziyenera kukhala. Ngakhale munthu yemwe wathera moyo wake akugwira ntchito mu dzenje lopanda malire la umbombo lomwe likutentha kwambiri padziko lapansi, nkhani ndi tanthauzo lake zidadabwitsa kwambiri: tikadapewa, zidapezeka kuti, mkangano wopanda tanthauzo wa nyengo.
Poyambira, kufufuza kopambana kwa Mphotho ya Pulitzer Mkati Nkhani Zanyengo, ndi Los Angeles Times, ndi Columbia Journalism School adawulula mwatsatanetsatane kuti akuluakulu a Exxon adadziwa chilichonse chokhudza kusintha kwanyengo m'ma 1980. Ngakhale kale, kwenikweni. Izi ndi zomwe wasayansi wamkulu wa kampani James Black adanena Komiti yoyang’anira ya Exxon mu 1977: “Poyamba, pali kuvomerezana kwasayansi kwachisawawa kuti njira yothekera kwambiri imene mtundu wa anthu ukusonkhezera nyengo yapadziko lonse ndiyo kutulutsa mpweya woipa wotuluka m’kuwotchedwa kwa mafuta oyaka.” Kuti adziwe ngati zinali choncho, kampaniyo inapanga chombo chonyamula mafuta chokhala ndi masensa a carbon dioxide kuti ayeze kuchuluka kwa gasi m’nyanja, ndiyeno inapereka ndalama zamakompyuta kuti zithandize kuneneratu zomwe zidzachitike m’tsogolo.
Zotsatira za ntchito yonseyo zinali zosakayikitsa. Pofika 1982, mkati mwa "chiyambi chamakampani,” Atsogoleri a Exxon anauzidwa kuti, mosasamala kanthu za kuchedwa kwachidziŵikire, kulimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo “kukanafunikira kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu kwa kuyaka kwa mafuta oyaka. Pokhapokha ngati izi zitachitika, woyambitsayo adati, potchula akatswiri odziyimira pawokha, "pali zinthu zina zoopsa zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa ... Zotsatira zake zikatha kuyezedwa, mwina sizingasinthidwe." Koma chikalatacho, "chofalitsidwa kwambiri" mkati mwa Exxon, chidasindikizidwanso "Sichiyenera kugawidwa kunja."
Ndiye izi ndi zomwe zinachitika. Exxon adagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chake chakusintha kwanyengo kuti akonzekere tsogolo lake. Kampaniyo, mwachitsanzo, idabwereketsa mathirakiti akuluakulu a Arctic kuti afufuze mafuta, gawo lomwe, monga wasayansi wamakampani. anafotokoza mu 1990, "kutentha kwa dziko kungathandize kuchepetsa mtengo wofufuza ndi chitukuko." Osati zokhazo komanso, “kuchokera ku Nyanja Yakumpoto kufikira ku Canadian Arctic,” Exxon ndi mabungwe ogwirizana nawo. kuyambira "Kukweza mapulatifomu a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuteteza mapaipi kuti asakokoloke m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndikupanga ma helipad, mapaipi, ndi misewu m'malo otentha komanso otentha a Arctic." Mwanjira ina, kampaniyo idayamba kutsimikizira zanyengo kuti ikwaniritse tsogolo lomwe asayansi ake akudziwa kuti silingalephereke.
Koma pagulu? Kumeneko, Exxon sanachite chilichonse mwa izi. M’chenicheni, izo zinachita zosiyana ndendende. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, idayamba kuyika ndalama ndi minofu kubisa sayansi yokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Iwo Ndalama mabungwe oganiza bwino omwe amafalitsa kukana kwanyengo komanso kutengera luso lokopa anthu kuchokera kumakampani a fodya. Komanso amatsatira buku la masewera a fodya pamene linafika pa kuteteza ndudu mwa kusonyeza “kukayikitsa” ponena za sayansi ya kutentha kwa dziko. Ndipo izo watha kuthandizira mwachidwi oimira ndale omwe anali okonzeka kuchepetsa kutentha kwa dziko.
Mkulu wawo, a Lee Raymond, adapitanso ku China mu 1997 ndipo adalimbikitsa atsogoleri a boma kumeneko kuti apite patsogolo pakupanga chuma chamafuta. Dziko lapansi linali lozizira, osati kutentha, anaumirira, pamene mainjiniya ake anali kukweza nsanja zoboola kuti alipire kukwera kwa nyanja. Iye anati: “N’zokayikitsa kuti kutentha m’zaka za m’ma 20 zikubwerazi kudzakhudzidwa kwambiri ngati malamulo akhazikitsidwa panopa kapena zaka XNUMX kuchokera pano.” Zomwe sizinali zolakwika chabe, koma zolakwika kwathunthu - molakwika momwe munthu angakhalire.
Machimo Olephera
M'malo mwake, chinyengo cha Exxon - kuthekera kwake kufooketsa malamulo kwa zaka 20 - kumatha kukhala kofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri yapadziko lapansi. Ndi m’zaka makumi aŵiri zimenezo pamene mpweya wotenthetsera mpweya unawonjezereka, monganso kutentha kwa dziko kufikira, m’zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, “chaka chotentha kwambiri kuposa china chilichonse” chakhalapo. khalani mawu otopa. Ndipo nayi mfundo yofunikira: Exxon akadanena zoona pazomwe adadziwa kale mu 1990, mwina sitinataye kotala la zana pamkangano wabodza wokhudza sayansi yakusintha kwanyengo, komanso palibe amene akanaimba mlandu Exxon kuti ndi "wowopsa. .” Tikadangoyamba kugwira ntchito.
Koma Exxon sananene zoona. A Yale phunziro lofalitsidwa kugwa kotsiriza mu Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences adawonetsa kuti ndalama zochokera ku Exxon ndi a Koch Brothers zidathandizira kwambiri kusokoneza mkangano wanyengo mdziko muno.
Machimo a kampaniyo - osiyidwa ndi ntchito - amatha kukhala achifwamba. Kaya kampaniyo "inanamiza anthu" ndi funso lomwe Loya wamkulu wa New York Eric Schneiderman adaganiza kuti achite. fufuzani kugwa komaliza pamlandu womwe ungamupangitse kukhala woweruza wamkulu wanthawi yathu ino ngati kufufuza kwake sikutha. Pali malamulo osiyanasiyana achinyengo ogula omwe Exxon mwina adawaphwanya ndipo mwina sinathe kuwulula zambiri zofunikira kwa osunga ndalama, womwe ndi bodza lalikulu lomwe sililoledwa m'dziko lathu lino. Tsopano, Schneiderman ali nazo kubwerera kuchokera ku California Attorney General Kamala Harris, ndipo mwina - ngati omenyera ufulu apitiliza kulembetsa kupanikizika - kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo komanso, ngakhale kuti kusafuna kwake kutsatiridwa ndi mabanki akuluakulu sikulimbikitsa chidaliro.
Nayi chinthu: zonse zomwe zinali zoyipa kalelo, koma Exxon ndi anzawo ambiri a Big Energy akuchita moyipa kwambiri tsopano pomwe kutentha kukukulirakulira. Ndipo zonse nzovomerezeka - zowopsa, zopusa, ndi zachiwerewere, koma zovomerezeka.
Pamaso pa zinthu, Exxon, kwenikweni, yasintha pang'ono m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Chifukwa chimodzi, chasiya kukana kusintha kwa nyengo, ngakhale pang'ono. Rex Tillerson, yemwe adalowa m'malo mwa Raymond ngati CEO, adasiya kuuza atsogoleri adziko kuti dziko lapansi likuzizira. Polankhula mu 2012 ku Council on Foreign Relations, adati, "Sindikutsutsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa CO2 mumlengalenga kudzakhala ndi vuto. Zikhala ndi kutentha kwambiri. "
Inde, nthawi yomweyo anapitiriza kunena kuti zotsatira zake zinali zosatsimikizika, zovuta kuziganizira, ndipo mulimonsemo zingathe kutheka. Ake chilankhulo zinali zodabwitsa. "Tidzagwirizana ndi izi. Kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kumasuntha madera olima mbewu - tidzasintha momwemo. Ndivuto la uinjiniya, ndipo lili ndi mayankho aukadaulo. ”
Onjezani ku mwala wa ndemanga Ic: Vuto lenileni, iye anaumirirabe, linali lakuti “tili ndi chitaganya chimene mokulira posadziŵa kulemba ndi kulemba m’mbali zimenezi, sayansi, masamu, ndi uinjiniya, zimene timachita n’zosamvetsetseka kwa iwo ndipo amaona kuti n’zowopsa. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi, zimapanga mipata yosavuta kwa otsutsa chitukuko, mabungwe omenyera ufulu, kupanga mantha. "
Kulondola. Munali m’chaka cha 2012, m’miyezi ingapo ya madzi osefukira ku Asia ndipo anthu mamiliyoni ambiri anasamuka m’nyumba zawo komanso m’chilimwe chotentha kwambiri kuposa kale lonse ku United States, pamene mbewu zathu zambiri zinalephera. O eya, ndipo mphepo yamkuntho Sandy isanachitike.
Wapitirizabe mawu ankhanza amtundu womwewo paulamuliro wake wonse. Pamsonkhano wazaka zatha wa ExxonMobil, mwachitsanzo, iye anati kuti ngati dziko liyenera kulimbana ndi “nyengo yoipa,” imene “ikhoza kusonkhezeredwa kapena ayi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo,” tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito “umisiri watsopano” wosatchulidwa. Anthu, iye anafotokoza kuti, “ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu chonchi yolimbana ndi mavuto.”
M’mawu ena, sitikunenanso za kukana kotheratu, kungokana kumene kuli kofunikira kuchitidwa. Ndipo ngakhale kampaniyo ikufuna kuchitapo kanthu, malingaliro ake akhala akusintha modabwitsa. Gulu la Exxon's PR, mwachitsanzo, latero takambirana kuthandizira mtengo wa kaboni, zomwe ndizomwe akatswiri azachuma adatsalira, kumanja, ndi pakati akhala akulimbikitsa kuyambira 1980s. Koma mtengo wochepa womwe amapangira - kwinakwake pakati pa $40 mpaka $60 pa tani - sungachite zambiri kuti achepetse bizinesi yawo. Kupatula apo, akuumirira kuti nkhokwe zawo zonse zikadabwezedwanso malinga ndi kukwera kwamitengo koteroko, komwe kungathandize makamaka kupangitsa moyo kukhala wovutirapo kumakampani omwe ali kale kale.
Koma tinene kuti mukuganiza kuti ndi lingaliro labwino kuyika mtengo pa kaboni - zomwe zili choncho, popeza chizindikiro chilichonse chimathandiza kusintha zisankho zandalama. Zikatero, a Exxon adachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti awonetsetse kuti zomwe amadzinamizira kuti amathandizira m'malingaliro sizingachitike.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani zimene anachita pa ndale. Webusaitiyi Dirty Energy Money, yokonzedwa ndi Oil Change International, imapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kufufuza omwe adapereka kwa ndani. Ngati muyang'ana zopereka zonse za ndale za Exxon kuyambira 1999 mpaka panopa, ambiri mwa andale awo andale asayina Pledge yotchuka ya Taxpayer Protection Pledge yochokera ku Grover Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform yomwe imawakakamiza kuvota motsutsana ndi misonkho yatsopano. Norquist yekha analemba Congress kumapeto kwa Januware kuti "msonkho wa kaboni ndi VAT kapena Misonkho Yowonjezera pa Mawilo ophunzitsira. Msonkho uliwonse wa carbon ukhoza kufalikira m'madera ambiri azachuma mpaka titakhala ndi Misonkho Yowonjezera Ku Ulaya." Monga iye adanena mtolankhani chaka chatha, "Sindikuwona njira yopezera mavoti ambiri a Republican" chifukwa cha msonkho wa carbon, ndipo popeza wakhala wotchedwa "munthu wamphamvu kwambiri mu ndale zaku America," zomwe zikuwoneka ngati kubetcha kwabwino.
Seneta yekhayo wa Democratic pamndandanda wa 60 wapamwamba kwambiri wa Exxon anali solo wakale wa Louisiana Mary Landrieu, yemwe. anapanga Ubwino waukulu mu mpikisano wake womaliza chifukwa anali "voti yayikulu" poletsa mitengo ya kaboni ku Congress. Bill Cassidy, mwamuna yemwe adamugonjetsa, ndi wokondedwa wa Exxon, ndipo sanataye nthawi kuthandizira nawo bilu kutsutsa msonkho uliwonse wa carbon. Mwanjira ina, mutha kuyitcha kuti Exxon yomwe akuyenera kuvomereza pakusintha kwanyengo kukhala masewera a Shell. Kupatula Exxon.
Kukumba Kwakukulu Kosatha
Ngakhale kuti si vuto lakuya.
Vuto lalikulu kwambiri ndi dongosolo la bizinesi la Exxon. Kampaniyo amawononga ndalama zambiri wandalama posaka ma hydrocarbon atsopano. Poganizira kutsika kwamitengo yamafuta kwaposachedwa, ndalama zake zogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zazikulu komanso zowunikira zidatsika ndi 12% mu 2015 mpaka $ 34 biliyoni, ndipo china 25% mu 2016 mpaka $ 23.2 biliyoni. Mu 2015, izi zikutanthauza kuti Exxon anali kugwiritsa ntchito $63 miliyoni patsiku "pomwe akupitiliza kubweretsa ntchito zatsopano." Akugwiritsabe ndalama zokwana $1.57 biliyoni pachaka kufunafuna magwero atsopano a ma hydrocarbons - $4 miliyoni patsiku, tsiku lililonse.
Pamene Exxon ikuyang'ana m'tsogolo, ngakhale mtengo wamtengo wapatali wamtengo wapatali wa mafuta, umadzitamandira ndi mapulani okulitsa ku Gulf of Mexico, kum'mawa kwa Canada, Indonesia, Australia, Russia chakum'mawa, Angola, ndi Nigeria. “The mphamvu ya gulu lathu lapadziko lonse lapansi imatilola kuti tifufuze m'madera onse a geological and geographical, pogwiritsa ntchito luso ndi luso lotsogola m'makampani." Ndipo kufunitsitsa kwake kugona ndi boma lililonse kunjako kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta. Kwinakwake pachiwonetsero chake, mwachitsanzo, Rex Tillerson ali ndi Dongosolo la Ubwenzi mendulo kuchokera kwa Vladimir Putin. Zomwe zidangofunika ndikugwirizanitsa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zikuyerekezeredwa kukhala $500 biliyoni.
Koma, mukuti, ndizomwe makampani amafuta amachita, pitani mukapeze mafuta atsopano, sichoncho? Tsoka ilo, ndizomwe sitingathe kuwapangitsanso kuchita. Pafupifupi zaka khumi zapitazo, asayansi adayamba kupeza "bajeti ya kaboni" yapadziko lapansi - kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa kaboni womwe tingawotche tisanatenthe dziko lonse lapansi. Pali magigatoni masauzande ambiri a carbon omwe angatulutsidwe padziko lapansi ngati tipitiliza kufufuza. Makampani opangira mafuta oyambira kale amadziwika osachepera 5,000 magigatoni a carbon omwe adauza owongolera, omwe ali ndi masheya, ndi mabanki kuti akufuna kuchotsa. Komabe, tikhoza kungowotcha za magigatoni ena 900 a carbon tisanatenthe kwambiri dziko lapansi. Panjira yathu yamakono, tikhala tikugwiritsa ntchito "bajeti" imeneyi pafupifupi zaka makumi angapo. Mpweya womwe tawotcha wakweza kale kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kufika pa digiri Seshasi, ndipo panjira yathu yapano tikuwotcha mokwanira kupitilira madigiri awiri zosakwana 20 zaka.
Pa nthawiyi, palibe katswiri wa zanyengo amene amaganiza kuti ngakhale kutentha kwa madigiri awiri ndi kotetezeka, popeza digiri imodzi ikusungunula kale zipewa za ayezi. (Zowonadi, data yatsopano anamasulidwa mwezi uno ukuwonetsa kuti, ngati tifika pamlingo wa digiri ziwiri, tidzakhala ndi mafunde okwera kwambiri a nyanja, o, kuwirikiza kawiri momwe chitukuko cha anthu chakhalapo mpaka pano.) Ndicho chifukwa chake mu November atsogoleri a dziko ku Paris adagwirizana yesetsani kuchepetsa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kufika pa 1.5 digiri Celsius, kapena kuchepera madigiri atatu Seshasi. Komabe, ngati mukufuna kukwaniritsa cholinga chimenecho, muyenera kutero tamaliza kuwotcha mafuta oyambira mwina pofika 2020, zomwe zili m'mawu aukadaulo pafupifupi pano.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndizopanda udindo kuti kampani ikhale kutsogolera dziko lapansi pakufufuza mafuta pomwe, monga momwe asayansi afotokozera mosamalitsa, tili ndi mwayi wopeza mpweya wambiri padziko lapansi kuwirikiza kanayi kapena kasanu momwe tingawotchere. Tili nazo, titero, pa alumali. Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani tingapite kukafunafuna zambiri? Asayansi atichitiranso ntchito yothandiza ya kuzindikira ndendende mitundu yamafuta omwe sitiyenera kukumba, ndipo - mumadziwa chiyani - ambiri mwaiwo ali pamndandanda wazofuna zamtsogolo za Exxon, kuphatikiza mchenga wa phula waku Canada, mafuta onyansa kwambiri, owononga chilengedwe kuti apange ndikuwotcha. .
Ngakhale kuyesa kumodzi kwa Exxon kuti apindule ndi kutentha kwa dziko kwayamba kutha. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, kampaniyo inayamba a pivot yowerengera molunjika ku gasi wachilengedwe, yemwe amatulutsa mpweya wocheperako kuposa mafuta akawotchedwa. Mu 2009, Exxon idapeza XTO Energy, kampani yomwe idadziwa luso lotulutsa mpweya kuchokera ku shale kudzera pa hydraulic fracturing. Pakadali pano, Exxon yakhala yaku America kutsogolera fracker ndi mpainiya m'misika yamafuta achilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Vuto ndi gasi wosweka - kupatula zomwe Tillerson kamodzi wotchedwa "Mlimi Joe adayatsa pope yake pamoto" - ichi ndi ichi: m'zaka zaposachedwa, zawonekeratu kuti njira yopangira gasi imatulutsa methane yambiri mumlengalenga, ndipo methane ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwambiri kuposa mpweya woipa. Monga wasayansi waku Cornell University Robert Howarth posachedwapa atakhazikitsidwa, kuwotcha gasi kuti apange magetsi mwina kumatenthetsa dziko lapansi mofulumira kuposa kuyatsa malasha kapena mafuta osapsa.
Kukakamira kwa Exxon pakupeza ndi kupanga mafuta ochulukirapo ochulukirapo kunapindulitsa omwe ali nawo kwakanthawi, ngakhale zidawononga dziko lapansi. Zopindulitsa zisanu mwa 10 zazikulu kwambiri zapachaka zomwe zidachitikapo inanena ndi kampani iliyonse yomwe inali ya Exxon m'zaka izi. Ngakhale mkangano wa zachuma tsopano, komabe, ukufooka. Pazaka zisanu zapitazi, Exxon yatsalira m'mbuyo mwa omwe akupikisana nawo komanso msika wokulirapo, ndipo chifukwa chachikulu, malinga ndi Carbon Tracker Initiative (CTI), ndikuyika ndalama zambiri m'mafuta okwera mtengo, ovuta kuchira. ndi gasi.
Mu 2007, monga CTI inanenera, mchenga wa phula waku Canada ndi ma depositi ofananirako a "mafuta olemera" adapanga 7.5% ya nkhokwe zotsimikizika za Exxon. Pofika 2013, chiwerengerochi chinakwera kufika pa 17%. Njira yanzeru yamabizinesi akampani, Malinga ndi CTI, ingaphatikizepo kuchepetsa bajeti yake yowunikira, kuyang'ana kwambiri minda yamafuta yomwe ili ndi mwayi wopeza omwe atha kugulidwabe mopindulitsa pamitengo yotsika, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogulira masheya kapenanso kupereka mphotho kwa osunga ndalama.
Izi, komabe, zitha kutanthauza kusinthanitsa njira ya Exxon's Texan-style big-ndi-yabwino ndi chinthu chodekha kwambiri. Ndipo popeza tikukamba za kampani yomwe inali yaikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, Exxon ikuwoneka kuti ikupitirizabe kutsata njira yabwino kwambiriyi. Akubetcha kuti mtengo wamafuta udzakwera posachedwa, mphamvu zina sizidzakula msanga, komanso kuti dziko silidzalimbana ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Ndipo kampaniyo iyesetsabe kubisa mabetchawa pothandizira mwamphamvu andale omwe angathe kuwonetsetsa kuti palibe chomwe chikuchitika.
Kodi Exxon Ikhoza Kukakamizidwa?
Pafupi ndi kaimidwe kowopsa kokhudza tsogolo la dziko lapansi, zopempha zofatsa za omenyera ufulu wazaka 25 zapitazi zikuwoneka… Pamsonkhano wa ogawana nawo wa 2015 ExxonMobil, mwachitsanzo, omenyera ufulu wachipembedzo adapempha nthawi yakhumi kuti kampaniyo iwonetsere poyera mapulani ake othana ndi ngozi zanyengo. Ngakhale BP, Shell, ndi Statoil anali atagwirizana nazo. M'malo mwake, oyang'anira a Exxon adachita kampeni yotsutsana ndi chigamulocho ndipo zidangochitika 9.6% mavoti omwe ali ndi masheya, otsika kwambiri moti sangathenso kubwerezedwanso kwa zaka zina zitatu. Panthawi yomwe tikhala titawotchedwa… o, musadandaule.
Zomwe timafunikira kuchokera ku Exxon ndi zomwe sangapereke: lonjezo losunga malo awo ambiri mobisa, kutha kwa kufufuza kwatsopano, ndi lonjezo loti asakhale kutali ndi ndale. Osagwira mpweya wanu.
Koma ngati Exxon akuwoneka kuti alibe chiyembekezo m'njira zake, kuipidwa kukukulirakulira. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi maloya a New York ndi California kukutanthauza kuti kampaniyo ipereka zikalata zambiri. Ngati atolankhani atha kudziwa zambiri zachinyengo cha Exxon m'malo osungira anthu ambiri, ganizirani zomwe munthu yemwe ali ndi mphamvu zochitira subpoena angachite. Maulamuliro ena ambiri atha kulumphiramo, nawonso.
Pazokambirana zanyengo ku Paris mu Disembala, gulu la akatswiri azamalamulo adatsogola msonkhano womwe udapezekapo wokhudza malingaliro osiyanasiyana azamalamulo omwe makhoti padziko lonse lapansi angagwiritse ntchito pazachinyengo za kampaniyo. Izi zikayamba kuchitika, dalirani chinthu chimodzi: kuwala sikungawalire pa Exxon kokha. Monga momwe zinalili ndi makampani a fodya m'zaka makumi angapo pamene amabisa kuopsa kwa ndudu, pali mwayi waukulu kuti makampani a Big Energy anali mu izi limodzi kupyolera mu mabungwe awo amalonda ndi magulu ena otsogolera. M'malo mwake, Khrisimasi isanachitike, Mkati Nkhani Zanyengo lofalitsidwa ena akuwulula zikalata zatsopano za gawo lomwe Texaco, Shell, ndi akuluakulu ena adachita mu kafukufuku wa American Petroleum Institute wokhudza kusintha kwanyengo koyambirira kwa 1980s. Mlandu ungakhale chochitika chosintha - kuwerengera mlandu wazaka chikwi.
Koma tikudikirira kuti kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana ayambe, pali madongosolo ambiri omwe akuchitika m'boma komanso amderali pankhani ya Exxon, kusintha kwanyengo, ndi mafuta oyaka. ndikufunsa mayiko ambiri kulowa nawo malamulo kuti mwaulemu kutseka malo opangira mafuta kwa maola angapo kuti aloze ku New York ndi California kuti sangafune kukhala ndi ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni ambiri pakampani yomwe akufufuza. Ikhoza ngakhale kuyamba kugwira ntchito.
Kazembe wa Vermont Peter Shumlin, mwachitsanzo, osasankhidwa Exxon adatuluka mu adilesi yake ya boma mwezi watha. Iye wapempha aphungu kuti asiye momwe kampaniyo ilili chifukwa chachinyengo. "Ili ndi tsamba lomwe lachokera ku Fodya Waukulu," adatero, "limene kwazaka zambiri limakana kuopsa kwa thanzi la mankhwala awo chifukwa anali kupha anthu. Kukhala ndi katundu wa ExxonMobil si bizinesi yomwe Vermont iyenera kukhalamo.
Funso ndilakuti: Chifukwa chiyani pa Dziko la Mulungu-osati-lobiriwira-padziko-panso aliyense mukufuna kukhala bwenzi la Exxon?
Bill McKibben, a TomDispatch zonse, ndiye woyambitsa wa 350.org ndi Schumann Distinguished Scholar ku Middlebury College. Anali wolandila Mphotho ya Right Livelihood mu 2014, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "Mphotho ina ya Nobel." Buku lake laposachedwapa ndi Mafuta ndi Uchi: Maphunziro a Wotsutsa Osayembekezereka.
Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa TomDispatch.com, tsamba lawebusayiti la Nation Institute, lomwe limapereka kusuntha kwazinthu zina, nkhani, ndi malingaliro kuchokera kwa Tom Engelhardt, mkonzi wanthawi yayitali pakusindikiza, woyambitsa nawo American Empire Project, wolemba Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga za novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi Gulu lamagulu: Kuwoneka, Nkhondo Zachibvundi, ndi Global Security State mu Dziko Lokha Lopambana (Mabuku a Haymarket).
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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Zikomo Mr.McKibben ndipo zikomo Znet.