Burbach
Dziko la Argentina likuphulika
chipwirikiti chomwe sichinachitikepo chomwe chingabweretse chiwopsezo chatsopano kwa
International zachuma dongosolo ndi kusintha ndale dziko. Ndi a
ngongole yapadziko lonse ya $ 140 biliyoni Argentina ndi dziko loyamba pazaka
kulephera kubweza ngongole zake. Ku Buenos Aires, gulu lodziwika bwino latenga
mโmisewu kuyambira pakati pa mwezi wa December ndi mawu akuti, โQue se vayan todos,โ kapena
"aliyense ayenera kutayidwa." Ndi pempho lochotsa ndale
kukhazikitsidwa, kuphatikiza Purezidenti wapano, Eduardo Duhalde, yemwe adatenga udindo
kumayambiriro kwa January. Pamodzi ndi Duhalde, kukana kodziwika kumafikira awiriwo
zipani zazikulu zandale ndi migwirizano yomwe imachirikiza boma, Supreme
Khoti, National Congress, ndi zokonda zachuma zomwe zimalamulira
dziko.
Monga Jose Luis
Coraggio, rector wa yunivesite ku Buenos Aires yemwe amagwira ntchito ku
gulu lotsutsa, linanena kuti: โKukanidwa kwa andale ndi
akatswiri azachuma atha. Palibe m'modzi wa iwo amene azindikirika akhoza kuyenda
misewu popanda kunyozedwa kapena kulavuliridwa. Nโzosatheka kulosera chiyani
zidzachitika. Mwezi wamawa, kapena sabata yamawa, Duhalde atha kuchotsedwa, titha kukhalamo
chisokonezo, kapena tikhoza kumanga dziko latsopano lomwe likusweka
neo-liberal ndi capitalist orthodoxy."
ngakhale
Argentina idakopa chidwi cha dziko lapansi ndi kuphulika kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu
kumapeto kwa Disembala zomwe zidabweretsa apurezidenti asanu pasanathe milungu iwiri, vutolo
anali akumanga kwa zaka. Maziko ake ali mu neo-liberal chitsanzo kuti
Argentina idatengera koyambirira kwa 1990s pansi pa Carlos Menem yemwe adakhala Purezidenti
kuyambira 1989 mpaka 1999. Mtsogoleri wa gulu lakale la Peronist, kapena chipani cha Justalista.
monga momwe amatchulidwira tsopano, Menem, pamodzi ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi a chipani, adakula
olemera ngati makampani adziko lonse kuyambira mabizinesi amafuta ndi ndege mpaka
mafoni ndi madzi anagulitsidwa ku zofuna za mayiko akunja.
Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990,
Menem anali atamangiriza dzikoli mwamphamvu ku ndondomeko ya zachuma yapadziko lonse ndi
Mtengo wosinthana wa Argentine peso to Dollar US mawa zimatengera kusinthasintha kwa mtengo wosinthira masiku aposachedwa
imodzi. Gulu la anthu obwereketsa linkalamulira dzikolo monga lachitukuko la Argentina
mphamvu zamakampani zidathetsedwa. Ndi mtengo wosinthira wokhazikika waku Argentina zotumiza kunja
zidakhala zosapikisana m'misika yapadziko lonse lapansi pomwe zotsika mtengo zochokera kunja zidasefukira
dziko. Ngakhale gawo laulimi la ku Argentina lomwe poyamba linali lamphamvu lidafika povuta
kuchepa. Masiku ano, mbewu monga chimanga ndiye gwero lokhalo lazachilendo m'dzikoli
kusinthanitsa, popeza bizinesi yake yomwe kale inali yapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi yasiya kutumiza kunja
misika.
Chachikulu
ziwonetsero zomwe zidayamba mu Disembala zimatchedwa
"caserolazos," kapena zionetsero zomwe ziwonetsero zimawombera miphika ndi mapoto opanda kanthu
kusonyeza kusakhoza kwawo kugula zinthu zofunika pa moyo. Ku Buenos
Aires, caserolazos zambiri zimachitika Lachisanu lililonse pamene zikwi
ziwonetsero amatsikira pa mbiri Plaza de Mayo, malo a
nyumba ya pulezidenti ndi National Congress. Ambiri mwa ziwonetsero aguba
pansi pa mbendera za barrios iwo amachokera kumene amasonkhana motchuka
misonkhano. Misonkhano iyi ya barrio ikukhala mwachangu malo odziyimira pawokha
kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu komwe kumaphatikizapo magulu osiyanasiyana ndi anthu pawokha,
kuyambira kwa mabungwe osagwira ntchito ndi odziyimira pawokha, mpaka ufulu wachibadwidwe
mabungwe ndi mamembala a zipani za ndale zotsalira kapena zosakhala zazikulu.
koma ma caserolazos ankhondo apangidwanso motsutsana ndi mabanki. The
anthu apakati makamaka amakwiyira mabanki, monga momwe boma lachitira
maakaunti osungira nthawi yayitali, ambiri mwa iwo anali madola. Kuyambira mkati
chapakati pa 2002 boma likulonjeza kubweza ndalamazoโchiwonkhetso chonse
pafupifupi $20 biliyoniโmโzigawo 18 za mwezi ndi ndalama za dziko
amene adzachepetsedwa ndi 40 peresenti. Polengeza boma
alibe ndalama zolipirira maakaunti osungira, Duhalde wasiya
lonjezo lake loyamba kuti sadzabweza ngongole yapadziko lonse lapansi. Walengezanso
malamulo azachuma omwe amafanana ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu aku Argentina
makampani pamene akubweza ngongole zawo zakunja. Ndizodabwitsa kuti ambiri
ziwonetsero zapakati, nthawi zina muzovala, kuswa mawindo aku banki ndi
mawu opopera penti pamakoma a banki monga โakuba,โ โoukira,โ ndi โolanda.โ
Kuphatikiza pa
kulimbikitsa ziwonetsero, misonkhano yodziwika bwino m'mabarrios nthawi zambiri imachitika
nkhani za m'deralo ndi nkhawa. Mu barrio imodzi mwachitsanzo msonkhano unalinganiza
pickets kuletsa akuluakulu kutseka ophika mkate amene sakanakhoza
kulipira renti yake. Misonkhano ina ya mโderali ikulimbikitsa anthu amene ali ndi awo
nyumba kuti asapereke msonkho wa katundu, m'malo mwake apereke ndalamazo kuzipatala
mโmadera awo amene akusowa thandizo lachipatala. Misonkhano
yambitsanso zokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi. Monga Lidia Pertieria, ndi
wokonza msonkhano anati, โimodzi mwa kulira kochokera mโmadera athu
"palibenso ngongole zakunja." Ngongole zatsopano zimangotanthauza kubera komanso kuba
akuluakulu aboma athu.โ
Otchuka
misonkhanoyi ndi chizindikiro cha kukwera m'mapangidwe apansi
zikuchitika m'dziko lonselo. Zoyamba zazikulu ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi neo-liberal
ndondomeko za boma zinayamba mkati mwa dziko mu 1996 ndi 1997 pamene
antchito osagwira ntchito otchedwa "piqueteros," kapena picketers, anatseka misewu ikuluikulu
ntchito zovuta. Pofika m'chaka cha 2001 kutsekeka kwa mitsempha yamalonda kunali
kufalikira ku dziko lonse. Ma piqueteros amapangidwa mosasamala mu
Gulu la Ogwira Ntchito Oloลตa lomwe linachitika misonkhano iwiri yapadziko lonse mu August ndi
Seputembala zomwe zidabweretsa pamodzi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachikhalidwe komanso yosagwirizana ndi boma
mabungwe pamodzi ndi omwe alibe ntchito.
The piqueteros
ndi odziwika chifukwa cha utsogoleri wawo wogawana nawo. Nthawi zambiri amakambirana kwakukulu
magulu kapena misonkhano ndi atsogoleri a maboma ang'onoang'ono ndi zigawo kuti afunse
ntchito zolipidwa ndi anthu posinthana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa blockade. Kukambirana ndi
kuchitidwa mโmagulu poyera kuti boma lisachite zomwe zimatchedwa
"clientalism," mchitidwe wautali wa atsogoleri andale aku Argentina omwe
amakambirana ndi oimira ochepa omwe asiyanitsidwa ndi awo
umembala ndi ntchito zolonjezedwa kapena kupatsidwa ziphuphu kuti agulitse ena onse
kayendedwe. Chipani cha Peronist, chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1940 ndi chachikulu
ogwira ntchito, adakhala ochenjera kwambiri pakuwononga gulu la ogwira ntchito
popereka zopindulitsa ndi zokomera mwapadera kwa atsogoleri a ntchito posinthana ndi awo
kuthandizira ndi kukhulupirika ku chipani.
National
Front Against Poverty, yomwe ili ndi mamembala opitilira 60,000, ndi bungwe lina lomwe
walowa m'malo okhudzidwa ndi mavuto azachuma. Idakhazikitsidwa mu
1999 ndi gulu la akatswiri azachuma, akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito kuti afotokoze
m'malo mwa dongosolo la neo-liberal. Pachiyambi chawo choyamba, anasonkhanitsa
opitilira miliyoni miliyoni a pulani yomwe idaperekedwa ku Congress ndikuyitcha
"shock redistribution," mawu odabwitsa okhudza kusokonezeka kwachuma
maiko ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi ndi International Monetary Fund. Mu
Mosiyana ndi IMF, dongosololi logawanso likunena kuti njira yokhayo
kukonzanso chuma ndikuyika ndalama m'manja mwa anthu osauka mdziko muno,
osati mwa kuphwanya mapulogalamu a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zachuma zomwe zimakonda
olemera. Mu 2000 a Front adakhazikitsa malo ovotera kuzungulira dzikolo ndipo adachita a
referendum momwe anthu opitilira 3 miliyoni adavotera dongosolo logawanso.
Monga Norma
Filgueiras, m'modzi mwa okonza a Front omwe amatenga nawo gawo pazotchuka
inanena kuti: โMasiku ano, 40 peresenti ya anthu 35 miliyoni a mโdzikoli
kugwera pansi pa umphawi tikukambirana njira zina zenizeni zomwe zingatheke
tithandizeni pagulu.โ Kapepala ka masamba anayi kofalitsidwa kwambiri ndi a
Patsogolo alozera mchilankhulo chosavuta kumva momwe neo-liberal economics
ndondomeko zikhoza kusinthidwa popereka ndalama zothandizira nyumba zapakhomo, pothandizira zazing'ono
mabizinesi amatulutsa zolemba zambiri (kuphatikiza mankhwala) zomwe zilipo pakadali pano
kutumizidwa kunja, mwakusinthanso mafakitale omwe adagulitsidwa ndi boma lachinyengo
akuluakulu, ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pa zachuma ndi mgwirizano pakati
anthu ndi magulu osati mpikisano wa "msika waulere".
Pa nthawi zinayi
zaka zomwe Argentina yakhala ikugwa muzachuma ndikusinthana kwina
chuma chatulukira. Akuti anthu oposa 2 miliyoni ndi theka ali
kutenga nawo gawo pakusinthana kwanuko komwe kumatchedwa "nodos." Anthu amatenga katundu wawo kapena
zinthu zogulitsa - zipatso, masamba, nkhuku, jams, zovala,
ndi zina zotero,โkumene amapeza masilipi angongole omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kukatenga zinthu zomwe akufuna
kubwerera. Wopanga nsalu wina wakomweko yemwe anali atatsala pang'ono kugwa adaimba foni
pamodzi antchito ake nawauza kuti popeza sakanathanso kulipira zambiri
malipiro awo m'malo mwake amatembenuza mabulangete opangidwa mufakitale omwe
ogwira ntchitoyo amatha kugulitsa kapena kupita nawo kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale kuti asinthane ndi ena
katundu.
Monga Ricardo Malfe
katswiri wa zamaganizo pa faculty ya sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha University of Buenos Aires
anati: โNdani akudziwa chimene zonsezi zidzatsogolera. Mu Nkhondo Yadziko II, Argentina anali
kuchotsedwa pamisika yapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo tinali ndi chitukuko chachikulu kwambiri chopanga zinthu
mbiri yathu. Argentines, makamaka magulu apakati, adadziwika chifukwa chathu
kudzikonda komanso kudzikonda. Mwina vutoli lidzakakamiza
kuti tikonzenso momwe timadziwonera tokha, kuyendetsa chuma chathu ndikukonza zathu
moyo.โ
Izi, ndithudi,
chingakhale chochitika chabwino kwa gulu lodziwika bwino ku Argentina. Asilikali
kulowererapo kukuwoneka kuti sikungachitike pakadali pano monga momwe asitikali alili
adakhala otsika kwambiri kuposa anthu andale pofufuza malingaliro. Izi ndi
zotsatira za kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa anthu makamaka "Madres de la
Plaza de Mayo,โ gulu la amayi lomwe linayamba kuguba mokhazikika mโbwaloli
kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 kutsutsa kuphedwa kwa asilikali kwa ana awo aamuna ndi
ana aakazi mu imene imatchedwa โnkhondo yauveโ ya ku Argentina. Lero Madres ndi
gawo lalikulu la gulu lodziwika bwino lolimbana ndi anthu apamwamba andale ndi azachuma.
Pali,
komabe, zochitika za nthawi yayitali zomwe zimakambidwa m'magulu andale a ku Argentina
apereka lingaliro la mgwirizano wadziko ndi asitikali mothandizidwa ndi ma bourgeoisie.
Carlos Menem, yemwe adatsogolera dzikolo muzovuta za neo-liberal, amaganiziridwa
ambiri akukonzekera kubwereranso ndale motsutsana ndi Duhalde. Menem adzakhala
woyambitsa ndale wa coalition, ngakhale kuti siwodziwika bwino chifukwa ali
kuletsedwa ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko kukhalanso pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Koma
pakali pano zikuwoneka ngati mgwirizano woterewu ukuyesedwa ngati kuthekera kwake konse
mamembala amanyansidwa ndi gulu lalikulu lomwe silingalole kubwereranso kwa
dongosolo la neo-liberal lomwe lidagulitsa dziko ku zofuna zakunja ndi
zinayambitsa mavuto azachuma mโdzikoli.
Kwa kanthawi
ma piqueteros, caserolazos, ndi misonkhano yotchuka ikuyendetsa
ndondomeko ya ndale, ngakhale kumene adzatha kutenga dziko
wosatsimikizika. Kuyika pambali zolosera zazachuma zomwe sizingachitike
akuluakulu aboma, palibe amene amawona kutha kwachuma chakuya
mavuto, kutanthauza kuti kusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale kudzakhalapo kwakanthawi
kubwera. Monga momwe wothirira ndemanga pandale wina ananenera, โchotsimikizirika chokha mu Argentina
nโchakuti tsogolo silidziwika.โ Z