Mwangochitika mwangozi, Media Lens idalandira yankho lochedwa kuchokera ku BBC pa Novembara 3:
"Ndikulemba poyankha imelo yanu yopita kwa Caroline Hawley ya 13/10. Pepani chifukwa chochedwetsa kuyankha. Chiyerekezo cha chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa ndi Saddam Hussein chikuchokera pa chiwerengero cha Human Rights Watch. Iwo amayerekezera kuti ambiri monga 290,000 Iraqis 'adasowa' ndi boma la Iraq pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, ndipo ambiri mwa awa 'asowa' ndi omwe mabwinja awo tsopano akufukulidwa m'manda ambiri ku Iraq.
"Ofufuzawa akugwira ntchito ku Iraqi Special Tribunal yomwe inali pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma la Iraq.
Ine wanu mowona mtima,
Jenny Baxter"
Zindikirani kusowa kwa kukayikira za njira yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofika paziwerengerozo, komanso za kudalirika kwa Iraqi Special Tribune - palibe kukayikira, kukayikira kapena chenjezo.
Pa Okutobala 13, tidalembera mtolankhani wa BBC Caroline Hawley kufunsa chifukwa chomwe adanena kuti Saddam Hussein adapha ma Iraqi 300,000. Mu lipoti lake la BBC News, Hawley adanenanso kuti sakukayikira za chiwerengerocho.
Mosiyana ndi izi, kuwunika kwa webusayiti ya BBC sabata yatha Lancet lipoti la anthu wamba 100,000 omwe afa ku Iraq kuyambira pomwe adawukira, adaphatikizanso ndemanga zingapo:
"Mlembi wa mayiko akunja ku UK Jack Straw adati boma lake lifufuza zomwe zapeza 'mwachisamaliro chachikulu'. Koma adauza BBC Today kuti chiwerengero china chodziyimira pawokha cha imfa ya anthu wamba chinali pafupifupi 15,000." Panthawiyi "Mneneri wa Pentagon adati 'palibe njira yolondola yotsimikizira kuti anthu aphedwa ndi anthu wamba ndi izi kapena bungwe lina lililonse." ('Chiwerengero cha anthu akufa ku Iraq "chinachulukira pambuyo pa nkhondo", October 29, 2004) http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3962969.stm
Pa Novembara 2, tidalandira yankho kuchokera kwa mtolankhani wa sayansi wa Channel 4, Tom Clarke:
"Zofooka zomwe ndinatchula m'chidutswa changa ndizowonetseratu zoperewera zomwe zinawonetsedwa ndi ochita kafukufuku okha pokambirana za zotsatira zawo. Zofooka izi zinatchulidwanso ndi mkonzi wa lancet Richard Horton mu ndemanga yake yomwe inatsagana ndi nkhaniyi. Ndikuwongolera. inu [ku] tsamba lonse lachisanu ndi chimodzi la mapepala awo.
"Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, ngakhale a MoD kapena FCO sasunga chiwerengero cha anthu omwe avulala ku Iraq, ndipo Downing Street inathamangitsidwa - mopanda mphamvu, kuyesa kokha kutero. Chigawo changa chinanena za kuyesa kwabwino kwambiri mpaka pano kuwerengera anthu omwe aphedwa ku Iraq, komabe zikadakhala zokondera kwambiri, ndikadapanda kufotokoza momveka bwino zolephera zake (kafukufuku wokhala ndi nthawi yodalirika ya 95% pakuphedwa komaliza. kuyambira 8,000 mpaka 194,000).
M'modzi mwa olemba lipotilo, Richard Garfield, adayankhanso chimodzimodzi:
"Kafukufuku ndi wochuluka kuposa kufotokoza mwachidule deta, ndikutanthauziranso. Tikadangoyendera madera a 32 opanda Falluja ndipo sitinayang'ane deta kapena kuganiza za iwo, tikadanena za imfa za 98000, ndipo tinati muyesowo unali wolakwika kwambiri moti Panali mwayi wa 2.5% woti pamwalira anthu osakwana 8,000, mwayi wa 10% woti pamwalira pafupifupi 45,000,โฆ.
"Koma tinali ndi zidziwitso zina ziwiri. Choyamba, chiwawa chinapha 2% yokha ya imfa nkhondo isanayambe ndipo inali chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa pambuyo pa kuukiridwa. Ichi ndi chinthu chatsopano, chogwirizana ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwa imfa ndikuchepetsa mwayi. Chachiwiri, pali data ya Falluja, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali matumba a Anbar, kapena madera ena monga Falluja, omwe akukumana ndi mikangano yoopsa, yomwe ili ndi imfa zambiri kuposa ena onse. dzikoli. mbali." (Pulofesa Richard Garfield, imelo yotumizidwa kwa owerenga Media Lens, October 31, 2004)
Ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kupereka 95% nthawi zodalirika ndizokhazikika pakusanthula kwa data. Ngakhale kuti Clarke anali wolondola ponena za nthawi zodalirikazi, iye anatsutsa zolephera za lipotilo ponena kuti "chofooka chachikulu cha phunziroli ... ndikuti amachulukitsa chitsanzo chaching'ono ku Iraq yonse".
Uku sikunali, kwenikweni, kufooka kwakukulu. Poyankha, tikubwereza apa ndemanga zomwe wolemba lipoti Dr. Gilbert Burnham, wogwidwa mawu mu gawo limodzi la chenjezo ili:
"Kodi munthu anganene ziwerengero za dziko potengera chitsanzo?
"Yankho ndiloti inde (maziko a njira zonse za kalembera), malinga ngati chitsanzocho ndi cha dziko lonse, mabanja amasankhidwa mwachisawawa, ndipo kusamala kwakukulu kumatengedwa kuti athetse tsankho. Zonsezi ndi zomwe tinachita. Tsopano kulondola kwa zotsatira ndi makamaka kutengera kukula kwachitsanzo. Kukula kwachitsanzo kumapangitsa zotsatira zake kukhala zolondola kwambiri. Tidawerengera izi mosamala, ndipo tinali ndi mphamvu zowerengera zomwe tachita." (Dr. Gilbert Burnham, imelo kwa David Edwards, October 30, 2004)
Mkonzi wa Lancet, Richard Horton, anatsindika mfundo izi mโnkhani yake:
"Ntchito yochititsa chidwi imeneyi ikuimira zoyesayesa za gulu lolimba mtima la asayansi. Kuphatikizapo magulu ambiri [a mabanja omwe anafunsidwa pa kafukufukuyu] kukanathandizira kulondola kwa zomwe apeza, koma pangozi yaikulu ndi yosavomerezeka kwa gulu la ofunsa mafunso. Ngakhale kuti panali zovuta zachilendozi, mfundo yaikulu - yakuti, imfa ya anthu wamba kuyambira nkhondo yawonjezeka chifukwa cha zotsatira za zida za ndege - ndi yokhutiritsa ". (http://image.thelancet.com/extras/04cmt384web.pdf)
Komanso, kubwereza, mapasa mfundo kuti:
(a) chiwawa chinapanga 2% yokha ya imfa nkhondo isanayambe koma inali chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa pambuyo pa kuukiridwa, ndipo (b) chiwerengero cha imfa cha Fallujah chinachepetsedwa mu chiwerengero cha imfa ya 98,000 yowonjezereka, zikutanthauza kuti aliyense kusuntha kuchoka pachiwerengerochi kuyenera kukhala kumtunda kwa chiwerengerocho, motero anthu oposa 98,000 amafa.
Olemba malipoti a Lancet mosapita m'mbali komanso molondola adayesa + zonse + zomwe zingatheke pa kafukufuku wawo. Atachita zimenezi, chiลตerengero cha imfa 98,000 chiri, chozikidwa pa umboni wonse ndi kumasulira kwake mosamalitsa, kuyerekezera + kosunga + kosunga. Ofufuzawo, molondola, amayitanitsa kuti zitsimikizidwe zotsatirazi ndi bungwe loyima palokha monga World Health Organisation. Kuti nkhani za Channel 4 zichotse mosavuta chisamaliro, kulimba mtima ndi kukhwima kwasayansi kwa lipotili ndizodabwitsa.
Pamkangano wa BBC Newsnight - mkangano wokha womwe tawona pa lipoti la Lancet - Michael Clarke wa International Policy Institute adatsutsa mkonzi wa Lancet, Richard Horton:
"Chiwerengero ichi cha 100,000, kumbukirani, chiri ndi malire aakulu a zolakwika. Zimachokera ku 8,000 - zomwe ndi theka la zomwe ambiri a ife timaganiza kuti ndi - mpaka 194,000. Ndipo zomwe achita ndikugawanitsa kusiyana ndi kunena, ' Chabwino, timaganiza za 98,000 ndi chidaliro china,' chifukwa pali mtundu wina wa chiลตerengero cha chiลตerengero cha chiลตerengero chokhazikika mu zimenezo. (BBC2, Newsnight, November 2, 2004)
Horton anayankha kuti:
"Chabwino zimenezo sizoona. Zomwe mwangomvazi sizomwe zili bwino pa kafukufukuyu."
Horton adayamba kufotokoza kuti ziwerengerozo zinali zapamwamba kuposa zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu chifukwa iyi inali kafukufuku woyamba wama Iraqi omwe adachitika ku Iraq. Nangula wa Newsnight, Gavin Esler, adadukiza, ndikuwulula kulephera kwake kumvetsetsa ziwerengerozo:
"Koma mulibe ziphaso 100,000 za imfa, mulibe matupi 100,000. Muli pakati pa 8,000 ndi 194,000 ndi pamene mwayikapo, ndipo mwapita pakati."
Horton anapitiriza kuyankha kuti:
"Komanso ndi kusamvetsetsana kwa ziwerengerozo. Kuyerekeza kwakukulu kwa kufa mopitirira muyeso ndi 98,000. Sikoyenera + kunena kuti ndizotheka mofanana kuti angakhale pakati pa 8,000 ndi 194,000. Chiwerengero chodziwika kwambiri ndi 98,000, ndipo mwamsanga mukachoka pachiwerengerocho, chotsika kapena chapamwamba, ndi chocheperako kuti chidzakhala chotsika kwambiri kapena chapamwamba.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, Clarke nthawi yomweyo anakana zonena zake zoti olembawo "anangogawanitsa kusiyana", asanapitirire kunena kachiwiri:
"Mwachiwerengero, ndilo lingaliro loyenera, koma ziwerengerozo ndizochepa kwambiri. Ndikutanthauza kukumbukira, anthu asanu ndi awiri - anthu olimba mtima kwambiri, omwe adachita zoyankhulana zingapo m'malo osiyanasiyana a 33 - koma anthu asanu ndi awiri adakhala mwezi umodzi akufunsana ndi mabanja aku Iraq kuti iwo Ndipo pamaziko a zoyankhulana, ndi zomwe mabanja aku Iraq adawauza, apanga zowonjezera izi.Koma ziwerengerozo ndizochepa kwambiri.Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amwalira omwe atsimikiziridwa ndi 61 - osati 61,000, kapena 610 koma 61.
Zoonadi lingaliro lakuti "manambala ndi ochepa kwambiri" ndi + ndendende + mtundu wa nkhani yomwe asayansi ozama, owunikira anzawo ndi akonzi a Lancet omwe adachita nawo kupanga lipotilo akadayang'ana poyamba poganizira zaubwino wa kafukufukuyu. Malinga ndi olemba lipotilo, sizowona kuti "ziwerengerozo ndizochepa kwambiri". Kutengera kukula kwachitsanzo chosankhidwa, chiwerengero cha 100,000 chikhoza kutsogola "motsimikiza kwambiri". Imeneyi ndi nkhani yongoganizira za sayansi.
Richard Horton adamaliza ndemanga zake pozindikira chowonadi chodabwitsa kuti "sipanakhale kutsutsana" pa lipoti la Lancet.
Charnel House - Funso Losavuta Kuchokera kwa Awiri A Amateurs
Nkhondo isanachitike, pafupifupi atolankhani onse adavomereza kuti Iraq pansi pa Saddam Hussein inali chipinda chachikulu chozunzirapo anthu wamba. Atolankhani ndi ndale nthawi zambiri ankalankhula za "charnel house", "Giant Gulag" ndi zina zotero. Mu Okutobala 2003, MP wa Labor Ann Clwyd adati:
"M'mwezi wa June chaka chino ndidayima m'mphepete mwa minda yopha Saddam. Ndidawona mafupa a amuna, akazi ndi ana akukumbidwa m'manda akulu akulu akuluwo. diso ku nkhanza zotere." (Paul Eastham, 'Blair otetezeka ngati misozi imatsuka kupanduka kwa Labor ku Iraq,' Daily Mail, October 2, 2003)
Mu June 2003, a Con Coughlin wa Telegraph analemba kuti:
"Tsiku lina ndi manda ena ambiri afukulidwa ku Iraq". Ananenanso kuti: "Mawebusayiti ambiri owopsawa avumbulutsidwa m'miyezi iwiri kuchokera pomwe Saddam adagwetsedwa mwakuti ngakhale akatswiri ayamba kulephera kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa nkhanza zomwe zidachitika ndi olamulira ankhanza aku Iraq ... azikambidwa mlandu chifukwa chosachitapo kanthu mwachangu poletsa kupha anthu."
Coughlin anamaliza motere:
"Nditangobwera kumene kuchokera masabata atatu ku Iraq pambuyo pa kumasulidwa, ndikuwona kuti ndizolakwika kuti aliyense azikayikira nzeru zochotsa Saddam pampando." (Coughlin, 'Nanga bwanji ngati zida zankhondo za Saddam sizipezeka? Nkhondo inali yolungama,' The Sunday Telegraph, June 1, 2003)
Atolankhani ndi andale akuwoneka kuti amakhulupiriradi kuti kuphedwa kwa mafuko kukuchitika ku Iraq nthawi yomweyo zisanachitike. Ndipo komabe zikuwoneka kuti sizinachitike ngakhale m'modzi wa iwo kuti afufuze zonena izi motsutsana ndi zomwe Lancet lipoti, lomwe lidaphunzira kuphedwa kwa Iraqi munthawi yankhondo isanachitike komanso itatha, ndikufunsa anthu 8,000 kuzungulira dzikolo.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti lipotili latulutsa kusanthula kozama kwa sayansi kwa imfa kwa nthawi yayitali pomwe Saddam Hussein adanenedwa kuti anali pachiwopsezo chakupha. Zinatenga nthawi kuti ife - osachita masewera angapo omwe alibe zida - kulembera olemba malipoti ndikuwafunsa zomwe apeza:
"Kodi kafukufuku wanu adapeza umboni wa kupha anthu ambiri ndi boma la Saddam Hussein m'chaka chisanachitike? mazana. Kodi kafukufuku wanu adawunikira pa izi?" (David Edwards kwa Dr. Les Roberts, October 30, 2004)
Tsiku lotsatira, tinalandira yankho ili kuchokera kwa wolemba wamkulu wa lipotilo, Dr. Les Roberts:
"Panali kuphedwa komwe kunachitika ndi anthu a Saddam m'masiku oyamba ankhondo (yomwe imaganiziridwa pambuyo pa kuukira) ndipo panali anthu angapo omwe adasowa panthawi ya nkhondoyi (amuna onse akuluakulu). , tilibe umboni wa zimenezo. Zimenezo sizikusonyeza kuti sizinachitike. Zikanakhala kuti anthu mazanamazana amwalira, mwina chitsanzo chathu chaching'ono sichikadachizindikira." (Imelo kwa David Edwards, October 31, 2004)
Palibe mtolankhani m'modzi yemwe adanenapo za kufunika kwa kusakhalapo kwa umboni pazomwe akuti Saddam Hussein adachita nawo kupha anthu ambiri chaka chisanachitike. Komanso, pankhani ya malipoti a 300,000 omwe akuti adazunzidwa ndi Saddam Hussein, pakhala pali mawu osasinthika okayikakayika okhudza, kukana, njira 'yokayikitsa', kusanthula ziwerengero ndi kutanthauzira zotsatira.
Coda - Zomwe Lester Luborsky Anawona
Ganizirani kuti, mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo chaka chatha, Tony Blair, Jack Straw ndi ena adaumirira kuti "ngakhale pano" njira yamtendere inali kotheka. Zinali zophweka - zonse zomwe Saddam Hussein adayenera kuchita ndikutsata malingaliro a UN, kugwirizana ndi oyang'anira zida a UN, ndikusiya zida zake zowononga kwambiri. Ngati zimenezo zitachitika, asilikali amene anasonkhana mโchipululu onse akanapita kwawo โ aliyense akanasangalala. Atolankhani nthawi zonse amafotokoza zomwe a Blair adanena kuti "akupita patsogolo kwambiri kuti apeze mtendere" ngati wodalirika komanso wowona mtima.
Ndipo komabe, monga momwe tikudziลตira, palibe mtolankhani ndi mmodzi yemwe amene anakambitsiranapo za zimene zingachitike pakakhala zotulukapo zamtendere. Kodi zikanatheka bwanji ngati dziko la Iraq likanatha kutsatira mokwanira miyezo ya US-UK kuti oyang'anira zida aloledwe kupitiliza ntchito yawo mpaka Iraq idapatsidwa chiwongola dzanja choyera? Kodi zilango zikadachotsedwa, kusiya Saddam Hussein ali pampando, mafuta aku Iraq kuchokera m'manja a Azungu, ndi magulu ankhondo a "mgwirizano" akungoyendayenda mwachimwemwe kunyumba? Kodi US ikadafunidwa kutenga gawo lotumiza amuna kotala miliyoni miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi kuti awabweze?
Chifukwa chomwe palibe mtolankhani adakambiranapo za izi, tikukhulupirira, chinali chifukwa amadziwa kuti maboma aku US-UK sangalole izi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pamlingo wina, atolankhani + adadziwa + kuti nkhondo inali yosapeลตeka.
Koma, chodabwitsa, ambiri a iwonso, panthaลตi imodzi, + anakhulupirira + kuti Blair ndi Straw anali oona mtima polankhula za chigamulo chamtendere. Kusokoneza maganizo kwamphamvu komwe kumatikakamiza kuti atsogoleri athu akhale ndi ubwino wake kunali kutsutsana ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Malipoti a pawailesi yakanema adawonetsa zabodza koma adasiya madera amalingaliro pomwe zokopazo zidawoneka ngati zopanda pake. Ndipo atolankhani adatha kuchita zonsezi osadziwa kuti akuchita. Koma kodi zimenezi zimagwira ntchito bwanji padziko lapansi?
Mโzaka za mโma 1960, katswiri wa zamaganizo Lester Luborsky anagwiritsa ntchito kamera yapadera kuti aone mmene maso akuyendera pa nkhani zimene anthu ankafunsidwa kuti ayangโane zithunzi. Anthu adafunsidwa kuti afotokoze zithunzi zomwe amakonda komanso zomwe sakonda. Zitatu mwa zithunzizo zinali zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ndi chimodzi, mwachitsanzo, chikuwonetsa ndondomeko ya bere la mkazi, kupitirira pamene mwamuna ankawoneka akuwerenga nyuzipepala. Kuyankha kwa nkhani zina kunali kochititsa chidwi. Anatha kupeลตa kuyang'ana mbali zonse za zithunzi zolaula ngakhale kamodzi. Pambuyo pake atafunsidwa kuti afotokoze zomwe zili m'zithunzizo, nkhanizi sizinakumbukire zonena za kugonana. Ena sankakumbukira nโkomwe kuona zithunzizo. Katswiri wa zamaganizo Daniel Goleman akufotokoza kuti:
"Kuti munthu asayang'ane, chinthu china cha m'maganizo chiyenera kukhala choyamba chomwe chimadziwa zomwe chithunzicho chili, kotero kuti chimadziwa zoyenera kupewa. zomwe zikuwopseza." (Goleman, Mabodza Ofunika, Zoona Zosavuta - The Psychology of Self-Deception, Bloomsbury, 1997, p.107)
Monga tonsefe, atolankhani ayenera kukhulupirira kuti ndi anthu oona mtima, oganiza bwino. Pali vuto, komabe - kupambana kwa ntchito kumadalira kusapeza kwawo + kwambiri + kuti azidzudzula pakugwira ntchito kwamphamvu zamakampani osankhika. Luso la utolankhani wodziwika bwino ndi luso loyanjanitsa zosagwirizana ziwirizi popanda kuvomereza bodza pakuzindikira.
Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi anthu omwe adayesa a Luborsky, atolankhani amamvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika ndikuthamangitsa fyuluta yoteteza, ndikuwongolera kuzindikira zomwe zikuwopseza. Ndi chodabwitsa komanso chochititsa chidwi cha psychology yaumunthu.
Zotsatira zake ndi zodabwitsa, nawonso - ana otenthedwa, matupi odulidwa, ndi mabanja osweka ndi kusweka ndi chisoni chachikulu.
ZOCHITIKA ZOTSATIRA
Cholinga cha Media Lens ndikulimbikitsa kulingalira, chifundo ndi kulemekeza ena. Polemba makalata opita kwa atolankhani, tikulimbikitsa kwambiri owerenga kuti azikhala aulemu, osakhala aukali komanso osanyoza.
Lemberani Imelo kwa MP wa Labor Ann Clwyd: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Lemberani kwa mtolankhani wa Daily Telegraph Con Coughlin Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Lembani kwa Tom Clarke, Science Reporter, Channel 4 News Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Lemberani kwa Jim Gray, Channel 4 News Editor Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Chonde tumizaninso maimelo onse kwa ife ku Media Lens: Imelo: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
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