Ke hōʻike nei ʻo Kurdistan iā ia iho he tiger waiwai hou o ka Hikina Waena, me ka manaʻolana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mau ʻaila. ʻO nā hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe o nā hōkele waiwai hou ʻelua e piʻi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ke kapikala Kurdish ʻo Erbil, ke kūlanakauhale kahiko loa o ka honua nona ka lani i hoʻomalu ʻia e kona pā kaua kahiko no nā kaukani makahiki.
Ma kahi kokoke, ua pani kahi mokulele hou ʻālohilohi i ke ala hoʻokele koa Iraqi kahiko. He ʻokoʻa me Baghdad a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe o Iraqi ke nānā aku nei nā kaʻa ma nā alanui. Ma luna aʻe o nā mea a pau, a ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa i ka ʻaoʻao hema, aia ka lako uila mau.
"ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke loaʻa nā limahana e hele a hana i ka ʻaila hinu," i hoʻopiʻi ai kahi luna Kurdish ma kahi hui ʻaila o Western. "ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke loaʻa nā lumi ma nā hōkele hou no ka kipa ʻana i nā luna hoʻokele no ka mea ua piha loa lākou." ʻO nā hui o nā kaʻa ʻeleʻele ʻālohilohi e lawe ana i nā ʻelele o nā poʻe ʻoihana kipa mai Kelemānia, Palani, ka UAE a me Turkey i ke kūlanakauhale. ʻAʻole hiki i ka nui o ka poʻe e hele mai nei i Kurdistan ke loaʻa iā ia ma ka palapala ʻāina i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei a - no laila, ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe Kurds i hālāwai me lākou - ʻaʻole maopopo i kona wahi ke haʻalele lākou. Akā, ʻaʻohe kānalua i ka hoihoi o ka ʻoihana honua no ka Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), ka semi-independent enclave ma ka ʻākau o Iraq e holomua nei e like me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi kanaka kālepa Kurdish: "Ke pōmaikaʻi nei mākou i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka boom i ka manawa o ka austerity a me ka ulu lohi i ke koena o ka honua, no laila makemake nui nā lumi papa o nā hui honua iā mākou."
Aia ma ka puʻuwai o ka boom he 50 a 60 paha mau hui aila haole e ʻimi nei e ʻimi a hoʻohana i ka aila Kurdistan, ma nā ʻōlelo maikaʻi aʻe a me ka palekana a me ke kākoʻo ʻoihana ma mua o ka hiki ke loaʻa ma ke koena o Iraq. Ua hoʻomaka kēia komo ʻana me nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi a pohihihi i nā makahiki ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o Saddam i ka makahiki 2003. Akā, ua hohonu ka hoihoi o nā ʻāina ʻē, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā hui aila, a i ka makahiki 2010 ua kau inoa ʻo ExxonMobil i kahi ʻaelike ʻimi me ka KRG. Ua huhū ke aupuni kūloko ma Baghdad a ua hoʻoweliweli ʻo ia e hoʻopaʻi iā Exxon, nona ka makemake nui ma ka hema o Iraq, akā ʻaʻole i hana pēlā e like me nā mea nui o ka aila ʻē aʻe - Chevron, Total a me Gazprom - ua kau inoa pū i kā lākou mau ʻaelike.
I ka wā i paipai mua ai ka poʻe Kurds i nā hui aila ʻē aʻe e ʻimi ai i ka ʻaila ma ka ʻāina a lākou i hoʻomalu ai, ua ʻoluʻolu ʻo Baghdad. I ka makahiki 2007, ua ʻōlelo mai ke Kuhina Aila o Iraq ʻo Hussein Shahristani, ka Hope Kuhina Nui e mālama ana i nā pilikia pili i ka ikehu, ʻoiai inā loaʻa nā hui aila o nā ʻāina ʻē, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokuʻu aku. Ua nīnau ʻo ia me ka hoʻomāʻewaʻewa: "E lawe lākou i loko o nā bākeke?" ʻO kēia helu helu i loli nui i ka makahiki i hala. Ke kūkulu ʻia nei kahi paipu hou ma waena o ka KRG a me Turkey, ma ke kumumanaʻo e hiki ai i nā Kurds ke hoʻokuʻu aku i ka pala a loaʻa ka uku no ia me ka ʻole o ka ʻae ʻia mai Baghdad. Hāʻawi kēia i ka ʻelima miliona Iraqi Kurds i kahi mokuʻāina kūʻokoʻa a me ka politika no ka manawa mua i ko lākou mōʻaukala ma hope o nā makahiki kaua, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe lāhui a me ka pepehi kanaka. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i Turkey ke hoʻoholo ʻaʻole pono ia e kūʻē iā Baghdad a wāwahi iā Iraq.
Kokoke ka hoʻoholo ʻana iā ia iho, akā ʻaʻole loa i laila. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi mea nānā Kurdish: "ʻO mākou nā Kurds kekahi o nā kūlana politika paʻakikī loa i ka honua." He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻopoina i kēia i ka lewa boom-town o kēia manawa o ka KRG. ʻO ka mea mua, ua paʻa ka ʻāina kūʻokoʻa Kurdish a ma nā ʻaoʻao a pau ke alo i nā mana - Turkey, Iran, Suria a me ke koena o Iraq - e hoʻokaumaha nei i nā Kurds a i hoʻokaumaha paha iā lākou i ka wā i hala. He puʻuhonua paha ka KRG no ka manawa akā ʻaʻole mamao loa ka hana ʻino. Ke kaua nei ʻo Suria, Iraq a me Turkey i nā kipi guerrilla o nā pae like ʻole o ka ikaika ma waho aʻe o nā palena o ka KRG. I loko o nā pule i hala iho nei, ua puhi ka poʻe pōā pepehi kanaka al-Qaʻida i ke keʻena mākaʻi nui ma Kirkuk 50 mile ma ka hema o Erbil a pepehi i kekahi pūkaua nui a me kona mau kiaʻi kino ma Mosul, kahi mamao like i ke komohana.
Ke loli nei ka ʻāina kālai'āina o ka Hikina Waena i nā ala e hiki ai i ka poʻe Iraqi Kurds ke hoʻopōmaikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole like nā ʻano. ʻO ka KRG he ʻekolu mau panalāʻau - ʻo Erbil, Dohuk a me Sulaimanya - i lanakila i ke kūʻokoʻa de facto ma 1991 ma hope o ke kipi ʻana o Kurdish ma hope o ke Kaua Gulf mua. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia kēia wahi i ka makahiki 2003 i ka holomua ʻana o nā pūʻali koa Kurdish pesh merga a hāʻule ka pūʻali koa Saddam Hussein. Ua hoʻopio ka poʻe Kurds iā Kirkuk a me kāna mau ʻaila aila a me kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāina ʻākau a me ka hikina o Mosul a ʻaʻole loa i hāʻawi ʻia. ʻO kahi ʻano pahū o ka ʻaelike me ExxonMobil i ka makahiki 2010 ʻo ia ʻekolu o kāna ʻeono mau poloka ʻimi ma waho o KRG, akā i loko o nā ʻāina i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ma waena o nā Kurds a me nā Arab a ma waena o nā aupuni ma Erbil a me Baghdad. ʻO ka makahiki i hala aku nei ua kūʻē nā pūʻali koa Iraqi i kekahi i kekahi ma ka laina i kapa ʻia ʻo "trigger", e holo ana mai Suria a hiki i ka palena o Iran.
He manawa ia o ka hoʻololi politika i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka ʻāina. ʻO Iraq ma ke ʻano he ʻāina e kokoke ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma ke ʻano he mokuʻāina hoʻokahi, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke pale ʻia kēia. Hoʻopau ʻia nā kuʻikahi kahiko a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻenemi. ʻO Massoud Barzani, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia ma Tureke, he malihini ma ka ʻaha kūkā o ka ʻaoʻao AKP e noho aliʻi ana ma Turkey a ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia i kahi ʻoliʻoli kū. Ke holo nei nā Iraqi Kurds i Ankara a haʻalele iā Baghdad. No nā makahiki he ʻumi ua ninini ʻia nā hui Turkish i KRG a ke hana nei lākou i ke kālepa ma kahi o $8bn (£5.3bn) i ka makahiki ma laila. ʻO ka hui kuʻikahi Shia-Kurdish ka iwi kuamoʻo o ka noho ʻana ma hope o Saddam i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā ʻAmelika, akā i kēia lā ke nānā aku nei. ʻO Mr Barzani a me ke Kuhina Nui o Iraqi ʻo Nouri al-Maliki ʻaʻole i kamaʻilio i nā ʻōlelo. Ke manaʻo nei ka poʻe Kurds, e like me nā hoa paio ʻē aʻe o Mr Maliki, ua hōʻole pinepine ʻo ia i nā ʻaelike kaʻana like mana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pūʻali koa a me ka palekana.
I ka wā i manaʻo ʻia ai i ka makahiki 2003 e hoʻouka kaua ʻo ʻAmelika iā Iraq mai ka ʻākau me 40,000 mau pūʻali Turkish, ua makaʻu ka Iraqi Kurds a hōʻike ikaika i ke kūʻē. I kēia mau lā, ʻike ʻia kahi hui Turkish me ka KRG he mea hōʻoluʻolu i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke aupuni haunaele a hoʻonui ʻia i Baghdad. Ke nāwaliwali nei nā loulou Arab-Kurdish ma nā pae he nui. Ma ka luna, ke emi nei ka mana Kurdish ma Baghdad, ʻoiai ʻo ka maʻi hiki ʻole o ka Pelekikena Jalal Talabani ka mea i hana mua i ka conciliatory i ke kikowaena o ka politika Iraqi. Ma ke alanui, ua emi iki aku ka olelo a Kurds i ka olelo Arabic i ka 20 makahiki aku nei i ka wa i komo mua ai ka poe koa i ka poe koa Iraqi. He liʻiliʻi nā Kurds e hele i Baghdad koe wale no ka ʻoihana koʻikoʻi no ka mea he pōʻino, ʻoiai he nui ka poʻe e hele i Turkey i ka hoʻomaha. He mau makahiki wale no i hala aku nei, ua pani mau ka poe Tureke i ke alahaka o Khabour, ke kahua kuea nui ma waena o KRG a me Tureke, e alakai ana i ka nui o na kaa. ʻO kēia mau lā ʻo Baghdad ka mea e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻoikaika i ka noho kaʻawale ʻana o ka KRG, e hōʻole ʻole i ka ʻae ʻana i ka mokulele e lawe ana i ke Kuhina Energy Turkish e hele i kona mokulele no ka hālāwai kūkā ma Erbil.
Ua loli nui ʻo Kurdistan i nā makahiki i hala. I kekahi mau manawa i nā makahiki he 40 i hala iho nei, ua nalowale ke kumu Kurdish. Ma 1975 ko lākou mau pūʻali koa, a laila alakaʻi ʻia e Mullah Mustafa Barzani, ka makuakāne o ka Pelekikena KRG i kēia manawa ʻo Massoud, i kumakaia e ka US a me ka Shah o Iran i haʻalele koke i ke kākoʻo ʻoiai ua paʻa nā Kurds i ke kaua me ka pūʻali Iraqi. Ua lanakila ʻo Saddam Hussein a ua pio nā manaʻo Kurdish no ka hoʻoholo ponoʻī iā ia iho. Akā ua hāʻule ka Shah a ua hoʻouka ʻo Saddam iā Iran i ka makahiki 1980, e alakaʻi ana i ka poʻe Iran e hoʻololi hou i ke kākoʻo no ka Iraqi Kurds. Ua lawe lākou i ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina, ʻike wale ʻia ʻo Iran i koi ʻia e ʻae i ka truce i ka makahiki 1988 e haʻalele ana i nā Kurds e kū i ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana a Saddam. Nui ka poʻe i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma Halabja a me 180,000 kanaka kīwila i luku ʻia i ke kaua al-Anfal ma 1988 a me 1989. Eia hou, ʻike ʻia nā mea a pau i ka pōʻeleʻele no nā Kurds a hiki i ka hoʻouka ʻana o Saddam iā Kuwait a ua pio i ka makahiki 1991. Ua kū aʻe nā Kurds, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ke kākoʻo US, a ua koi ʻia e holo i loko o kā lākou mau miliona i mua o kahi hoʻouka kaua Iraqi. Ma waena o ka hoʻopiʻi honua, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo US a hoʻopakele i nā Kurds ma ka haʻi ʻana i kahi ʻāina lele ʻole.
Akā, ua pōʻino ʻo Kurdistan. Ua koi ʻia nā kānaka i nā kūlanakauhale a ua luku ʻia nā kauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale 3,800. ʻO kēia ka hoʻokaumaha ma ke kūlana o ko Hitler pūʻali ma Polani a me Ukraine. Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻāina me nā mine anti-personnel e like me nā halo melemele a keʻokeʻo nui. Ua wehe ʻia nā mauna i nā kumu lāʻau no ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka kuke ʻana. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao nui ʻelua - ʻo ka Kurdistan Democratic Party o Mr Barzani a me ka Patriotic Union of Kurdistan o Mr Talibani - ua hōʻino i ke kūlana maikaʻi ʻole ma ke kaua ʻana i ke kaua kīwila ʻino a pono ʻole.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o Kurdistan ma ke ʻano he kahua kaua i hōʻino ʻia a me kona ʻano i kēia lā he mea kupanaha loa ia e lawe ai i ka hanu. He mea nui paha ia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka manaʻo o kāna mau alakaʻi i ka hiki. Wahi a kekahi mea hoʻohewa: "Ke hana nei mākou i ka hewa like me nā Turks i kēia lā e like me kā mākou i hana ai me nā ʻAmelika a me ka Shah i ka makahiki 1975. Ke hilinaʻi hou nei mākou i nā mana ʻē." No ka hoʻomohala hoʻokele waiwai a pau ma KRG ke hilinaʻi nei ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka 17 pākēneka o nā loaʻa aila Iraqi e like me kona heluna kanaka. Makemake ka KRG e hōʻike iā ia iho ʻo "ka Iraq ʻē aʻe" ʻokoʻa loa mai ke koena o ka ʻāina. Akā, hana like kekahi mau mea. No ka laʻana, aia ma kahi o 660,000 Kurds nā hana maʻamau ʻoiai ʻaʻole ka hapa liʻiliʻi i hana ʻole. ʻO ka nui o nā loaʻa kālā o ke aupuni e uku ana iā lākou a me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā o Iraq e hāʻule ka ʻoihana. "Maikaʻi ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻoihana ma Erbil i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Baghdad," wahi a kahi kanaka kālepa. "Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke koena o ka honua he ʻōpala." ʻO kahi hōʻailona e ʻike ai ka nui o nā Kurds i ko lākou hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma Baghdad he hāʻule nui i nā mahina ʻekolu i hala aku nei i nā kumukūʻai waiwai ma Erbil, kahi hāʻule i pili i nā kuʻikahi me Baghdad.
Ua ʻoi aku ka palekana o Kurdistan a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke alakaʻi politika ma mua o Baghdad, akā ua like ka hewa. "Kahea wau ia 'Corruptistan'," wahi a kekahi wahine. "Noho au ma kahi i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā hale o nā luna nui e hana ana no ke aupuni," wahi a kekahi kumu. "He ʻoi aku koʻu uku ma mua o kekahi o lākou akā he mau hale ko lākou ʻekolu manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o koʻu." Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo ia no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kula maikaʻi no kāna kaikamahine, a pēlā pū kekahi halemai maikaʻi no kahi hoaaloha maʻi. Loaʻa paha iā Erbil kekahi mau hōkele hōkū ʻelima, akā he kakaikahi nā Kurds maʻamau e kipa aku iā lākou i ʻike pinepine ʻole ai nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa kaʻa i hea lākou.
Ma nāʻano he nui nā manaʻo hoʻonui i hanaʻia e ka tiger Kurdish e like me ka poʻe e hoʻopuni ana i ka tiger Celtic ma Ireland ma mua o 2008. Heʻuʻuku nā lāhuiʻelua, lōʻihi ka hoʻokaumaha a me kaʻilihune, a manaʻo lākou ua hana ponoʻole ka moʻolelo iā lākou. No ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i nā manawa paʻakikī, hiki i nā mea ʻelua ke ʻike i ka boom he paʻa mau loa inā he ʻāpana-bubble.
Pono e lawe ʻia nā hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi e nā Kurds a me ko lākou mau hoalauna ke pau ka pipeline i Turkey. Ua nīnau kekahi loea ma Kurdistan "ke pāʻani nei ʻo Turkey i kahi pāʻani o ka bluff a i ʻole e haʻalele iā Baghdad? Ke ʻike nei lākou ua hāʻule mau loa i loko o ka lima o Iran? Ke pāʻani nei ka poʻe Kurds no nā kuleana kiʻekiʻe ma ke kaulike ma waena o Turkey, Iran a me Baghdad. Ua hana lākou pēlā me ka holomua akā ua pilikia lākou i ka pāʻani ʻana i ko lākou lima.
Aia i hea lākou i kēia manawa? Hans Blix
He liʻiliʻi ka poʻe i mākaukau e ʻike inā e hūnā ana ʻo Saddam Hussein i nā mea kaua o ka luku nui ma mua o Hans Blix.
Ma ke ʻano he luna nui o ka International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) mai 1981 a i 1997, ua mālama ʻo ia i ka nānā ʻana i ka papahana nuklea o ka ʻāina. I loko o ia manawa ua hūnā ʻo Iraq i ka papahana mai nā mea nānā - ua ʻike ʻia ma hope o ke Kaua Gulf 1991. Ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka hui UN no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea kaua o ka luku nui, ua hoʻi ʻo Mr Blix i Iraq i Dekemaba 2002 a noho a hiki i ka pule ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua ma Malaki 2003. Ma kāna hōʻike hope loa i ka Council Security, ua hōʻike ʻo Mr Blix i nā hewa liʻiliʻi. e Iraq, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike koʻikoʻi e loaʻa iā ia kahi mea kaua huna a i ʻole ke kāohi ʻana i ka hana a nā mea nānā. Ua kāhea pinepine ʻo ia no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka WMD.
Ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka makahiki 2003, ua lilo ʻo Mr Blix i mea hoʻohewa ikaika no ka US a me UK. Ua hoʻomaha loa ka Swede 82 makahiki, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻo Blix e kūʻē i ka hana hewa like ʻana, i kēia manawa me Iran. "I kēia lā ke kamaʻilio nei e hele ana ma Iran e hoʻopau i nā manaʻo i hiki ʻole ke ola. Manaʻo wau ʻaʻole e hiki mai kēlā.
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