Annie Jacobsenโs new book is called Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America. It isnโt terribly secret anymore, of course, and it was never very intelligent. Jacobsen has added some details, and the U.S. government is still hiding many more. But the basic facts have been available; theyโre just left out of most U.S. history books, movies, and television programs.
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, asilikali a ku United States adalemba ganyu asayansi ndi madokotala a chipani cha Nazi omwe anali mazana khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi, kuphatikizapo ena mwa ogwira nawo ntchito apamtima a Adolf Hitler, kuphatikizapo amuna omwe ali ndi udindo wakupha, ukapolo, ndi kuyesa anthu, kuphatikizapo amuna omwe anamangidwa chifukwa cha ziwawa za nkhondo, amuna omwe anamasulidwa pa milandu ya nkhondo, ndi anthu amene sadayime pa mlandu. Ena mwa achipani cha Nazi omwe adayesedwa ku Nuremberg anali atagwira kale ntchito ku US ku Germany kapena ku US milandu isanachitike. Ena adatetezedwa ku zakale ndi boma la US kwa zaka zambiri, pomwe amakhala ndikugwira ntchito ku Boston Harbor, Long Island, Maryland, Ohio, Texas, Alabama, ndi kwina, kapena adawulutsidwa ndi boma la US kupita ku Argentina kuti awateteze ku kuzemba mlandu. . Zolemba zina zoyeserera zidayikidwa m'magulu onse kuti asawulule zakale za asayansi ofunikira aku US. Ena mwa a chipani cha Nazi omwe adabwera nawo anali achinyengo omwe adadzipanga ngati asayansi, ena mwa iwo adaphunzira momwe akugwirira ntchito usilikali waku US.
Olanda aku US ku Germany pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse adalengeza kuti kafukufuku wankhondo ku Germany atha, monga gawo la njira ya denazification. Komabe kafukufukuyu adapitilira ndikukulirakulira mobisa, pansi paulamuliro waku US, ku Germany ndi ku United States, monga gawo la njira yomwe ndizotheka kuiwona ngati nazification. Si asayansi okha amene analembedwa ntchito. Azondi akale a Nazi, ambiri a iwo akale a SS, adalembedwa ganyu ndi US ku Germany pambuyo pa nkhondo kuti akazonde - ndi kuzunza - Soviets.
Asilikali aku US adasintha m'njira zambiri pomwe omwe kale anali chipani cha Nazi adayikidwa paudindo wapamwamba. Anali asayansi a rocket a Nazi omwe anaganiza zoyika mabomba a nyukiliya pa roketi ndikuyamba kupanga mizinga ya intercontinental ballistic. Anali mainjiniya a chipani cha Nazi omwe adapanga bwalo lachitetezo cha Hitler pansi pa Berlin, omwe tsopano adamanga mipanda yapansi panthaka ya boma la US kumapiri a Catoctin ndi Blue Ridge. Abodza odziwika a chipani cha Nazi adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asitikali aku US kuti alembe zidziwitso zachinsinsi zabodza zabodza zaku Soviet Union. Asayansi a Nazi adapanga mapulogalamu a US mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kubweretsa chidziwitso chawo cha tabun ndi sarin, osatchulapo thalidomide - komanso kufunitsitsa kwawo kuyesa anthu, zomwe asilikali a US ndi CIA omwe adangopangidwa kumene adachita nawo mosavuta pamlingo waukulu. Lingaliro lililonse lodabwitsa komanso loyipa la momwe munthu angaphedwere kapena kuti gulu lankhondo lisasunthike linali losangalatsa ndi kafukufuku wawo. Zida zatsopano zidapangidwa, kuphatikiza VX ndi Agent Orange. Njira yatsopano yoyendera ndikuyika zida zakunja idapangidwa, ndipo omwe kale anali a Nazi adayikidwa kuyang'anira bungwe latsopano lotchedwa NASA.
Malingaliro ankhondo osatha, malingaliro ankhondo opanda malire, ndi malingaliro ankhondo olenga momwe sayansi ndiukadaulo zidaphimba imfa ndi kuzunzika, zonse zidapita ponseponse. Pamene munthu wakale wa chipani cha Nazi analankhula kuphwando la amayi ku Rochester Junior Chamber of Commerce mu 1953, mutu wa mwambowu unali wakuti "Buzz Bomb Mastermind to Address Jaycees Today." Izi sizikumveka zachilendo kwa ife, koma mwina zidadabwitsa aliyense wokhala ku United States nthawi ina nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike. Onani Walt Disney uyu pulogalamu ya pa TV featuring a former Nazi who worked slaves to death in a cave building rockets. Before long, President Dwight Eisenhower would be lamenting that โthe total influence โ economic, political, even spiritual โ is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government.โ Eisenhower was not referring to Nazism but to the power of the military-industrial complex. Yet, when asked whom he had in mind in remarking in the same speech that โpublic policy could itself become the captive of a scientific-technological elite,โ Eisenhower named two scientists, one of them the former Nazi in the Disney video linked above.
Chigamulo cholowetsa 1,600 a Hitler a sayansi-teknoloji yapamwamba ku asilikali a US chinayendetsedwa ndi mantha a USSR, zonse zomveka komanso zotsatira za mantha achinyengo. Chigamulocho chinasintha pakapita nthawi ndipo chinali chopangidwa ndi malingaliro olakwika ambiri. Koma buck adayima ndi Purezidenti Harry S Truman. Henry Wallace, yemwe adatsogolera Truman ngati wachiwiri kwa purezidenti yemwe timaganiza kuti akanatsogolera dziko lapansi panjira yabwino kuposa momwe Truman adachitira monga purezidenti, adakakamiza Truman kulemba ganyu chipani cha Nazi ngati pulogalamu yantchito. Zingakhale zabwino kumakampani aku America, adatero ngwazi yathu yopita patsogolo. Oyang'anira a Truman adatsutsana, koma Truman adaganiza. Pomwe zida za Operation Paperclip zidadziwika, American Federation of Scientists, Albert Einstein, ndi ena adalimbikitsa Truman kuti athetse. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zida za nyukiliya Hans Bethe ndi mnzake Henri Sack anafunsa Truman:
"Kodi mfundo yakuti Ajeremani apulumutse dzikolo madola mamiliyoni ambiri akutanthauza kuti malo okhalamo ndi kukhala nzika zikhoza kugulidwa? Kodi United States ingadalire [asayansi a ku Germany] kugwirira ntchito mtendere pamene chidani chawo choloลตetsedwamo motsutsana ndi Arasha chingathandizire kukulitsa kusiyana pakati pa maulamuliro akulu? Kodi nkhondoyo idamenyedwa kuti alole malingaliro a Nazi kulowa m'mabungwe athu a maphunziro ndi sayansi ndi khomo lakumbuyo? Kodi tikufuna sayansi pamtengo uliwonse?"
Mu 1947 Operation Paperclip, idakali yaingโono, inali pangozi yoti ithe. M'malo mwake, Truman adasintha asitikali aku US ndi National Security Act, ndikupanga mnzake wabwino kwambiri yemwe Operation Paperclip angafune: CIA. Tsopano pulogalamuyo idayamba, mwadala komanso mwadala, ndi chidziwitso chonse komanso kumvetsetsa kwa Purezidenti yemweyo waku US yemwe adalengeza ngati senator kuti ngati aku Russia akupambana US ayenera kuthandiza Ajeremani, komanso mosemphanitsa, kuonetsetsa kuti anthu ambiri. zotheka adamwalira, purezidenti yemweyo yemwe adagwetsa mabomba awiri a nyukiliya mwankhanza komanso mopanda pake pamizinda yaku Japan, purezidenti yemweyo yemwe adatibweretsera nkhondo ku Korea, nkhondo popanda kulengeza, nkhondo zachinsinsi, ufumu wokulirakulira wa maziko, zinsinsi zankhondo zonse. zinthu, utsogoleri wachifumu, ndi zovuta zankhondo ndi mafakitale. US Chemical Warfare Service idaphunzira za zida zankhondo zaku Germany kumapeto kwa nkhondo ngati njira yopitirizira kukhalapo. George Merck onse adazindikira kuti zida zankhondo zowopsa zankhondo ndipo adagulitsa katemera wankhondo kuti athane nazo. Nkhondo inali bizinesi ndipo bizinesi ikhala yabwino kwa nthawi yayitali.
But how big a change did the United States go through after World War II, and how much of it can be credited to Operation Paperclip? Isnโt a government that would give immunity to both Nazi and Japanese war criminals in order to learn their criminal ways already in a bad place? As one of the defendants argued in trial at Nuremberg, the U.S. had already engaged in its own experiments on humans using almost identical justifications to those offered by the Nazis. If that defendant had been aware, he could have pointed out that the U.S. was in that very moment engaged in such experiments in Guatemala. The Nazis had learned some of their eugenics and other nasty inclinations from Americans. Some of the Paperclip scientists had worked in the U.S. before the war, as many Americans had worked in Germany. These were not isolated worlds.
Kuyangโana kupyola pa milandu yachiลตiri, yochititsa manyazi, ndi yomvetsa chisoni ya nkhondo, nanga bwanji za upandu wa nkhondoyo? Tikuwona kuti United States ilibe mlandu wocheperako chifukwa idapangitsa anthu aku Japan kuti ayambe kuwukira, komanso chifukwa idatsutsa ena omwe adalephera pankhondoyo. Koma mlandu wopanda tsankho ukadatsutsanso aku America. Mabomba adaponyedwa pa anthu wamba omwe adaphedwa ndikuvulala ndikuwononga kwambiri kuposa ndende zozunzirako anthu - misasa yomwe ku Germany idasinthidwa pang'ono pambuyo pa misasa yaku US ya nzika zaku America. Kodi ndizotheka kuti asayansi a Nazi adalumikizana bwino ndi gulu lankhondo la US chifukwa bungwe lomwe linali litachita kale zomwe lidachita ku Philippines silinali lofunikira kwenikweni?
Komabe, mwanjira ina, timaganiza za kuphulitsa moto kwa mizinda yaku Japan komanso kufalikira kwathunthu kwa mizinda yaku Germany kukhala yocheperako kuposa kulembedwa ntchito kwa asayansi a Nazi. Koma kodi nchiyani chimene chimatikhumudwitsa ife ponena za asayansi a chipani cha Nazi? Sindikuganiza kuti ziyenera kukhala kuti adapha anthu ambiri chifukwa cha mbali yolakwika, zolakwika zomwe zidachitika m'malingaliro ena koma pambuyo pake ntchito yopha anthu ambiri kumbali yoyenera. Ndipo sindikuganiza kuti kuyenera kukhala kotheratu kuti adachita nawo kuyesa kwa anthu odwala ndi ntchito yokakamiza. Ndikuganiza kuti zochita zimenezo ziyenera kutikhumudwitsa. Koma ndiyeneranso kupanga miyala ya roketi yomwe imatenga anthu masauzande ambiri. Ndipo ziyenera kutikhumudwitsa aliyense zomwe zachitiridwa.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuganiza za anthu otukuka kwinakwake padziko lapansi zaka zingapo kuchokera pano. Kodi munthu wochokera kumayiko ena yemwe adakhalapo kale m'gulu lankhondo la US atha kupeza ntchito? Kodi kuunikanso kudzafunika? Kodi iwo anazunza akaidi? Kodi anali ndi ana omwe anaphedwa ndi ndege? Kodi anaphwasula nyumba kapena kuwombera anthu wamba m'mayiko ambiri? Kodi anali atagwiritsa ntchito mabomba amagulu? Uranium yatha? White phosphorous? Kodi adagwirapo ntchito kundende yaku US? Dongosolo lotsekera anthu ochokera kunja? Mzere wa imfa? Kodi kuunikanso kotheratu kudzafunika bwanji? Kodi pangakhale mulingo wina wa machitidwe ongotsatira omwe angaonedwe kukhala ovomerezeka? Kodi zikanakhala zovuta, osati zimene munthuyo anachita, koma mmene ankaganizira za dziko?