Pa 27 January 1986, gulu la O-ring task Force la Morton Thiokol linakumana kuti likambirane zotsatira za Space Shuttle yomwe akufuna kukhazikitsidwa tsiku lotsatira pa kutentha kwa madigiri 18 Fahrenheit. Ma O-rings adapangidwa kuti azitha kukhazikika muzowonjezera zolimba za rocket za Shuttle, ndikukulitsa kuti zitseke mipata pakati pa magawo a roketi pamene akuyatsa. Ngati ma O-ringing onse a pulayimale ndi achiwiri alephera kusindikiza pa nthawi yofunikira, mpweya wotentha udzathawa ndikupangitsa kuphulika koopsa. Vuto, akatswiri a Thiokol adanena kuti, kutentha kukakhala kozizira kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono mphete za O-rings zidzakula ndikusindikiza. Kulephera kwa O-ring pa kutentha kwapamwamba kuposa madigiri 18 Fahrenheit kunali pafupi kwambiri ndi kuwomba ndege zam'mbuyo za Shuttle.
M'mbuyomu tsiku lomwelo, mtsogoleri wa gulu la O-ring, Bob Ebeling, adafunsidwa ndi woyang'anira pulogalamu ngati angakhudzidwe ndi kutentha kotsika kotereku. Ebeling amakumbukira mawu ake enieni poyankha:
"'+Chiyani!+' Chifukwa chakuti ndife oyenerera kufika madigiri 40 okha. Ndinati, 'Kodi munthu ali ndi ntchito yanji + kuganiza + za zimenezo? "
Gulu logwira ntchito la O-ring lidafika pomaliza mwachangu pakukhazikitsa madigiri a 18: "Kwa munthu," Ebeling akuti, "tonse tidaganiza kuti zinali zowopsa."
Ngakhale sanathe kuyambitsa motsutsana ndi malingaliro a makontrakitala ake, NASA sinatsimikizire kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa kutentha kochepa ndi kulephera kwa O-ring. Pambuyo pa teleconference yotentha pakati pa Thiokol ndi NASA, oyang'anira Thiokol adapempha kupuma kwa mphindi zisanu. Engineer ndi katswiri wa O-ring, Roger Boisjoly, mwamsanga anazindikira zomwe zinali kuchitika:
"Batani litangodina pa teleconference kutilekanitsa ndi kutilankhula pakati pathu ndi NASA, General Manager wathu adati mofewa, 'Tiyenera kupanga chigamulo + chautsogoleri.' sinthani chigamulocho, kapena yesetsani kulemba zinthu papepala kuti mutsimikizire kusintha kuchokera pakupanga chisankho kupita pakupanga chisankho chothandizira makasitomala awo akuluakulu."
Boisjoly ndi anzake adakwiya kwambiri, akuumirira kuti kukhazikitsidwa komweku kunali madigiri a 20 kunja kwa zochitika zawo zogwirira ntchito, ndipo motsimikiza kuti sikunali koyenera kuopsa. M'mawu odabwitsa, Boisjoly amakumbukira momwe adayesera kutsimikizira oyang'anira a Thiokol za zoyipa zomwe adachitapo:
"Ndinkaganiza kuti + ndithu + zithunzi zimene ndinali nazo + zidzasintha +di msonkhano wonsewu. Ndinaika zithunzizo pansi pamaso pa mamenejala โ ndipo mโmodzi mwa anzanga anandiuza kuti ndinali kuwakalira. kuyang'ana zithunzi ndikusanyalanyaza zomwe amatiuza.Ndizosavuta: mukamawona zakuda kwambiri pakati pa zisindikizo, kutentha kwapansi kutsika, ndikuyandikira pafupi ndi tsoka.Ndizophweka monga choncho. kuwapangitsa kuti aziyang'ananso zithunzi. "
Atakana ngakhale kuyang'ana umboni wa Boisjoly, oyang'anira a Thiokol adauza NASA kuti asintha chisankho choyambitsa.
M'mawa wotsatira, mainjiniya a Thiokol sanakayikire za tsoka lomwe lidadikirira Space Shuttle pa poyambira: Challenger:
"Sindinkafuna kuwona kukhazikitsidwa," akutero Boisjoly. "Sindinkafuna kuwona kulephera ... Pamene anayatsa ndipo galimoto inachotsa nsanja yotsegulira, ndinatembenukira kwa Bob [Ebeling] ndikunong'oneza kuti, 'Tathawa chipolopolo.' Chifukwa chiyembekezo changa - monganso cha mnzanga - chinali choti chiphulike m'mphepete."
Zikadachitika, mwamwayi, zinyalala za rocket booster zidatsekereza kwakanthawi dzenje lomwe linasiyidwa ndi ma O-rings omwe adalephera. Challenger anachotsa poyatsira moto asanaphulike mailosi anayi padziko lapansi, pamene chipwirikiti chinagwedeza zinyalalazo.
Sizingatheke nthawi zonse kuona chilengedwe mumchenga, koma nthawi zina tikhoza kuzindikira zinthu zovuta kwambiri pa ubale wa anthu: kukana kwa oyang'anira a Thiokol kuti azindikire zoona zenizeni za zomwe Boisjoly, Ebeling ndi akatswiri ena a Thiokol anali kunena, kapena ngakhale kuyang'ana pa umboni wa zithunzi, ndi chisonyezero cha chinthu choterocho. Zoopsa zambiri zapadziko lathu lapansi ndi zotsatira za + ndendende + luso limeneli la anthu - mwachitsanzo, akuluakulu a boma ndi makampani, ndi atolankhani amakampani - kulepheretsa chidwi chawo pa zomwe sakufuna kuziwona.
Chochitika chomwechi chinakhudzanso katswiri wa zamaganizo wa Harvard, Stanley Milgram, panthawi yoyesera yoyesa kuyesa kumvera ulamuliro wankhanza m'ma 1960. Zoyesererazo zidakhudza 'mphunzitsi' - membala wa anthu - kutulutsa zida zamagetsi kwa wophunzira, yemwe kwenikweni anali wochita sewero, molamulidwa ndi 'woyesa' wovala malaya otuwa a labu. Cholinga chotsimikizirika cha kuyesako chinali kufufuza zotsatira za chilango pa kukumbukira ndi kuphunzira. 'Wophunzira'yo adatengedwa kupita kuchipinda, kukhala pampando, atamumanga kuti asasunthike kwambiri, ndi electrode yolumikizidwa padzanja lake. Anauzidwa kuti adzalandira kugwedezeka kwamagetsi kowonjezereka kwambiri. Pa 74 volts wophunzirayo adanamizira kudandaula. Pa 120 volts adadandaula pakamwa; pa 150 adafuna kuti amasulidwe kuchokera kukuyesera. Kutsutsa kwake kunapitilira pamene zododometsa zidakulirakulira, kukulirakulira komanso kukhudzidwa mtima. Pa 285 volts yankho lidakhala ngati "kukuwa kowawa".
Milgram ndi gulu lake anadabwa kupeza kuti anthu wamba anasonyeza milingo yoopsa ya kumvera:
"Chodabwitsa, ngakhale zionetsero zamphamvu kwambiri kuchokera kwa wozunzidwayo sizinalepheretse anthu ambiri kupereka chilango chokhwima kwambiri cholamulidwa ndi woyesera ... adafika pachiwopsezo champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chilipo pa jenereta."
Mwanjira yomwe imakumbukira modabwitsa kukana kwa oyang'anira a Thiokol kuyang'ana zithunzi za Boisjoly, Milgram adanena, ". Nkhani zikuwonetsa kukayikira kuyang'ana wozunzidwayo, yemwe amatha kumuwona kudzera mu galasi patsogolo pawo. Iwo anasonyeza kuti zinkawavuta kuona munthu amene wavulalayo akuvutika kwambiri.
Poganizira kwambiri za kafukufuku wa Milgram, posachedwapa ndidafunsana ndi mamembala otsogola amakampani a "omasuka" aku Britain pankhani ya Edward Herman ndi mtundu wabodza wa Noam Chomsky wowongolera media. Kupitirira tsatanetsatane, mutu waukulu unali wakuti: 'M'dziko lolamulidwa ndi mphamvu zamakampani, kodi ndi vuto kuti makina osindikizira ndi osindikizira - mbali ya dongosolo lomwelo?' Monga ndi Boisjoly, mkangano wanga unali "wosavuta monga": kodi 2 + 2 = 4?
Ndinalibe chinyengo chokhudza kulandira mayankho owona mtima kuchokera kwa omwe adafunsidwa; Ndinazitenga mopepuka kuti sizingatheke kuti atolankhani akuluakulu amakampani akambirane za udindo wawo moona mtima. M'malo mwake, cholinga changa chinali kuyesa kuthekera kwa atolankhani 'omasuka' kukana chowonadi chodziwikiratu. Zinawoneka kwa ine kuti iyi inali ntchito yothandiza kwambiri; Ndipotu, anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti atolankhani 'omasuka' ndi oteteza mwamphamvu ufulu, choonadi ndi demokalase: ngati sichoncho, ndiye ndani m'manyuzipepala + ndi ndani?
Milgram imatisiya ife kukayikira za kufunikira kwa zenizeni zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi akuluakulu olemekezeka pozindikira zochita za anthu:
โLamulirani mmene munthu amamasulira dziko lake,โ iye anatero, โndipo mwapita kutali kwambiri kuwongolera khalidwe lake.
Akazinso! Nayi gawo la kusinthana kwanga ndi Roger Alton, mkonzi wa Observer pa 20 December, 2000. Owerenga ayenera kukumbukira kuti Alton ndi mkonzi wa zomwe mwina ndi nyuzipepala yomasuka komanso yotseguka ya ku Britain:
DE: "Ndikaganizira za zonsezi - mfundo yakuti zofalitsa ndi makampani, zimakhala zopindulitsa, zimadalira otsatsa, zimakhala zovuta ku makampani opangira makampani, ndiyeno pali eni ake olemera ndi kholo. makampani - Sindinawonepo kusanthula kwadongosolo muzofalitsa m'dziko muno, komwe kumawunikira zotsatira za mfundo izi pa demokalase, paufulu wa atolankhani. Kodi mwawonapo chilichonse?"
RA: "Ayi.
DE: "Chifukwa chiyani?"
RA: "Er, chifukwa, m'dziko lino ...
DE: "Ndikutanthauza m'manyuzipepala ambiri, monga Guardian, Observer ndi Independent."
RA: "Koma mungataniโฆ? Mutha kusanthula zamalondaโฆ zamalonda, zokakamiza zamalonda panyuzipepala ngati mabungwe akampani?"
DE: "Zosiyanasiyana: zolimbikitsa phindu, kukopa kwa otsatsa, ndi zina ..."
RA: "Chabwino ndikuganiza kuti ili ndi lingaliro + losangalatsa kwambiri. Ndikuganiza kuti ndi chinthu chomwe munthu angayang'ane."
DE: "Sikofunikira kuti demokalase ikhale ndi zokambirana zotere?"
RA: "Mukuwoneka kuti mukunena kuti pali chikakamizo chambiri kwa atolankhani kuti agwirizane ndi mtundu wina wa mkonzi - osati choncho."
DE: "Ndikungodabwa chifukwa chake sizinakambidwepo."
(6 mphindi kupuma)
RA: "Eya, chabwino, ndizabwino ... mwina ... Ndikukhulupirira kuti zakambidwa m'mabwalo amaphunziro."
DE: "Koma ndikunena m'manyuzipepala ambiri. Sindinawonepo, ngakhale kuti tili ndi zigawo zofalitsa nkhani m'nyuzipepala ndipo izi zikuwoneka kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri + ku demokalase."
RA: "Kodi mutu wamutu pa chidutswacho ungakhale chiyani? Ndikuyesera kupeza lingaliro la chidutswa chomwe mukuganiza kuti tiyenera kuchita, chifukwa ngati chiri chabwino tidzachita ..."
DE: "Chabwino, mukudziwa, 'Kodi makina osindikizira amakampani ndi aulere?'"
RA: "Inde, 'Kodi makina athu ndi aulere bwanji?' Ndikutanthauza, ndi lingaliro losangalatsa. Ndikutanthauza kuti ndikuganiza kuti mutha kunena kuti ndi zaulere kwambiri. Tili ndi mapepala ochuluka kwambiri kulikonse, m'malingaliro mwanga, m'mayiko olankhula Chingerezi."
Alton mwina sanafune kapena sanathe kulingalira za vuto lomwe likuwoneka bwino la atolankhani amakampani omwe amafotokoza za dziko lomwe likulamulidwa ndi mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Monga oyang'anira a Thiokol, Alton sangayang'ane vutoli.
M'buku lake, Vital Lies, Simple Truths - The Psychology of Self-Deception, katswiri wa zamaganizo Daniel Goleman akufotokoza momwe anthu amafikira kuti apange malingaliro awo enieni mozungulira malingaliro, kapena schemas - malingaliro amalingaliro omwe timawateteza kuzinthu zotsutsana, zokumana nazo. ndi malingaliro:
"Chikhulupiriro changa n'chakuti anthu m'magulu ambiri amabwera kudzagawana malingaliro ambiri, omwe ambiri amawafotokozera popanda kunenedwa mwachindunji. Zopambana kwambiri pakati pa ziwembu zomwe zimagawidwa, koma zosadziwika, ndizo zomwe zimasonyeza zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa. momwe ziyenera kusamaliridwa - ndi zomwe timasankha kunyalanyaza kapena kukana ... anthu m'magulu amaphunziranso pamodzi momwe angasamalire - momwe mbali za zochitika zomwe takumana nazo zingaphimbidwe ndi kudzinyenga komwe kumagwirizana."
Kulimbana kwa Alton ndi zomwe amasankha "kunyalanyaza kapena kukana" zikuwonekeratu pofotokoza zofalitsa zosamveka bwino komanso maphunziro apamwamba, pamene zikuwonekeratu kuti kukambirana moona mtima za ufulu wa atolankhani kuyenera kukhala gawo lalikulu la zokambirana zapa TV. Atakumana ndi chowonadi chodziwikirachi, Alton akuti, "Inde, eh, 'Kodi makina athu osindikizira ndi aufulu bwanji?' Ndikutanthauza, ndi lingaliro losangalatsa," kutanthauza kuti sanaganizirepo vutoli m'mbuyomu, ngakhale akuwoneka kuti akudziwa zokambilana za Glasgow Media Group ndi maphunziro. Ndikaumiriranso kuti uyenera kukhala mutu waukulu wamalipoti wamba, amakana vutoli ponena kuti palibenso: "Ndikutanthauza kuti ndikuganiza kuti mutha kunena kuti ndi zaulere. kulikonse, mโmalingaliro mwanga, mโdziko lolankhula Chingelezi.โ
Izi, kachiwiri, sizikugwirizana ndi mfundoyi. Mfundo yanga inali yakuti m'gulu la anthu odzipereka ku kufotokoza kwaufulu kwa malingaliro, atolankhani amapangidwa mosalekeza kuti aphatikize kusanthula mozama ndi kutsutsa, ndipo izi sizichitika.
Milgram adanenanso kuti nkhawa zamakhalidwe zitha kubisidwa mosavuta ndi "kukonzanso kowerengeka kwa gawo lazambiri komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu." Njira yomwe amayamikiridwa, iye analemba kuti "ndi chizoloลตezi cha munthu kutengeka kwambiri ndi luso laling'ono la ntchitoyo kotero kuti amalephera kuona zotsatira zake zambiri".
M'mafunso anga, ndidapeza kuti sizingatheke kusiya chidwi changa chocheperako ndikuyika zovuta ndi zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo, onse omwe adafunsidwawo anali okondwa kutsutsa zomwe atolankhani aku US, atolankhani aku Britain akumanja, atolankhani, ndi zina zotero, akutsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa zoulutsira mawu zomwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito - mwachimwemwe. mwangozi! Mwachitsanzo, Hugo Young, wothirira ndemanga wamkulu wa ndale wa Guardian, anati: โMunthu angaone pawailesi yakanema ya ku America zotulukapo zoipa za maulalo a umwini pakati pa maukonde aakulu ndi mabungwe aakulu.โ
Jon Snow, Presenter wa Channel 4 News, adatenganso malingaliro omwewo, koma adanenetsa kuti, "sitiyang'ana ku United States kuti ikhale yolemba nkhani zabwino" - ngati kuti makampani omwe amawongolera ndale, media ndi chikhalidwe ku US anali osiyana kwambiri dongosolo lamakampani lomwe limayang'anira ndale, media ndi chikhalidwe ku Britain.
Ofunsidwa adangoyang'ana ngati laser pamasamba awo omwe amati ndi oona mtima. Ngakhale titatengera zonena zawo mwachiwonekere, zikadakhala zazing'ono kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti ambiri ochuluka azama TV asokonezedwa mopanda chiyembekezo. Akadakhala odzipereka ku ufulu wa atolankhani, omwe adandifunsawo akadayang'ana kwambiri pankhaniyi yofunika kwambiri komanso yosokoneza kwambiri. Bwanji mukunyalanyaza nkhani yofunikayo kuti mufotokoze mfundo yaingโono, yodziikira kumbuyo: โSitima ya Titanic ingakhale ikumira, koma mapeto anga a ngalawa yayandama!โ?
Mu Gawo 2 - Zokambirana ndi Guardian ndi Channel 4 News