Tsiku lina, imfa ina yosafunikira: Anthu a 16 anaphedwa ndipo 16 akusowabe madzi osefukira ndi kusefukira kwa nthaka pachilumba chaching'ono cha Tahuna pafupi ndi Sulawesi ya Indonesia.
Modabwitsa, dziko la Indonesia likulowa mโmalo mwa Bangladesh ndi India kukhala dziko lomwe lili ndi masoka ambiri padziko lapansi. Nthawi zonse mawu akuti Indonesia akawonekera pamndandanda wankhani zankhani za Yahoo, mwayi ndi wakuti tsoka lina lalikulu komanso losafunikira lidachitika pachilumba chimodzi cha zisumbu zokulirapozi.
Ndege zikuzimiririka kapena kutsetsereka panjira, zombo zikumira kapena kungowola panyanja, masitima amagwa kapena kusokonekera pamlingo wapa sabata imodzi, okwera osaloledwa akugwa padenga la dzimbiri. Malo otaya zinyalala osaloledwa amakwirira ndi zinthu zonunkha m'magulu a anthu osakaza. Kugumuka kwa nthaka kukutengera nyumba zonga makatoni kuzigwa; zivomezi ndi mafunde akuwononga mizinda ndi midzi ya mโmphepete mwa nyanja. Moto wa nkhalango kuchokera ku Sumatra ukuwononga dera lalikulu la Southeast Asia.
Kuchuluka kwa masokawo sikunachitikepo ndipo ndizosamveka kuwachotsa ngati tsoka ladziko kapena mkwiyo wa milungu kapena chilengedwe. Ziphuphu, kusachita bwino komanso kusayanjanitsika kwa akuluakulu olamulira ndi akuluakulu aboma ndizo makamaka zomwe zimachititsa. Ndi umphawi, kusowa kwa ntchito zapagulu ndi kleptomania zomwe zimapha mazana masauzande a amuna, akazi ndi ana aku Indonesia omwe akusimidwa.
Kuyambira mchaka cha 1965, asitikali a US omwe adalanda boma adachotsa Sukarno pampando, ndikukhazikitsa boma lankhondo lolimbana ndi chikomyunizimu komanso wolamulira wankhanza wokonda msika wa Suharto, dziko la Indonesia silinawunikidwe kwambiri ndi atolankhani akumadzulo ndi maboma. Suharto atatsika pansi mu 1998, akuyamikiridwa ndi atolankhani ngati demokalase yomwe ikubwera komanso kulolerana.
Ena mwa masoka amenewa amapangidwa ndi anthu; pafupifupi onse ndi otetezedwa. Tikawunika kwambiri zikuwonekeratu kuti anthu amafa chifukwa cha kupewa kulibe, kusowa kwa maphunziro (Indonesia ili ndi ndalama zitatu zotsika kwambiri pamaphunziro monga kuchuluka kwa GDP yake, pambuyo pa Equatorial Guinea ndi Ecuador) komanso dongosolo lazachuma lazachuma lomwe limalola. kulemeretsa ochepa kwambiri mowononga ambiri omwe amakhala pansi pa 2 madola patsiku. Kutsiliza kungakhale kochititsa mantha kuwunikira momwe anthu aku Indonesia akugwirira ntchito masiku ano. Komabe, kupeลตa kukhudzidwa kumeneku mosakayikira kungachititse kuti miyoyo yamtengo wapatali ya anthu masauzande mazanamazana iwonongeke.
Indonesia imayendetsedwa ndi phindu monyanyira. Lilinso limodzi mwa mayiko achinyengo kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndipo zikuwoneka kuti palibe phindu lomwe lingapezeke pakukhazikitsa njira zodzitetezera. Madamu ndi makoma odana ndi tsunami pafupifupi kulikonse amawonedwa ngati ntchito zapagulu ndipo ndendende mawu awa - pagulu - anali atatsala pang'ono kutha kuchokera ku lexicon ya omwe amapanga zisankho ku Indonesia. Phindu lakanthawi kochepa la gulu linalake la anthu limaperekedwa patsogolo kwambiri kuposa phindu lanthawi yayitali la dziko lonse. Kusokonekera kwa makhalidwe a dziko kumaonekera pa kukula kwa makhalidwe abwino: anthu achinyengo koma olemera amakhala ndi ulemu waukulu kwambiri kuposa amene ali oona mtima koma osauka.
Zombo zikumira osati "chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho ndi mafunde"; amamira chifukwa chakuti adzaza ndi kusamalidwa bwino, kapena makamaka chifukwa chakuti amaloledwa kudzaza ndi kusamalidwa bwino. Zonse zimagulitsidwa, ngakhale chitetezo cha anthu masauzande ambiri. Makampani amangoganizira za phindu lawo, pomwe oyang'anira maboma amakonda kwambiri za ziphuphu. Kumira kwaposachedwa kwa Senopati Nusantara kunapha anthu mazanamazana, koma inali imodzi mwa masoka amadzi ambiri omwe amachitika ku Indonesia chaka chilichonse. Ngakhale kuti palibe ziwerengero zenizeni zomwe zilipo (pazifukwa zodziwikiratu, boma la Indonesia limaonetsetsa kuti likupewa kufalitsa ziwerengero zofananira), njira zina zam'madzi zimataya zombo zitatu kapena kuposerapo pachaka.
Makampani opanga ndege ku Indonesia ali ndi mbiri yoyipa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira mu 1997, anthu osachepera 666 anafa pa ngozi 8 zazikulu zandege ku Indonesia. Ena mwa oyendetsa ndegewo ndi ophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri moti nthawi zambiri ndege zimadumphadumpha, kuphonya msewu wonse kapena kutera pakati pake. Kukonza ndi vuto linanso: zotchingira nthawi zambiri sizigwira ntchito bwino, mawilo sangathe kulowa akanyamuka, matayala osinthidwa kawirikawiri amakhala ndi chizolowezi chophulika akakhudza. Ndizosamvetsetseka kuti ndege zina - makamaka ma Boeings 737 akale owulutsidwa ndi pafupifupi ndege zonse zaku Indonesia - zimadutsa bwanji pakuwunika.
Pambuyo pokambilana ndi akuluakulu a zandege am'deralo (omwe mwachiwonekere sakufuna kuti adziwike), mtolankhani wanu adamva kuti njira zoyendetsera ndege pama eyapoti akuluakulu angapo aku Indonesia zili m'malo oopsa, makamaka omwe ali ku Makassar ku Sulawesi ndi Medan ku Sumatra.
Pa avareji, pamakhala ngozi imodzi yowopsa ya sitima yapamtunda masiku asanu ndi limodzi aliwonse ku Indonesia, ambiri chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zipata pamawoloke ake a 8.000. Poyerekeza Malaysia inalibe ngozi yoopsa kwa zaka 13 mpaka 2005 (chaka chatha chomwe ziwerengero zilipo).
Ngakhale kuti Indonesia ili ndi magalimoto ochepa pa munthu aliyense, misewu yake ndi "yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri" pa maukonde aliwonse padziko lapansi (yachiwiri ku Hong Kong yomwe si dziko): 5.7 miliyoni galimoto-km pachaka network (2003, The Economist World in Figures, Edition 2007). Ngakhale kuli chipwirikiti choterechi komanso kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa magalimoto, anthu pafupifupi 80 amafa pafupifupi tsiku lililonse pamsewu waku Indonesia, makamaka chifukwa cha zovuta za zomangamanga komanso kusatsata bwino malamulo, malinga ndi The Financial Times.
Zivomezi zokha sizipha anthu. Kusamanga bwino kwa nyumba ndi nyumba ndizomwe zimayambitsa, komanso kusowa kwa njira zodzitetezera komanso maphunziro odziletsa. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti Indonesia imakonda masoka achilengedwe; kuti ili pa chomwe chimatchedwa mphete yamoto. Koma osauka sangadalire ntchito zazikulu za nyumba za anthu (monga zomwe zili ku Malaysia yoyandikana nayo), zomwe zingapirire zivomezi. Pafupifupi banja lirilonse liri lokha: liyenera kupanga ndi kumanga nyumba yakeyake. Zivomezi zazikulu zimapha mazana, nthawi zina anthu masauzande ambiri, zikusiya mazana masauzande opanda pokhala. Anthu osachepera 5.800 anafa ndipo 36.000 anavulala pa May 27, 2006 pa chivomezi chachikulu cha 6.3 chomwe chinagunda pakati pa Java pafupi ndi mzinda wakale wa Yogyakarta. Zomangamanga zoyamba, kusowa kwa zipatala ndi katangale pakugawa chithandizo ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azivulala pakachitika chivomezi chachikulu chilichonse.
Kudula mitengo mosaloledwa ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndizo zifukwa zazikulu za kugumuka kwa nthaka. Zimadziwika bwino kuti ndani amene amayang'anira nkhalango zamoto ku Sumatra ndi kwina kulikonse, koma akuluakulu sakufuna kumanga, chifukwa omwe ali ndi udindo wodula nkhalango nthawi zambiri amakhala olemera komanso olumikizidwa bwino m'dziko lomwe ngakhale chilungamo chimagulitsidwa. Pali njira zambiri zothetsera vutoli, kuphatikizapo kutsata malamulo, kuyendera ndi kuyesa kupereka njira zina zothandizira anthu omwe ali osowa kwambiri moti amakakamizika kutenga nawo mbali pofukula manda awo mwa kuwononga chilengedwe chomwe chikuwonongeratu. midzi. Koma pafupifupi palibe chimene chimachitidwa, chifukwa kudula mitengo mosaloledwa ndi bizinesi yaikulu ndiponso yopindulitsa kwambiri imene ingaphatikizepo mafuta ambiri a kanjedza.
Mwezi watha, anthu ambiri adaphedwa chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa nthaka komanso kusefukira kwamadzi kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Sumatra, zomwe zidakakamiza anthu pafupifupi 400.000 kuthawa nyumba zawo. Mu June 2006, kusefukira kwa madzi komanso kugumuka kwa nthaka komwe kunayambitsa mvula yamphamvu kunapha anthu oposa 200 m'chigawo chakum'mwera kwa Sulawesi.
Mphepo yamkuntho, yotchedwa tsunami, inapha anthu oposa 126.000 mโchigawo cha Aceh mu December 2004. Boma ndi asilikali a dziko la Indonesia anachitapo kanthu pangโonopangโono komanso mosakwanira, mbali yaikulu ya thandizo la mayiko akunja inazimiririka chifukwa cha ziphuphu. Mโmalo mothandiza anthu amene anazunzidwa, asilikali ambiri a ku Indonesia ankalanda ziphuphu kuchokera ku mabungwe opereka chithandizo komanso kuwononga zinthu zamtengo wapatali, madzi akumwa ndi chakudya ngati sapereka chiphuphu. Polanda malo ochititsa manyazi ochirikizidwa ndi boma, ozunzidwa ambiri analetsedwa kubwerera kudziko lawo pamene ana anapatulidwa mwamphamvu ndi makolo awo (omwe anataya zikalata zakubadwa pa tsokalo) ndi โkutengedwaโ ndi mabungwe achipembedzo; ena omwe akugwera m'mavuto ozembetsa anthu. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene ngozi yowononga imeneyi inachitika, anthu masauzande ambiri akukhala mโnyumba zosakhalitsa.
Anthu ambiri amene anakhudzidwa ndi tsunami inanso, yomwe inagunda kumโmwera kwa Java pa July 17, 2006, akuyembekezerabe thandizo lililonse. Pakuwerengedwa kwa boma, anthu 600 amwalira, koma chiwerengero chenicheni chinali chokwera kwambiri. Akuluakulu a boma la Indonesia anachenjezedwa msanga ndi Japan koma anakana kuchitapo kanthu, pambuyo pake ananena kuti panalibe zambiri zimene akanatha kuchita, chifukwa derali linali lopanda ma siren kapena zokuzira mawu.
Dziko la Indonesia nthawi zambiri limavutika ndi masoka opangidwa ndi anthu omwe sangamvetsetse kapena kuyerekeza. โChigumula chamatopeโ chaposachedwapa chinasefukira midzi yonse kunja kwa Surabaya. Izi zidachitika chifukwa chakusakwanira kwa chitetezo cha kampani yofufuza gasi (yomwe ili ndi nduna imodzi). "Ngozi" iyi idathamangitsa anthu opitilira 10.000, kuphimba maekala opitilira 1.000 ndi matope otentha, ndikuwononga msewu wokhawo wa Surabaya komanso njanji yayikulu. Zinyalala zidakwirira midzi yonse ya anthu osauka omwe amataya zinyalala pamalo otayako osaloledwa kunja kwa Bandung. Pali zochitika zambiri zofanana, koma mndandanda wathunthu ungafunike malo ochulukirapo - mwinamwake buku lonse loperekedwa ku mutuwo.
Funso ndiloti anthu aku Indonesia adzanena kuti zokwanira ndi liti ndipo adzafuna liti kuyankha ndi chilungamo, ziwerengero zenizeni ndi ndondomeko yeniyeni yothetsera mayankho? Pafupifupi dziko lina lililonse, masoka awiri aposachedwa - kumira kwadzaoneni kwa Senopati Nusantara ndi "kutha" kwa Adam Air Boeing 737 ndi anthu 102 omwe adakwera - kungakhale kokwanira kukakamiza nduna za nduna kusiya ntchito. Ku Indonesia, masokawa amawonedwa (kapena kuperekedwa) ngati tsoka linanso popanda kuchititsa aliyense kukhala ndi mlandu.
Atolankhani aku Indonesia komanso ma media ambiri akufotokoza za tsoka lililonse mwatsatanetsatane. Koma akulephera kutsimikizira kuti zimene zikuchitika kumeneko nโzachilendo ndi zosapiririka, kuti mwina palibe dziko lina lalikulu padziko lapansi limene likukumana ndi imfa zosafunikira komanso zowononga kwambiri chifukwa cha masoka opangidwa ndi anthu kapena otha kupewedwa mosavuta. . Kugwirizanitsa anthu ochuluka omwe atayika mu masoka osawerengeka ndi ziphuphu ndi machitidwe a chikhalidwe ndi zachuma sikulephereka. Jakarta Post, nyuzipepala yotchuka yatsiku ndi tsiku ku Indonesia, posachedwapa yapondereza ndemangayi, kukana kuisindikiza pamasamba ake.
Kuyambira Disembala 2004, Indonesia yataya anthu pafupifupi 200 pa masoka osiyanasiyana, osawerengera ngozi zamagalimoto ndi mikangano yankhondo yomwe ili m'zisumbu zake zonse. Izi ndizoposa zomwe Iraq inatayika panthawi yomweyi, kuposa momwe Sri Lanka kapena Peru anataya panthawi ya nkhondo zawo zapachiweniweni. Zoonadi, anthu ambiri a ku Indonesia akukumana ndi moyo, womwe ndi woopsa komanso woopsa ngati mmene ulili mโmadera amene muli nkhondo. Ambiri a iwo samazindikira, chifukwa ziwerengero zofananira sizipezeka kapena kuponderezedwa.
Dziko la Indonesia ndi losauka, koma likadali m'malo oteteza ena mwa nzika zake zomwe zili pachiwopsezo. Vuto lalikulu ndiloti palibe chifuniro chandale. Pali konkriti ndi njerwa zambiri zomangira madamu ndi makoma olimbana ndi tsunami, kulimbikitsa mapiri ozungulira matauni, omwe ali pachiwopsezo chokwiriridwa ndi kugumuka kwa nthaka. Munthu amangoyang'ana mozungulira ku Jakarta komwe malo ogulitsira ambiri osafunikira akukulirakulira m'malo angapo, pomwe nyumba zachifumu za akuluakulu achinyengo zimadzaza maekala ambiri.
Kusafuna kuthana ndi mavutowa kumadzetsa katangale. Makampani ndi akuluakulu aboma adapanga luso lapadera lopeza phindu pa chilichonse, ngakhale masoka komanso kuzunzika kwa nzika zinzathu mamiliyoni ambiri. Mโmawu osavuta, ziphuphu ndi kubera anthu. Koma pamene chiลตerengerocho chiyenera kuลตerengedwa mโma mazana masauzande a miyoyo ya anthu yotayika, kumakhala kupha anthu ambiri.
Andre Vltchek: wolemba mabuku, mtolankhani komanso wopanga mafilimu, woyambitsa nawo Mainstay Press (www.mainstaypress.org), Fellow Senior ku Oakland Institute (www.oaklandinstitute.org). Panopa akukhala ndikugwira ntchito ku Southeast Asia ndi South Pacific ndipo angapezeke pa: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]