He holoholona ʻē ka Capitalism. ʻOiai ke kūpaʻa nui nei i ke alo o nā pilikia ʻōnaehana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana e loli mau ana, ʻaʻole ia e lanakila maoli i kāna mau kūʻē ʻana. E like me ka Marxist geographer David Harvey makemake e kuhikuhi, hoʻoneʻe wale ia iā lākou i ka lewa a me ka manawa.
ʻO ka pilikia kālā o ke ao holoʻokoʻa o 2008-2009 ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa i kēia ʻano. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka pane ʻana i kēlā pōʻino ua kau mua i nā kumu no ka pilikia nui e hiki mai ana. A e like me ka mea i loaʻa mua, ʻike ʻia e hoʻokumu ʻia kēia, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu hale speculative nui.
Ke huli nei paha nā luna a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā i kēia manawa, akā ʻulaʻula nā hōʻailona hōʻailona ma nā wahi āpau. Mai Shanghai a hiki i Kapalakiko, mai Ladana a LA, ke holo nei ka nalu o ka manao o ka waiwai maoli ma luna o ka honua, e hoʻolalelale ana i nā kaiāulu kaulana, e koi ana i nā kumukūʻai hale i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka mōʻaukala, a me ka hoʻokuke ʻana i nā mea hoʻolimalima haʻahaʻa mai ko lākou mau hale i hiki ʻole ke loaʻa. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana o ka nohona a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hauʻoli.
ʻAʻole like me ka pilikia o ka moraki subprime o 2007-2008, ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī o nā hōʻaiʻē pilikia i nā ʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma waena o US, ua kau ʻia ka pilikia hale hou i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka waiwai maoli ma nā wahi metropolitan nui o ka honua. E lawe iā Lākana, e like me ka Financial Times e ʻike iā ia iho i waena o "kona pilikia nui o ka hale mai ka wā Victorian." Ua piʻi aʻe nā kumukūʻai o nā hale noho ma ke kapikala Pelekania i ka 44 pakeneka mai ka hāʻule ʻana o Lehman Brothers i 2008, a ua ʻoi aku ma mua o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pilikia.
Wahi a ka loiloi a ke aloha Shelter, aia i kēia manawa he 43 mau hale ma Greater London i hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he kūpono i ka awelika o ka mea kūʻai mua, e koi ana i nā mea āpau akā ʻo ka poʻe waiwai loa i ka mākeke hoʻolimalima, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā konohiki. ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi paona ʻiʻo i uku ʻia no ka hale a me ka wai kahe. Ma ka hapa nui o nā panalāʻau o Lākana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻolimalima median no kahi lumi lumi lumi hoʻokahi ma mua o 1,000 euros i kēlā me kēia mahina. Ma ka awelika, hoʻolimalima nā Londoners i ka 60 pakeneka o kā lākou loaʻa kālā ma ka hoʻolimalima.
Ua puka mai kekahi kiʻi like ma New York, kahi i loaʻa ai nā kumukūʻai waiwai - ma nā ʻōlelo a ka BBC - "ua hele turbo-ballistic, ʻoiai ʻo ke kapikala honua i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi wahi palekana. ʻO ka awelika o ka hoʻolimalima mahina ma Manhattan i kēia manawa ua ʻoi aku ma mua o US $ 3,800, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapalua o ka heluna kūlanakauhale o New York e noho kokoke ana a ma lalo paha o ka laina ʻilihune. E like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a ke kanaka naʻauao no ke Kiaʻāina o New York, "he kiʻekiʻe loa ka hoʻolimalima."
Eia hou, ʻo ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole ʻo ia ka neʻe ʻana o ka lehulehu. Ua hōʻike wale ʻo Al Jazeera "ua hōʻea nā kipaku [ma New York] i ka nui o nā maʻi maʻi a ua hana i kahi pilikia home ʻole i hānau ʻia mai ka nele o ka hale kūpono." ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kūlanakauhale nui ʻē aʻe e like me Boston a me Los Angeles, ʻoiai e holo wikiwiki ana ka gentrification mai kahakai a hiki i kahakai. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ke kaona o Detroit derelict, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ke kūlanakauhale e mau nei i kahi kūlana o ka emi ʻana o ka ʻoihana.
ʻO Kapalakiko nō naʻe, ʻo ia ka mea i puka mai i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ʻo ia ka hihia paradigmatic o ka gentrification unbridled. Me ka median mahina hoʻolimalima e paʻi ana i ka US $3,530, ua lilo ke kūlanakauhale i mea kūʻai nui loa ma ka US Desperate e hoʻopau i nā mea hoʻolimalima kahiko e hauʻoli mau nei i nā mana hoʻolimalima a huki i nā ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe mai ka ʻoihana ʻenehana ma ko lākou wahi, ua hele nā konohiki i kahi kipaku. spree: i nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei, ua piʻi aʻe ka helu kipaku ʻana ma mua o 50 pakeneka. Ua hoʻemi ʻia nā wahi noho malihini a me nā papa hana e like me ka Misiona i kahi kahua pāʻani miliona miliona no ka bourgeoisie bohemian, piha me nā wahi kofe hipster a me nā hale ʻaina vegan pipiʻi.
Ua hoʻopili ʻo Saskia Sassen, ka mea kālaiʻāina o ke kūlanakauhale i ke ʻano o kēia kaʻina hana ʻino i nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi: ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hoʻokele waiwai kālā, me kāna mau pilikia hale a me kāna kipaku ʻana, e pili ana i ka "pilikia ʻōnaehana e hana ana i ka hana ʻino maʻalahi."
A ʻaʻole ʻo nā kūlanakauhale wale nō o nā ʻāina kapena kiʻekiʻe e hana nei i kēia kaʻina haunaele o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale: ʻike ʻia nā wahi metropolitan nui o ka Global South e ahi pū kekahi - me ka ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka pua i nā mākeke e kū nei. ʻike ʻia i ke kaʻina o ka popping, e hāpai ana i ka makaʻu i kahi pilikia kālā hou i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Kina, Brazil a me Turkey, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Ma Kina, ua piʻi aʻe nā kumukūʻai waiwai i ka 60 pakeneka ma waena o 2008 a me 2014 i nā kūlanakauhale he kanahā, me nā kumukūʻai noho ma Shanghai a me Beijing e pani koke ana i nā kumukūʻai o London, Paris a me New York. Wahi a ka hui kūkākūkā ʻo McKinsey, ʻo kahi US $ 9 trillion - kokoke i ka hapalua o ka nui o ka hōʻaiʻē o Kina, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo i nā kuleana ʻoihana kālā - "pili pololei a ʻole ʻole i ka waiwai." Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumukūʻai hale ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā ma 30 pakeneka ma Shanghai a ma 80 pakeneka ma Beijing.
ʻO nā wahi ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i nā ʻano waiwai like ʻole ʻo São Paulo a me Rio de Janeiro ma Brazil, kahi i pālua ʻia ai nā kumukūʻai o nā hale noho ma nā wahi i makemake nui ʻia ma waena o 2008 a me 2013, a me Istanbul, me nā kūlanakauhale nui ʻē aʻe o Turkey, kahi he 30 ka nui o ka GDP i ka manawa mai ka AKP o Erdogan i hele mai ai i ka mana ma nā kuʻekuʻe o kahi pilikia kālā ma mua i ka makahiki 2002. Mai ka makahiki 2007, ua pana aku nā kumukūʻai waiwai ma Turkey i 36 pakeneka.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa nā kikoʻī kūloko mai kēlā me kēia wahi. Ma Lākana, ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka pilikia o ka hale ma ka liʻiliʻi loa e ka nui o ke kapikala nui mai nā elite waiwai ma nā ʻāina e like me Kina, Saudi Arabia a me nā ʻāina ʻo Gulf, a me ka hana ʻole o ke kūlanakauhale i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale kūpono no ka nui o nā poʻe hou. Ma Barcelona, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua alakaʻi nui ʻia e ka ʻoihana mākaʻikaʻi, ʻoiai ma Kapalakiko e alakaʻi nui ʻia e ka ʻoihana ʻenehana. Ma Rio, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ke kaʻina hana e ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka FIFA World Cup a me nā Pāʻani ʻOlumepika, ʻoiai ʻo ka cronyism a me ka palaho ka mea nui i mea hoʻoikaika nui no ke kūkulu ʻana ma Istanbul.
Akā no nā ʻokoʻa āpau ma waena o lākou, ʻo nā kaʻina hana gentrification a me nā pilikia hale i kēlā me kēia o kēia mau kūlanakauhale honua e kaʻana like i ʻelua mau mea maʻamau: ʻo ka mua ma kā lākou kumu, a ʻo ka lua i kā lākou hopena.
Ma keʻano o nā kumu kumu, pono eʻikeʻia ka pilikia o ka hale hou ma keʻano he hopena pololei o keʻano o ka paneʻana o nā luna a me nā mea kālā i ka pilikia hope loa,ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka hoʻopakeleʻana i nā panakō a me ka weheʻana i nā puka wai o ka hōʻai'ē haʻahaʻa. Me ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka ECB, ka mea i hoʻomaka wale i ka quantitative easing ma mua o kēia makahiki, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa nā panakō waena i ka uku paneʻe i nā haʻahaʻa mōʻaukala, mālama iā lākou ma laila no nā makahiki i ka hopena, a hoʻomake i nā trillions o nā kālā hou i loko o ka ʻōnaehana kālā honua, me ka maikaʻi. ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻopukapuka pilikino mai ka panakalupa.
ʻO kēia kahe palena ʻole o ke kālā manuahi (no ka 1 pākēneka wale nō, ʻoiaʻiʻo) ua hoʻopuka i kahi ʻano o ke kālā keu i pono e hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi. Me ka "stagnation honua" e paʻa ana ma ka honua i hoʻomohala ʻia, ua makaʻala loa nā mea hoʻopukapuka e kuhikuhi i kēia kālā i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai, kahi i noho haʻahaʻa ai nā palena kālā. A no laila, i kā lākou ʻimi ʻole ʻana i nā hua, ua huli lākou i ka hoʻopukapuka speculative i nā papa waiwai like ʻole: nā waihona, nā mea paʻa - a, i ka manawa hou, ka waiwai maoli. He phenomenal ka waiwai. Ma ka makahiki 2012-2013, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka boom speculative i ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻoihana US i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā manawa āpau.
Akā i kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona mua o ka wela, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaka e ʻike i ka lua koʻikoʻi maʻamau ma waena o nā pilikia hale o ke kūlanakauhale i kēia lā - kahi maʻamau e hoʻokaʻawale i ka pilikia o kēia manawa mai ka mea hope loa: kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale nui o ka honua i kēia lā. , Ke hoʻoikaika ikaika nei nā kamaʻāina maʻamau a me ka hakakā ʻana i nā kaʻina hana o ka gentrification, dispossession a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā neʻe kaiāulu hou a me nā kahua kālai'āina ikaika i ka hana.
Mai nā kipi ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale e pale i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo hope loa o Istanbul a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i nā kaʻa lehulehu ma Rio, i ka hana pololei kūloko a nā mea hana anti-gentrification e kuhikuhi ana i nā kaʻa kaʻa Google ma ka Bay Area a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā papahana hale ma Lākana, ua maopopo. ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka hale e hiki mai ana - ʻaʻole e like me ka mea hope loa - ʻaʻole e hoʻokūkū ʻole.
ʻO nā hakakā kūlanakauhale a pau i hoʻā a puni ka honua i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo nā kahua aupuni democratic radically o Sepania ʻaʻole kānalua i waena o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Me ka ʻēheu hema anti-eviction activist ʻo Ada Colau i kēia manawa e paʻa ana i ka mayoralty o Barcelona, ke hoʻouna ʻia nei kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i nā konohiki, nā gentrifiers a me nā mea manaʻo waiwai waiwai o ka honua: ʻoiai i loko o nā pilikia hohonu loa, aia ka palena kou hiki ke hoʻohana a luku i ko mākou mau kūlanakauhale - a ʻo ia ka palena, ʻo mākou.
He mea noiʻi PhD ʻo Jerome Roos ma International Political Economy ma ka European University Institute, a me ka mea hoʻoponopono hoʻokumu o ROAR Magazine. E hahai iā ia ma Twitter ma @JeromeRoos.
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