F
or
zaka makumi atatu, kuyambira 1942 mpaka pakati pa ma 1970, "kukweza kwakukulu"
za ndalama pakati pa makalasi ku America zinachitika monga muyezo wa
moyo unakwera kwa antchito mamiliyoni ambiri aku America ndi mabanja awo.
Mabanja ogwira ntchito ku America adalandira gawo lazopindula
mu zokolola. Malipiro enieni anakwera. Mapindu otsimikizirika akapuma pantchito—zachinsinsi
penshoni ndi chitetezo cha anthu—zinafutukulidwa kwambiri. Thanzi
mapulani a inshuwaransi anakambitsirana. Medicare idawonjezedwa kwa okalamba.
Maphunziro aboma a K-12 anali makoleji aulere komanso aboma ndi mayunivesite
pafupifupi choncho. Mabungwe akuyimira 25-35 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito ndi
nthawi zambiri 60 peresenti kapena kupitilira apo m'magawo ofunikira monga zomangamanga,
kupanga, ndi zoyendetsa. Mtolo wa msonkho wa ogwira ntchito unakwera pang'ono
pang'onopang'ono pamene mabungwe ndi olemera ankaperekabe gawo loyenera.
Kenako, patatha zaka makumi atatu, mbiri yakale idasinthidwa.
Kukula kwakukulu kwa ndalama kunakhala, pambuyo pa interregnum yochepa
kuyambira 1974-1978, "kusintha kwakukulu." Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970
mpaka pano kusiyana kwachuma komwe kukukulirakulira kunayamba kutseguka, momwemo
inakhalapo m'zaka khumi za m'ma 1920 zomwe zidatsogolera ku Kupsinjika Kwakukulu.
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, kusiyana kwa ndalama kunakula, kukukulirakulira, komanso
idakwera mpaka lero ndalama zopitilira $ 1 thililiyoni zikupezeka
amasamutsidwa chaka chilichonse kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito pafupifupi 90 miliyoni
mabanja ku U.S. kwa mabungwe ndi olemera osagwira ntchito
nyumba zamakalasi.
Kusiyana kwachuma komwe kukukulirakulira masiku ano kwayamba kulowa
m'mphepete mwa zokambirana za anthu. Kuchokera kumalingaliro oganiza bwino akusintha
magawo omwe amapeza ndi akatswiri azachuma ngati Emmanuel Saez wa
Yunivesite ya California, Berkeley, kuti iwonetsere ndemanga
mutu wa media-economists ngati
New York Times
wolemba
Paul Krugman, kwa akatswiri azachuma a pop-art, otsutsa bizinesi,
komanso olemba tsamba la panicky a
Wall Street Journal
- zonse
kuvomereza kumlingo umodzi kapena imzake kukula kwa kusalingana kwa ndalama
mu US
Kusintha Ndalama Zachuma Kupita kwa Olemera Kwambiri
I
ndalama
kusalingana ku America masiku ano sikuli, monga momwe angaganizire, za
20 peresenti kapena ngakhale 10 peresenti olemera kwambiri omwe akuchulukirachulukira
gawo wachibale wa ndalama za dziko pamene pakati, ntchito
kalasi, ndipo osauka amapumira kapena kutsika potengera gawo lawo
za ndalamazo. Ndi zamakampani komanso olemera kwambiri 1 peresenti
mabanja (olemera kwambiri)—ngakhale apamwamba 0.1 peresenti (kwambiri
olemera) ndi 0.01 peresenti (olemera kwambiri)—amadzipezera okha
gawo lalikulu la ndalama zomwe amapeza ndikuwononga zina zonse,
makamaka, powononga magulu otsika a 80 peresenti
kumene kugwa pafupifupi mabanja onse 90 miliyoni ogwira ntchito
ndipo boma likuyerekeza 108 miliyoni osayang'anira
ogwira ntchito ku U.S.
Pali mabanja pafupifupi 114 miliyoni ku U.S. lero.
Olemera kwambiri 1 peresenti amapanga mabanja 1.4 miliyoni. Iwo tsopano
kulandira pakati pa 19-21.5 peresenti ya ndalama zonse zapakhomo zapachaka
(GDP) ya United States, kutengera gwero lomwe latchulidwa. Ndizo
kuchokera pa 8 peresenti mu 1980. Masiku ano 19-21.5 peresenti amaimiranso
pafupifupi kuchira kwathunthu kwa pafupifupi 22 peresenti ya gawo lonse la dziko
ndalama zokwana 1 peresenti zomwe zidalandira mu 1928 zisanachitike
Kuwonongeka kwa msika kwa 1929, kukhumudwa kwa ma 1930s, ndi zazikulu
kukweza ndalama zamakalasi zomwe zidatsata. 1 peresenti yomweyo lero
alinso ndi chuma choposa 35 peresenti ya chuma chonse cha dzikolo - pafupifupi
$ 17 thililiyoni. Ali ndi 51 peresenti ya masheya onse ndi 70 peresenti ya
ma bond onse, nyumba zomwe zili ndi mtengo wopitilira $3 miliyoni ndipo zili ndi ndalama zonse
$6 miliyoni. Pansi pa 50 peresenti ya mabanja onse, pafupifupi 60
mabanja mamiliyoni—onse ogwira ntchito—poyerekezera ndi awo okha
2.5 peresenti ya chuma chonse ndi chuma cha dziko.
0.1 peresenti olemera kwambiri, mabanja 140,000, anachita bwino kwambiri
kuposa 1 peresenti yapamwamba ndi 0.01 peresenti yolemera kwambiri, 14,000 yokha
mabanja, anachita bwino kuposa iwo. Ngakhale kutsika kwachuma kwa Bush mu 2001
ndi dot.com stock bust koyambirira kwa zaka khumi izi, kuyambira 2000 chiwerengerocho
Mamiliyoni ku US adakwera kuchoka pa 6 mpaka 7.5 miliyoni (zomwe siziphatikizapo
mitengo yanyumba pakuwerengera), malinga ndi lipoti la 2006
ndi kampani yofufuza zamakampani, Boston Consulting Group. Mmodzi
mazana mabiliyoni atsopano adapangidwanso kuyambira 2001.
Pakadali pano malipiro enieni a sabata a ogwira ntchito 100 miliyoni ndi ochepa lero
kuposa mu 1980 pamene Ronald Reagan anatenga udindo—pafupifupi kotala
zaka malipiro amaundana. Malinga ndi U.S. Commerce Department the
mabanja apakatikati (pakatikati) (kumene antchito achimuna amapeza pafupifupi $41,000
chaka ndi akazi ogwira ntchito $31,000 pachaka) akumana ndi kuchepa
a 5.9 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe amapeza zaka zisanu zapitazo zokha. Pansi pa median,
Ogwira ntchito 37 miliyoni ndi mabanja awo tsopano akukhala pansi pa boma la U.S
umphawi wa boma ndipo 16 miliyoni a iwo amapeza ndalama zosakwana $9,800
kwa banja la 4. Ngakhale ogwira ntchito pamwamba pa wapakati achita bwino.
Kupatula zaka zingapo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ogwira ntchito ku koleji
malipiro enieni agwera, akumakula zosakwana theka la gawo limodzi mwa magawo zana
chaka kuchokera 1979 mpaka 2005 ndipo kwenikweni kutsika mu 2004-05.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera pamene boma la U.S. linayamba kusonkhanitsa
deta mu 1947, malipiro ndi malipiro salinso kuposa
theka la ndalama zonse za dziko. Mosiyana ndi izi, phindu lamakampani ndi
pamilingo yawo yapamwamba kwambiri kuyambira Nkhondo Yadziko II, atakwera kuwirikiza kawiri
manambala kota iliyonse m'zaka zitatu ndi theka zapitazi zokha ndi
21.3 peresenti m'chaka chaposachedwapa, 2005, malinga ndi Dow-Jones
"Market Watch." Mapindu amakampani ndi apamwamba kuposa
akhala mu zaka zoposa theka, malinga ndi Merrill
Katswiri wazachuma wa Lynch David Rosenberg. Pambuyo phindu la msonkho tsopano likufanana
kufika pa 8.5 peresenti ya GDP ya U.S
madola—ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri kuyambira kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse
II mu 1945. A June 2006 lipoti ndi kutsogolera ndalama banki Goldman
Sachs ananena mwachidule kuti: “Chopereka chofunika kwambiri
ku malire a phindu lapamwamba pazaka zisanu zapitazi wakhala a
kuchepa kwa gawo la Labor pa ndalama za dziko.”
Kuyerekeza kwa Mapeto Otsika kwa $ 1.09 Trillion
T
he
ziwerengero zodziwika bwino za zomwe zikutanthauza zimachokera ku U.S.
Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda. Ikunena kuti malipiro ndi malipiro monga za
Epulo 2006 idangokhala 45.3 peresenti ya GDP, kutsika kuchokera
50.0 peresenti mu 2001 ndi 53.6 peresenti mu 1970.
Boma la U.S. likuyerekezera, “peresenti iliyonse tsopano ikufanana
pafupifupi $132 biliyoni. M'mawu ena, pafupifupi 8.3 peresenti
Kutsika kwa gawo la ntchito pofika 2005 kumayimira kusintha kwapachaka
ndalama zapagulu lero za $1.09 thililiyoni. Ndi $1.09
thililiyoni zomwe tsopano zikuchitika chaka chilichonse—ndipo zikukwera.
Kusinthako kwa $ 1.09 thililiyoni ndikofanana ndi aliyense wa 108 miliyoni
ogwira ntchito osayang'anira ku U.S. lero akulemba cheke aliyense
chaka, chaka chilichonse, $12,100 ndikusaina mpaka 24 miliyoni
mabanja apamwamba—pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya iwo angapiteko
mabanja olemera kwambiri 1.4 miliyoni.
Zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe mu $ 1.09 thililiyoni pachaka ndizowonjezera
kusamutsa ndalama kuchokera kuntchito kupita kumakampani chifukwa cha:
olemba ntchito akusuntha gawo lalikulu la ndalama zachipatala ku
antchito awo m'zaka zaposachedwapa; chiwonongeko ndi pang'ono chabe
malipiro kwa ogwira ntchito kuchokera kusiya makumi masauzande a
kufotokozera mapulani a penshoni kuyambira m'ma 1980; ndi kusamutsa
mabiliyoni mazana ambiri chaka chilichonse m'malipiro a antchito
malipiro a msonkho (ie, malipiro ochedwetsedwa) kuchokera ku Social Security Trust
Ndalama ku bajeti yayikulu ya US kuyambira 1980s.
It
n'zosadabwitsa kuti odziwa kwambiri oteteza udindo
quo lero kuwona chiwopsezo chomwe chikubwera mumkhalidwewu. Janet
Yellen, pulezidenti wa chigawo cha San Francisco cha Federal Reserve
Board, posachedwapa adanenanso kuti kusagwirizana komwe kukukula kungayambitse
kukana kudalirana kwa mayiko (werengani: malonda aulere ndi U.S. akunja
mwachindunji ndalama), zimakhudza mgwirizano wa anthu, "ndipo pamapeto pake zitha
kusokoneza demokalase.” M'mawu ena osalunjika, atsopano
Mlembi wa U.S. Treasury, Henry Paulson, yemwe kale anali Goldman Sachs
CEO adasamutsidwa ku gulu lazachuma la Bush chilimwe chatha, wakweza
nkhawa zofanana.
Posachedwapa andale ena ayambanso kutengera mutuwu
kukula kwa kusalingana, kumva pamene adachita kampeni mu Novembala
Chisankho cha DRM chikukulirakulira kusakhutira kwa mamiliyoni
omwe amamva tsiku lililonse kuchokera ku Bush ndi kampani momwe chuma chilili
akuchita, koma dziwani kuti iwowo akutaya maziko azachuma. Monga
Senator wa Democratic waku Virginia, James Webb, wopanda ufulu
mwanjira iriyonse, inanena m’nkhani yaposachedwapa, “malipiro ndi malipiro
nthawi zonse ndi otsika kwambiri monga gawo limodzi la chuma cha dziko”
ndi "gulu lapamwamba ku America lakula kwambiri
zaka 25 zapitazi…. Misonkho imawateteza, monga momwe amatetezera
corporate America, kudzera munjira zambiri zolowera. ” Pakadali pano,
Ofufuza a Fox News amafuula "nkhondo yamagulu, mukulankhula kalasi
nkhondo” pa ndemanga zoterozo—ngati kuti zimenezo sizinali zenizeni
zakhala zikuchitika.
Zochepa za Deta ya Boma
D
ndewu
ndi kukambirana za kusalingana kwa ndalama ku U.S. lero pafupifupi nthawi zonse
onetsani ku chimodzi kapena zingapo za magwero anayi aboma: Census ya U.S
Bureau, Congressional Budget Office, ndi kafukufuku wa Federal
Reserve Board ndi Dipatimenti Yantchito. Kupatula gwero limodzi,
Bungwe la Congressional Budget Office (CBO), onse amachita mosavuta
osayerekeza ndalama za mabanja olemera kwambiri 1 peresenti padera,
koma agawireni m'magulu ambiri ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zonyanyira
kukhazikika komwe kukuchitika pamwamba kwambiri pamlingo wopeza ndalama
imasokonekera ndi kutayika mugulu la manambala okulirapo. Dipatimenti
ya Labor imafika mpaka kufotokozera "olemera" ngati pamwamba
lachitatu (33 peresenti) la mabanja omwe amapeza ndalama zongopeza pachaka
$70,000 pachaka. Ndi malingaliro amenewo, a Bill Gates ndi wantchito wanu wamba
amaonedwa kuti si osiyana pankhani ya ndalama.
Kulephera kwakukulu kwa magwero awiri a kafukufuku, Federal Reserve ndi
Dipatimenti ya Ntchito, ndikuti zimachokera ku kafukufuku wofunsa mafunso
olemera kwambiri komanso olemera kwambiri (olemera kwambiri a mabiliyoni ambiri
ndipo abale awo apafupi savutitsidwa konse ndi kafukufuku wa boma wotere
zopempha). Oimira boma amaimbira foni kapena kudzacheza kunyumba
ndi olemera ndikuwafunsa kuti aulule ndalama zawo zachinsinsi
mkhalidwe. Chifukwa chiyani olemera kwambiri angakonde kuwululira
zambiri zandalama zawo kwa ofunsa boma - pambuyo pake
kukonza nyumba zamisonkho ndi zina monga momwe ambiri amachitira ndikulipira zambiri
maloya ndi akauntanti okwera mtengo chindapusa chachikulu kubisa ndalama zawo-ndi
lingaliro lochititsa chidwi komanso lopanda nzeru kwambiri.
Ambiri mwa magwero amasiya ndalama zopezera ndalama
kuchokera pazonse. Malipiro amapeza ndalama zambiri amakhala 5-8
peresenti ya ndalama zonse za IRS zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa mchaka choperekedwa,
ndipo misonkho yoyamba ya Bush ikuwerengedwa kuti ipereke $ 500
mabiliyoni ambiri amapeza ndalama zopezera msonkho komanso ndalama
kwa olemera m'zaka khumi izi. Opambana mwa magwero anayi,
Bungwe la Congressional Budget Office, limaphatikizapo phindu lalikulu ndi zopereka
chifukwa cha 1 peresenti yapamwamba, koma mwatsoka amalingalira mopambanitsa
ogwira ntchito amapeza ndalama zabanja ndipo amapeputsa olemera
65 peresenti ya onse amapeza ndalama zapakhomo
ndalama zabizinesi ngati malipiro. Koma ngakhale zophophonya izi ndi a
gawo la chithunzi ndi mavuto omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe
magwero anayi aboma pakuyerekeza ndi kukambirana za kusalingana kwa ndalama
ndi kusiyana kwa ndalama lero.
Pamodzi
magwero onse anayi amagawana zolakwa ziwiri zina zazikulu pamene
zimabwera pakuyerekeza kusintha kwa ndalama zomwe zimachokera kuntchito
mabanja akalasi kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1970s. Choyamba, palibe m'modzi wa iwo amene amapita pamwamba
kusintha kwa ndalama zomwe mabanja olemera kwambiri aziwerengera
kuonjezera kupewa misonkho komanso kusapereka lipoti la ndalama zomwe anthu olemera amapeza
m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndipo zotsatira zake zakhala zikuyenda mabiliyoni
za madola m'misasa yamisonkho yakunyanja kuyambira koyambirira kwa 1980s.
Mu 1983 pafupifupi $250 biliyoni mu ndalama zomwe amapeza anapatutsidwa ku
malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ngati zilumba za Cayman ku Caribbean.
Malinga ndi gwero locheperako kuposa Morgan Guaranty
Trust, banki yodziwika bwino ya olemera kwambiri, lero pafupifupi
$ 7 thililiyoni yasungidwa m'malo otetezedwa akunyanja ku Caribbean
kupita ku Channel Islands ndi Cyprus ku Europe kupita kuzilumba za Seyschelle
kuchokera kugombe la India kupita ku Vanuatu, Palau, Indonesia ndi angapo
mfundo ku Pacific-ndipo ndizo zokha
zanenedwa poyera. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi zochuluka bwanji zomwe zidachokera ku U.S
kupeŵa msonkho ndi pogona, koma mwina ndi zotetezeka kuganiza
osachepera 60 peresenti, kapena pafupi $ 4 thililiyoni, amaimira masheya
zamakampani aku U.S. ndi mabanja olemera kwambiri. Osati ambiri
ogwira ntchito amaika ma IRA awo ku Cayman Islands kapena Bermuda masiku ano.
Kulephera kwakukulu kwachiwiri kwa magwero a boma ndi kuti
palibe amene amawona kusintha kwa ndalama kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito kupita kumakampani,
ngakhale kuti ndalama za mabanja ogwira ntchito zimasinthidwa
molunjika kumabungwe komanso mwanjira ina kudzera munjira yamisonkho
kwa anthu olemera.
Kunyalanyaza Udindo Wakampani
M
kummawa
za ndalama zomwe mabanja omwe ali pamwamba 1 peresenti amadutsamo
mabungwe. Mabungwe amawalipira chiwongola dzanja, zopindulitsa, ndi izi
ndi kugulitsa masheya amakampani, ma bond, ndi zinthu zina ndi zotetezedwa
kumene olemera amalandira gawo lalikulu la ndalama zawo.
Momwemonso, makampani amalipira ma CEO awo ndi oyang'anira akuluakulu
ndalama zosawerengeka zomwe zimawonekera patsamba loyamba la
nyuzipepala pafupipafupi. Mu 1980 wamkulu wamkulu waku America
anapanga kuŵirikiza ka 35 malipiro a avareji a antchito pakampani yake; lero
Chiŵerengerocho ndi choposa nthawi 500, malinga ndi Reuters. Kuyambira 1980,
makamaka m'zaka khumi zapitazi, ma CEO, oyang'anira akuluakulu, ndi
ena akhala akugawira okha mbiri ya phindu la ndalama. Mu
zaka zisanu zapitazi zokha mamenenjala akulu (maudindo 5 apamwamba)
zamakampani ku U.S. awonjezera gawo lawo lamakampani
ndalama zoposa 100 peresenti, kuchokera kuzungulira 5 peresenti ya phindu
kupitirira 10 peresenti ya phindu.
Komabe, si ndalama zonse zomwe zidachoka kwa ogwira ntchito kupita kumakampani
nthawi yomweyo imaperekedwa ku mabanja olemera kwambiri m'mawonekedwe
za zopindula, chiwongola dzanja, phindu lalikulu, kapena kwa oyang'anira akuluakulu akampani.
Gawo lalikulu la ndalama zamabizinesi limasungidwa ndi mabungwe;
i.e., sichimagawidwa kwa omwe ali ndi masheya, osagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachuma,
kulipidwa mumalipiro ndi malipiro, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira ina.
Phindu losungidwa ndi kampani litha kuwonedwa ngati njira yochedwetsa
ndalama za mabanja olemera kwambiri ndi anthu omwe pamapeto pake adzatero
adzalipidwa kwa iwo m'zaka zamtsogolo-ndi kusungidwa kwa omwe sanagawidwe
phindu lili pamlingo wodziwika lero.
pakuti
Mwachitsanzo, mu 2001 phindu lonse lamakampani msonkho usanakwane
$ 767 biliyoni. Mu 2004 idakwera kufika $1.16 trillion, $400 biliyoni
zomwe zidasungidwa. Mu 2005 phindu la msonkho linali $1.35 thililiyoni
ndipo pafupifupi $460 biliyoni anasungidwa. Maperesenti osungidwa
phindu m'zaka zaposachedwapa, mwa kulankhula kwina, ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chiwonkhetso
phindu la msonkho. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu amenewo limaposa avareji ya mbiri yakale
pafupifupi 40 peresenti. Kuchuluka kumeneko pa avareji ya nthawi yayitali, pa
osachepera $180 biliyoni pachaka, ayenera kuonedwa ngati gawo la osagwira ntchito
ndalama zamagulu zomwe zasinthidwa kuchoka kwa ogwira ntchito kupita ku gulu losagwira ntchito
m'mabanja ndipo akusungidwa mu escrow, titero, ndi mabungwe
zogawira mtsogolo.
Palibe mwa zokambirana zaposachedwa pakukula kwa kusiyana kwa ndalama zomwe zimaganiziridwa
udindo wa kampani pakusintha kwa magawo omwe amapeza.
The Saez & Picketty Analysis
A
n
chochititsa chidwi choyamba mbali imeneyi chatengedwa posachedwapa
ndi akatswiri azachuma awiri a ku France, Thomas Picketty ndi Emmanual Saez,
womaliza tsopano ali ku yunivesite ya California, Berkeley. Mu iwo
pepala, “Kusalinganika Kwachuma ku United States, 1913-2002”
(zosinthidwa mu 2003), adapanga database kuchokera ku U.S. Internal Revenue
Zopereka zothandizira pamisonkho yoperekedwa ndi mabanja kuyambira pafupifupi
zaka zana. Ngakhale zotsatira zake ndi zomwe apeza zimakhudzidwa ndi
Zolepheretsa zosiyanasiyana za data ya IRS, database yawo imayimira a
kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pamagwero anayi aboma
zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kusalingana kwa ndalama ku U.S.
Picketty ndi Saez amayang'ana kwambiri za kusinthika kwa ndalama za
mabanja olemera kwambiri 1 peresenti m’nyengo ya zaka 90. Zawo
mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti pali zaka makumi atatu kugwa kenako
zaka 1 kuchuluka kwa ndalama za anthu olemera kwambiri XNUMX peresenti—i.e.,
kuchuluka kwa kusiyana kwa ndalama pakati pa olemera ndi ena onse,
pakati pa 1942-1970, kutsatiridwa ndi kusinthika ndikukula kusiyana kwa ndalama
pambuyo pa 1978 kachiwiri. Kupeza kwawo kwachiwiri kofunikira ndiko
ndalama zomwe zili m'gulu limodzi mwa magawo 1 aliwonse ndizokhazikika komanso zokhotakhota kwambiri
kufika pamiyezo yapamwamba—0.1 peresenti ndi 0.01 peresenti ya amenewo
pamwamba 1 peresenti ya mabanja. Kupatulapo zina zomwe zingakupatseni ndalama
kusagwirizana ku UK, olemera 1 peresenti eni omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri
kwina kulikonse m’maiko opanga mafakitale sanakumanepo ndi zofananazo
kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndalama kuyambira 1980 monga zachitika ku U.S.
Malinga ndi deta yawo, pambuyo kukwera kwambiri mu 1920s ndalama
za olemera zinatsika kwambiri m’zaka zoyambirira za m’ma 1930
Kupsinjika maganizo, ndiyeno mowonjezereka mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndikupitirizabe kutengeka
pambuyo pake mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970. Kuchokera pa 22.5 peresenti ya
ndalama zonse mu 1929, ndalama za mabanja olemera kwambiri zimatsika
mpaka 15.56 peresenti ya ndalama zonse mu 1932, zidakali 16 peresenti
osiyanasiyana pa Depression, ndiye kugwa kachiwiri kwambiri pa chiyambi
za Nkhondo Yadziko II mu 1942 kufika pa 13.44 peresenti ya ndalama zonse. Kuti
Kutsika kumapitirira kuyambira 1942 kwa zaka pafupifupi 3 mpaka 1970 pamene
imakhazikika pa 9.09 peresenti yokha. Ndiye amakhala lathyathyathya mu
9 peresenti imachokera m'ma 1970 kufika pa 9.06 peresenti
mu 1978. Pambuyo pake, kukwera kwachuma kwautali, kosasunthika kwa anthu olemera kwambiri
1 peresenti imayamba mwatsopano, ikupitirira kwa zaka pafupifupi 30 kuchokera mu 1978
mpaka pano, pamene mabanja olemera kwambiri 1 peresenti
ambiri achira ku gawo la ndalama zomwe anali nazo
mu 1929.
Chithunzicho ndi chofanana, komanso chodabwitsa kwambiri, kwa olemera kwambiri
0.1 peresenti mkati mwa 1 peresenti yapamwamba, ndipo makamaka kwa olemera kwambiri
0.01 peresenti mkati mwa 0.1 peresenti.
Ponena za mabanja amasiku ano zikutanthauza kuti mabanja 140,000 adazindikira
ndalama zochulukirapo monga mabanja otsala 1,260,000 ndi 14,000
mwa anthu 140,000 omwe adalandira theka la ndalama zomwe amapeza
Mabanja 140,000. Pafupifupi chithunzi chomwecho chilipo lero, ndi
apamwamba 0.1 peresenti amapeza pafupifupi theka la ndalama zonse za
pamwamba 1 peresenti ndipo pamwamba 0.01 peresenti amapeza motsatizana pafupifupi theka
pa 0.1 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe mabanja amapeza. Ndalama za
Mabanja olemera kwambiri 14,000-140,000 ndiye akuyendetsa kusinthaku
za magawo omwe amapeza zaka 30 zapitazi, komanso kukula komwe kulipo
kusiyana kwa ndalama. (Chithunzi chonsechi chikuyimiridwa mu Gulu 1.)
Deta ikuwonetsanso kuti ndalama zomwe olemera 1 peresenti amapeza
adachira pakugwa kwachuma kwa 2001, kusokonekera kwachuma kwa 9-11, ndi
dot.com kuphulika kwa 2000-02, ndi zochitika zina zoipa kale
zaka khumi izi. Kuyambira 2003 ndalama za olemera kwambiri 1 peresenti
mabanja abwereranso panjira yawo yokulirapo kwa nthawi yayitali
zomwe zinayamba mu 1978-1982. Mosiyana kwambiri, 90 miliyoni ikugwira ntchito
mabanja a m'kalasi sanachire nkomwe kuchokera kugwa kwachuma kwa 2001
ndi zotsatira zina zachuma, koma pang'onopang'ono abwerera kumbuyo
2001 mpaka 2006. Chowonadi chapawiri ichi ndichofotokozera chikhalidwe chachuma
ndi cholowa cha utsogoleri wa George W. Bush.
Poganizira zomwe tafotokozazi za kusiyana kwa kusiyana kwa ndalama kuchokera pamwamba,
funso lofunika kwambiri limakhala chomwe chimatsimikizira ndalama
kusamuka kwa mabanja olemera kwambiri zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazi — zitatu
zaka makumi khumi ndi makumi atatu kumbuyo?
Tsoka ilo, ndilo funso lomwe Picketty ndi Saez satero
kuyankhula momveka bwino, ngakhale ntchito zawo zina za mbiri yakale. Kutsika
Amati ndalama za mabanja olemera kwambiri zinali zoyenera
ku zododometsa zakunja za kupsinjika maganizo ndi nkhondo. Komabe, chifukwa
mbiri yobwezeretsa ndalama za olemera kuyambira 1978 ndi
osayankhidwa mokwanira. Nthawi zina amazindikira mwachidule zomwe zingatheke
kusintha kwakukulu kwamisonkho, monga nthawi
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kapena pambuyo pa misonkho ya Reagan ya 1986 - yakale
kuchepetsa kusalingana kwa ndalama ndi kukulitsa - monga
zomwe zingayambitse kutsika komanso kuchira
mu ndalama za olemera. Koma kukambirana kwawo kumakhudza kwambiri
pa misonkho ya ndalama zomwe amapeza—osati kuchulukira kwa nyumba zosungira misonkho,
kuzemba, kupewa, ndi chinyengo pazaka 30 zapitazi ndi ntchito yake
pakukwera kwa gawo la ndalama za olemera.
Mu mtundu wosindikizidwa wa ntchito yawo, Picketty ndi Saez amachita
tchulani mwachidule kuthekera kwakuti kupeŵa misonkho ndi kuzemba msonkho
akhoza kusewera. Koma ndalama zochokera kumalo osungira msonkho, kuzemba, kupewa,
ndipo chinyengo sichimawonekera mu data ya IRS yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba.
Momwemonso, phindu lamakampani lomwe limapeza powononga antchito '.
ndalama zimachulukirachulukira komanso / kapena kutembenuzidwa kunyanja. Monga
ndalama zotetezedwa kumtunda, deta ya IRS siitenga zomwe zasinthidwa
ndalama zomwe sizinagawidwe kwathunthu ndi mabungwe kwa omwe ali olemera omwe ali ndi masheya.
Kusunga phindu lamakampani pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse nthawi zambiri kumakhala
amavomerezedwa kuti adakhudza kwambiri kuchepa
muzopeza za 1 peresenti yolemera kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1940, monga Picketty
ndipo Saez mwiniwake akuvomereza. Ndipo zikuwoneka kusunga phindu
m'zaka zaposachedwapa ali kachiwiri pa nthawi zonse highs ndipo mwina akuthandizira
kamodzinso pakuchepetsa ndalama zomwe amapeza. Izi zikuthandizira
Kusalingana kwachuma sikuyankhulidwanso pakuwunika kwawo.
T
tsiku
mkangano wa anthu pa kusalingana kwa ndalama wayang'ana pa kusiyana kwa
kuyerekeza kukula kwenikweni kwa kusiyana kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza, kapenanso njira zothetsera mavuto
pakukula kwa kusalingana komwe sikukugwirizana konse ndi mizu yake
zoyambitsa ndi zoyambira mu ndondomeko ndi machitidwe aposachedwa akampani. Kuchepetsa
Kukambitsirana motereku kumasiya kulingalira kofunikira kwambiri
mafunso. Pambuyo pakukula kwazaka makumi angapo kuchokera m'ma 1930 kupita ku
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1970, n’chifukwa chiyani kusiyana kwa ndalama kunayambiranso pambuyo pake? Ndipo
n’chifukwa chiyani wakhala ukukula pang’onopang’ono kuyambira m’ma 1980?
Chisankho cha Novembala 2006 ndi kubwezeretsedwanso kwa
Nyumba ndi Senate ndi Democratic Party imayika funso la
kusagwirizana kwa ndalama ku America, ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimachititsa,
kamodzinso patsogolo pa ndandanda. Mwayi ulipo woti
kuyamba kuchitapo kanthu pa izo. Zikuwonekerabe, komabe,
zomwe zidzachitike ndi zenera lalifupi la mwayi.
Kodi zaka zingapo zikubwerazi zidzayimira kubwereza kwa kusintha kofananako
nthawi ya 1976-1980, pomwe mwayi waukulu woteteza
ndipo ngakhale kupititsa patsogolo ndalama zamagulu ogwira ntchito zinali zotheka, koma zinali
kutayika ndi kutayika, zomwe zimabweretsa kuyambiranso ndi kuuma kwatsopano
ndi makampani aku America ndi ogwirizana nawo akumanja? Kapena lotsatira
zaka zochepa zimawoneka ngati 1946-50, pamene mabanja ogwira ntchito '
malipiro, ndalama, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi mapindu opuma pantchito zidakwera kwambiri.
Kaya zotsatira zake zingakhale zotani, kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zimayambitsa
za kusalingana kumeneko, zomwe zili mu ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana zamakampani ndi
machitidwe a kotala yapitayi, ndizofunikira kwambiri
chinthu choyamba chomwe sichinachitikebe pamkangano waposachedwa wapagulu
pa kukula kwa kusalingana kwa ndalama ku America.
Gawo 2 lankhaniyi lizindikira ndikuwerengera makampani omwe akutsogolera
ndondomeko kuyambira 1980 zomwe zatenga gawo lalikulu pakusintha
Zoposa $1 thililiyoni pachaka kuchokera pazopeza za 90 miliyoni
mabanja ogwira ntchito ku America ku mabanja olemera kwambiri ndi
mabungwe.
Jack
Rasmus ndi mlembi wa
Nkhondo Kunyumba: The Corporate
Zokhumudwitsa Kuchokera kwa Ronald Reagan Kwa George W. Bush
(2006).