Achinyamata, akazi, ndi anthu amitundu ina ali patsogolo pa ntchito yatsopano yokonza ntchito ku United States.
Kuyambira mu 2020, ziwerengero ngati Purezidenti wa Amazon Labor Union a Chris Smalls ndi ogwira ntchito zapamwamba ngati Starbucks barista Michelle Eisen akhala akutsogolera zoyesayesa za mgwirizano m'makampani akuluakulu mdziko muno. Okonzekera achicheperewa akuphatikiza mwaluso kusukulu yakale maso ndi maso ndi zida zoyankhulirana za digito, pomwe olemba anzawo ntchito amakakamizika kuyankha.
โNโzotheka kuti mโbadwo watsopanowu wa ochita zamalonda olemera, anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, udzapambana pamene takhala tikulephera kwa mibadwo ingapo,โ akutero katswiri wa zantchito ndi mlembi Jane McAlevey. Ngakhale akuwona kuti kupambana sikungapeweke, akuzindikira kuti anthu omwe akuyendetsa gululi "akulimbana kuti apange mgwirizano kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu ndi kusintha kwa moyo wawo."
Ndale, Mliri, ndi Anthu
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa mitu yankhani za kupambana kwa mabungwe m'makampani akuluakulu aku U.S. sikodabwitsa. Malinga ndi Bungwe la National Labor Relations Board, "Zopempha zachisankho za Union zidakwera ndi 57%" mu theka loyamba la chaka chachuma cha 2021-22.
"Sindikuganiza kuti pali chinsinsi" cha kupambana kwa okonzekera omwe angoyamba kumenewa, akutero katswiri wa zantchito. Shaun Richman. "Ndikuganiza kuti akungokonzekera bwino, zomwe mabungwe ambiri asiya kuchita."
Richman adakhala zaka zambiri ngati wotsogolera kutsogolo ndi American Federation of Teachers ndipo ndiye wolemba Auzeni Mabwana Kuti Tikubwera: Dongosolo Latsopano Latsopano la Ogwira Ntchito M'zaka za 21st Century. Akuganiza kuti lero, "Ogwira ntchito ali okonzeka kuchitapo kanthu ndipo sangakwanitse kugula ng'ombe za bwana m'misonkhano ya omvera ogwidwa" kumene olemba ntchito amalimbikitsa mauthenga odana ndi mgwirizano.
Maonekedwe a ndale apano akhalanso abwino kukonzedwa kuyambira nthawi ya nthawi ya 2021, pamene ambiri ovomereza mgwirizano pa NLRB anayamba kutsata malamulo a ntchito ndi kuonjezera chilango makampani chifukwa chophwanya ufulu wa ogwira ntchito. "Biden ngati Purezidenti ndi omwe adawasankha ku NLRB apangitsa kuti malamulo azikhala abwino kwa ogwira ntchito," akutero a Richman.
Ntchito zamagulu ku United States zakhala zikuchepa kwa zaka zambiri. Mu 2021, kokha za 10% ya ogwira ntchito anali mgwirizano, kutsika kuchokera 20% kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. M'makampani abizinesi, zinthu zikuwoneka zoipitsitsa, ndi 6.1% yokha ya ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe.
Koma lingaliro la migwirizano ndilofala. Oposa 60% aku America amakhulupirira kuti kuchepa kwa umembala wa mgwirizano ndi koyipa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, malinga ndi a 2022 Pew Research poll. Tsopano, patatha zaka ziwiri ku mliri wowopsa, antchito ambiri omwe adawonedwa kuti ndi "ofunikira" mu 2020 akufunitsitsa kusintha mphamvu zawo pamsika wantchito.
Starbucks Siren Kusintha Mbali
Malo odyera a Starbucks, makamaka, akusankha oyimira mgwirizano pa liwiro lopatsa chidwi, ndi Malo ogulitsira a 150 kukhala ndi mavoti opambana m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pakati pa December 8, 2021, ndi June 14, 2022. Panthawiyi, ogwira ntchito ku Amazon, Apple, Trader Joe's, ndi mitundu ina yodziwika bwino ya ku America alinso m'magawo osiyanasiyana okonzekera mgwirizano.
Michelle Eisen ndi membala wokonzekera ndi Starbucks Workers United ndi barista ku cafe ya Starbucks ku Buffalo, New York, ndi malo oyamba mu mndandanda wa khofi wodziwika bwino kuti avotere bwino mgwirizano pazaka zopitilira makumi awiri. Ngakhale analibe luso lokonzekera ntchito, Eisen akuti tsopano akumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wa digito komwe adapereka mwayi kwa ogwira ntchito ngati iye kuposa njira zachikhalidwe.
"Titapita pagulu [ndi mgwirizano], ndidapanga mameseji pagulu ndi aliyense m'sitolo yanga, ndiye nthawi iliyonse yomwe panali zidziwitso zomwe zimayenera kutuluka, timatha kuzidziwitsa anthu," akutero.
Izi zinali zothandiza makamaka pamene Oyang'anira makampani a Starbucks anayamba kugwetsa sitolo yake pa Elmwood Avenue mosadziลตika, ponena kuti akuthandiza antchito mwa kusesa pansi ndi kutaya zinyalala. Ogwira ntchito akuti cholinga chawo chenicheni chinali kulowererapo pazokambirana zolimbikitsa mgwirizano. "Chomwe makampani sanazindikire chinali chakuti zokambiranazi [zokhudza mabungwe] sizinachitike pansi," akutero Eisen. Iwo anali kuchitika kudzera m'malemba ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.
Ogwira ntchito ku Starbucks kudutsa Buffalo adapanga akaunti yamumzinda wonse pa pulogalamu ya GroupMe, yomwe idawathandiza kuti azitsata oyang'anira makampani pomwe amasamuka kuchoka ku cafe kupita ku cafe - ndikuchenjezana kuti akonzekere. "Zomwe mukuwona zikupanga kusintha ndi nthawi," akutero Eisen.
Pamlingo wokulirapo, Eisen akuti ukadaulo wa digito wathandizanso kupeza chithandizo cha anthu. SWU idakhazikitsa maakaunti ake onse ochezera pa intaneti tsiku lomwe pempho loyamba la mgwirizano ku Buffalo lidadziwika, ndipo nthawi yomweyo adapeza otsatira omwe anali a Starbucks baristas ndi othandizira ena. Chilimbikitso chowoneka cha digito chimenecho "chinalimbikitsa" ogwira ntchito ku cafe ku Elmwood, akufotokoza Eisen. Patapita miyezi ingapo, ambiri anavota kuti alowe mโbungweli.
Atangovota bwino mgwirizano m'sitolo yake, Eisen adalumphira pa foni ya Zoom ndi ogwira ntchito ku malo odyera a Starbucks ku. Mesa, Arizona, kuti akauze anzake a ku mbali ina ya dzikoli zimene anaphunzira.
Ngakhale njira zama digito zimapereka maukonde ogawana zidziwitso pakati pa okonza, ambiri amadalirabe njira yayikulu yachikhalidwe: kulumikizana ndi munthu m'modzi ndi anzawo. Atalumikizana ndi anzawo osatsimikiza za mgwirizano, Eisen adapita nawo ku khofi kumalo ena kuti akathane ndi nkhawa zawo. Adakwera ndege kupita ku Arizona kukakumana ndi anzawo a Mesa, zomwe akuti zinali zozama kuposa kuyimba kwa Zoom.
Monga wodzitcha yekha "zaka chikwi za geriatric," Eisen ndi wamkulu kuposa ambiri omwe adakonza nawo. Starbucks ikasindikiza nkhani yotsutsana ndi mgwirizano, ogwira ntchito achichepere nthawi zambiri amakhala atapanganso zamatsenga kapena meme kuti atumize pawailesi yakanema patangopita mphindi zochepa, akutero Eisen.
Ngakhale kuti Starbucks ili ndi โzinthu zopanda malireโ zolimbana ndi ntchito zamagulu, โchimene tili nacho ndicho luso lathu lolankhulana ndi antchito anzathu,โ akutero Eisen.
Kumanga Pazopambana Zakale
Kukonzekera kwaposachedwa kwa ntchito kwakhala kukukulirakulira pang'onopang'ono kwa zaka, akutero Bill Fletcher Jr., wofufuza za ntchito ndi wolemba wa "Akutisokoneza!": Ndi Zikhulupiriro Zina 20 Zokhudza Mgwirizano.
Fletcher akulozera za "kunyanyala kwa aphunzitsi kuyambira 2018 komwe kumawoneka kuti sikunachitikepo" (kunyanyala kwa nyama zakutchire ndikuyenda komwe sikuloledwa ndi utsogoleri wamgwirizano). Ananenanso kuti kunyanyalako kumeneku kudachitika chifukwa cha chisangalalo cha omwe amatsogozedwa ndi ogwira ntchito zazakudya mwachangu "Menyani $15โ kampeni, kuyambira mu 2012 ku Chicago ndi New York. Zoyendetsa zonse ziwirizi zidali m'mafakitale omwe amayi ndi anthu amitundu amaimiridwa bwino.
Izi zisanachitike, bungwe lotsogozedwa ndi osamukira ku California mu 1990s lidayambitsa amphamvu Chilungamo kwa Osunga kampeni, ndipo, izi zisanachitike, Cesar Chavez ndi Dolores Huerta adatsogolera akunyanyala mphesa za alimi ku California.
Pomwe utsogoleri wotsogola wamagulu ogwirira ntchito wakhala mbiri yolamulidwa ndi Azungu, anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi akazi akhala akutsogolera ntchito yapakhomo kwa zaka zoposa 1930. Mโzaka za mโma 1866, โkuwonjezeka kwa CIO [Congress of Industrial Organizations] sikukanakhala kotheka zikanakhala kuti panalibe gulu la anthu a ku America, Chicano, ndi Asia,โ anatero Fletcher. Ananenanso za ziwonetsero zakale zotsogozedwa ndi Blackcat zomwe zidafalikira kumwera kuyambira 1868 mpaka XNUMX.
"Ogwira ntchito zamitundu akhala akutenga nawo mbali, pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, pokonzekera," akufotokoza Fletcher. "Kaya m'mabungwe awo kapena mabungwe ogwira ntchito, kapena m'mabungwe osakanikirana."
Kupititsa patsogolo kukonzanso kwaposachedwa kwantchito, komwe kudalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi zovuta zogwirira ntchito zomwe zidawonekera kwambiri panthawi ya mliri. Panthawi yotseka, ogwira ntchito yocheperako amafunikira kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito ndipo adasinthidwa kukhala "ogwira ntchito ofunikira" osapatsidwa mphotho yochepera pakuyika thanzi lawo pachiswe pothandiza anthu.
Koma kusokonekera kwa ufulu wa ogwira ntchito kumayambitsa mliriwu. Maeg Yosef, wogwira ntchito ku Trader Joe's ku Hadley, Massachusetts, akuti kampaniyo idayamba "kuchotsa" phindu la antchito pafupifupi zaka 10 zapitazo. Kenako, panthawi ya mliri, idakulitsa ntchito zake zotsutsana ndi ogwira ntchito.
โMalipiro athu alidi pakali pano,โ akufotokoza motero Yosefe. "Iwo sakugwirizana ndi inflation."
Pamenepo, kukwera kwa mitengo kwakhala kukuposa malipiro kwa ogwira ntchito ambiri aku U.S. kuyambira pomwe Great Recession in 2007. Kuphatikiza apo, Trader Joe's mu Januware 2022. kuchepetsa mapindu opuma pantchito kwa antchito omwe akhala pakampani kwazaka zosakwana khumi.
Mu June, nthambi ya Yosefe inakhala nthambi sitolo yoyamba mu unyolo wa dziko kuvotera mgwirizano. โKuona antchito ena akulinganiza zinthu kunatipangitsa kumva kuti nโzothekaโ kuchita chimodzimodzi, akutero Yosefe, yemwe tsopano ndi wolinganiza zinthu. Trader Joe's United, kuyesayesa kwa mgwirizano wofanana ndi SWU.
Kukonzekera Mphamvu
Si mliri wokha womwe udayambitsa mutu watsopanowu pakukonza zantchito, akutero Fletcher. "Mwakhala ndi, kwa zaka zingapo, otchedwa okonza ma implants, anthu omwe amapita kukagwira ntchito kuti akonzekere kuchokera mkati." Pakati pawo pali mamembala amagulu ngati Democratic Socialists of America, omwe adagwirizana ndi pulogalamu yapadziko lonse yophunzitsa yotchedwa Kukonzekera Mphamvukapena O4P.
Kupangidwa ndi McAlevey, Maphunziro a O4P amasintha antchito kukhala okonzekera, kuwaphunzitsa njira zogwirira ntchito zogwirizanitsa, monga momwe angadziwire atsogoleri kuntchito omwe angakhudze ena kuti agwirizane nawo, ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito chinenero choyenera kutsimikizira ogwira nawo ntchito omwe amawopa mabungwe.
Maphunziro obwerezabwereza, omwe amaperekedwa kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, adapangidwa koyamba mu 2019 panthawi ya zokambirana ndi McAlevey za buku lake Palibe Njira Yachidule: Kukonzekera Mphamvu mu Nyengo Yatsopano Yotha ku likulu la Rosa Luxemburg Foundation ku Germany.
Patatha chaka chimodzi, McAlevey adathandizira kupanga gulu lophunzitsira lapadziko lonse la gawo la O4P lotchedwa Strike School. Ophunzitsawo anali ambiri azimayi amtundu, chifukwa "ndiwo kayendetsedwe katsopano, ndi amene akupambana," akufotokoza McAlevey. Anthu 7,000 anapezekapo pa kosi ya milungu eyiti imeneyo.
Masiku ano, anthu saloledwa kulembetsa magawo a O4P pokhapokha atabweretsa gulu la ogwira nawo ntchito; monga McAlevey akunenera, "Kukonzekera si masewera aumwini." Maphunziro ake akuwoneka kuti anali ndi vuto ku US kudera lonse, okonza zida ndi njira zotsimikiziridwa kuti awonetsetse kuti mgwirizano upambana.
Kuphwanya Amazon Barrier
Mu Okutobala 2021, wolandila wa WNYC a Brian Lehrer adafunsa McAlevey pamodzi ndi Chris Smalls, woyang'anira nyumba yosungiramo zinthu ku Amazon yemwe adachotsedwa ntchito mu 2020 atalankhula za kusowa kwa chitetezo kwa abwana ake m'masiku oyambilira a mliri. Smalls adalongosola momwe adakhalira mtsogoleri wantchito, nati, "Ine ndi mamembala angapo a bungwe langa, tidachita maphunzirowa ndipo tidatsata ntchito zina za [McAlevey] ndipo zakhala zothandiza komanso zothandiza kwa ife."
Masiku ano, Smalls ndi purezidenti wa Amazon Labor Union ndipo wakhala nkhope ya mitu yosangalatsa kwambiri ya gulu latsopano la ogwira ntchito.
Amazon ndi abwana achiwiri akuluakulu aku US ndipo, monga Starbucks, ali ndi zida zopanda malire zolimbana ndi mabungwe. Pambuyo pa ogwira ntchito yosungiramo katundu ku Amazon ku Bessemer, Alabama, adavota kawiri motsutsana ndi mgwirizano mu 2021 ndi 2022, anzawo ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya JFK8 ku Staten Island, New York, adalemba mbiri ndi kuvota kuti alowe nawo ALU mu Epulo 2022. Inali ntchito yoyamba yopambana yochita mgwirizano mโmbiri ya kampaniyo.
Kupambanaku kunali kodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa ogwira ntchito ku JFK8 adasankha kulowa nawo mgulu lodziyimira pawokha, lomwe langopangidwa kumene. Khama losapambana la Bessemer, mosiyana, lidatsogozedwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsidwa: Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union.
Zaka ziwiri zisanachitike voti ya JFK8, Smalls adawona zolemba pakhoma. "Mliriwu udavumbulutsa zambiri zamakampani akuluwa," adatero Kudzuka Ndi Sonali mu Epulo 2020. Kumayambiriro kwa mliriwu, adati, โAntchito anga akale, anzanga omwe adandizungulira, adayamba kudwala, ena anali ndi chizungulire, kutopa, sanathe kumaliza ntchito yawo ya maola 10. โ
Kutsekeka kwa mliriwu kudapangitsa kuti kugula kwapaintaneti kuchuluke kwambiri, ndipo phindu la Amazon litakwera, Smalls adati ogwira ntchito amanyamula ndalamazo: "Tidalibe zinthu zoyeretsera, tinalibe PPE yoperekedwa, masks amaso, magolovesi. Chifukwa chake, kwa ine, zinali zowopsa ndipo ndimafuna kukhala wolimbikira m'malo mochitapo kanthu. โ
Smalls anafotokozera nkhawa zake, ndipo posakhalitsa kampaniyo inamuchotsa ntchito. Koma iye anakana kuchoka; adayamba kukonza antchito a JFK8. A kutayikira lolembedwa ndi Mlangizi wamkulu wa Amazon David Zapolsky adawulula momwe kampaniyo imachitira tsankho kwa Smalls ndi cholinga chake cholimbana naye: "Iye si wanzeru, kapena wolankhula momveka bwino, ndipo momwe atolankhani akufuna kuyang'ana pa ife motsutsana ndi iye, tidzakhala amphamvu kwambiri. Udindo wa PR kuposa kungofotokozera kwanthawi yakhumi ndi iwiri momwe tikuyesera kuteteza antchito. "
Mawu amenewo anabwereranso ku Amazon. Kwa zaka ziwiri zotsatira, Smalls ndi anzake ogwira ntchito mwadongosolo, kukumana nawo m'modzi-m'modzi pomwe amadikirira basi, kuwabweretsera chakudya, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zama digito monga TikTok makanema kufalitsa uthenga wawo wochirikiza mgwirizano. Monga SWU, ALU idagwiritsa ntchito njira zophatikizira zachikhalidwe ndi digito zogwirira ntchito. "Ndikulankhula mawu osamveka. Mawu a anthu omwe sangathe kulankhula, "adatero Smalls mu 2020.
Chitsanzo Chatsopano: Ogwira Ntchito Monga Atsogoleri
Imodzi mwa mitu yodziwika bwino yomwe ikubwera kuchokera kumayendedwe atsopano okonzekera ntchito ndi momwe ogwira ntchito amatsogolere pakukonza mabungwe. "Ndikuganiza kuti ogwira ntchito akuyenera kukhala ndi ufulu wosankha mtundu wa utsogoleri ndi demokalase yomwe akufuna kukhala nayo," adatero Smalls mu 2020, asanakhazikitse ALU, kaya ndi "komiti yoyang'aniridwa ndi ogwira ntchito ... [ kapena] bungwe lodalirika posamalira zofuna za antchito awo.โ Posonyeza kuti mgwirizano uyenera kudalira antchito omwe amawaimira, Smalls adanena kuti mbiri ya mabungwe amilandu yawonongeka m'zaka zaposachedwapa.
Mosiyana ndi Amazon, kuyesayesa kwa Starbucks kudayamba mothandizidwa ndi mgwirizano wokhazikitsidwa. M'chilimwe cha 2020, khofi waku East Coast wotchedwa Spot Coffee adalumikizana bwino mothandizidwa ndi bungwe lodziyimira pawokha la SEIU. Workers United, kukhala chachikulu unionized khofi unyolo panthawiyo ku U.S. Izi zidapangitsa wogwira ntchito ku Buffalo ku Starbucks kuti alankhule ndi Workers United pamalingaliro ogwirizanitsa makampani akuluakulu a khofi mdziko muno.
Mosiyana ndi buku lamasewera lantchito, Workers United idalola ogwira ntchito ku Starbucks kutsogolera pakukonza, ndikuthandiza mseri ndi ndalama zofunikira. Kukonzekera motsogozedwa ndi ogwira ntchito kotereku kukuwoneka kuti kunali kofunika kwambiri pakuchita bwino kwa SWU, popeza ogwira ntchito amalandila uthenga wolimbikitsa mgwirizano kuchokera kwa mnzake wodalirika kuposa wogwira ntchito wolipidwa wakunja.
Kudziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku malamulo okhwima a mgwirizano kunathandizanso ogwira ntchito kupanga buku lokonzekera pamene akuyenda m'malo momamatira ku zolemba zakale. Zinawapangitsa kukhala ochezeka komanso anzeru poyang'anizana ndi njira zamabizinesi zolipidwa bwino. "Zakhala mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa ogwira ntchito ku Starbucks ndi Workers United," akutero Eisen.
Yosef, yemwe akuyembekeza kuti mgwirizano wake wa Trader Joe ku Massachusetts umalimbikitsa nthambi zina kuti ziyambenso kuchita zomwezo, akufanana ndi chikhumbo cha utsogoleri wa antchito. "Zomwe zikuchitika pano zikuyendetsedwa ndi antchito. Sitikufuna kuuzidwa zochita ndi abwana athu, kapena mabungwe ena, โakutero. "Tikufuna kuchita tokha ndikudzipangira tokha zisankho ndikukhala ndi ufulu wodzilamulira ndikuwongolera zomwe zikuchitika."
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