ʻO Mekiko ka nui mea kūʻai pia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, akā ʻaʻole lawa ka wai no kona poʻe kamaʻāina a me nā mahiʻai. ʻIke i ka maloʻo lōʻihi, ka ʻāina, ʻo ia ʻO ka hapalua wao nahele, ua lilo i wahi maʻalahi no nā transnationals e ʻai i kona wai i koe, a laila e hoʻouna i nā huahana a me nā waiwai i nā ʻāina waiwai.
I ka makahiki 2018, ua lawe aku ʻo Mexico i kahi kokoke 40 miliona hectoliters o ka wai, me 80% e hele ana i ka US. ʻO ka hana pia ʻo Mexico monopoli e nā hui transnational ʻelua: AB InBev, i loaʻa iā Grupo Modelo ma 2013, a me Heineken, i loaʻa iā Cerveceria Cuauhtemoc Moctezuma ma 2010. Ma waena o lākou, aia nā hui i 97.5% o ka mākeke hoʻohana ʻāina. ʻO ka brand Tecate, nona ʻo Heineken, ʻo ia kekahi o nā lama pia e piʻi wikiwiki ana ma US, a ʻo Corona Extra, nona ka AB InBev, aia i ka 10 kiʻekiʻe o ka honua.
Hoʻohana ʻo Heineken i Mekiko no ka maikaʻi o ia. "He kanaka ʻōpio ka ʻāina, kūlohelohe a me nā kumuwaiwai kanaka, a me ke kūpaʻa macro-economic," ʻo Dolf Van Den Brink, pelekikena o Heineken Mexico, mai la. Ua kūkulu ka hui i kāna ka hiku brewery ma Northern Mexico i ka makahiki i hala, e koho ana i ka wahi no ka mea kokoke i ka US a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokuʻu maʻalahi i nā hōʻailona Tecate a me Dos Equis i nā mea kūʻai aku o US.
Ma Puebla, ma ke kikowaena o ka ʻāina, loaʻa wale ka wai i ka hapa nui o nā kamaʻāina ʻelua i ka pule no 15 mau minuke i ka manawa, e koi ana iā mākou e hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai. ʻO kahi hale hana Heineken hou, ke kūkulu ʻia nei he 15 mau minuke mai ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale, e ʻoi aku ka ʻino. ʻO ka hui lalau wai pololei mai ka ʻupena paipu hale, ma mua o ka lako wai ʻoihana, e like me ke kauoha a nā kānāwai.
ʻO Omar Jimenez Castro, he mea hana pono wai a he loio nāna i lawe i ka hui wai kūʻokoʻa o Puebla ʻo Aguas de Puebla i ka ʻaha a lanakila ma kahi o 400 mau hihia, hoike ʻO kēlā auwai ma kēlā wahi o ke kūlanakauhale aia ma kahi o ka hiolo ʻana a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana mai ka hale hana ʻo Heineken.
Ke kākau nei ka poʻe kamaʻāina i nā ʻeli a me nā hana a ka hui i hana ai ma ia wahi me nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō mai Iune o ka makahiki i hala, a ua ʻike lākou ua hoʻihoʻi nā paipu o Heinekin i ka wai mai kā lākou mau paipu home.
"Ua hoʻohana mākou i ʻeiwa mau mahina e nānā i kā lākou hana, a nānā i ke kūkulu ʻana. Ua haʻi mai lākou iā mākou i kēia manawa ʻo nā paipu wai a lākou e kau nei no ʻelua halepaku wale no nā limahana, akā nui nā paipu, "i ʻōlelo mai ʻo Raul Rojano, kahi kamaʻāina kūʻē i ka hale hana i ko mākou hoʻāʻo ʻana e nānā i ka pūnaewele Heineken. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ke kūʻē ʻana a me nā ʻanuʻu kānāwai e kūʻē iā ia, ua kūkulu ka hui i kahi pā pōhaku kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka uea ʻauʻau e hoʻōki i ka nānā ʻana o nā kamaʻāina.
"He mea kā lākou e hūnā ai," wahi a kekahi kamaʻāina. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo Jimenez e hoʻohewa wale iā Heineken. ʻO ka "ʻekolu pae o ke aupuni - federal, state, and municipal" he hewa no ka ʻae ʻana i kahi hui pilikino e kuleana no ka lako wai, haʻi mai ʻo ia iaʻu. "I kēlā me kēia lā e hōʻino lākou i nā pono kanaka," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia, e pili ana i ka nele o ka wai a me ka wehe ʻana i ka nui i hiki ai iā Aguas de Puebla ke hōʻiliʻili i nā uku hou aʻe a hoʻouna hou aku i ka wai i nā transnationals e like me Heineken a me Walmart.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hale hana Heineken i ka makahiki i hala ma Chihuahua, ma ka palena me ka US, e hoʻohana ana i ka nui o ka wai e hiki ai. lako hou 200,000 hale. Ua makemake nui ka poʻe noho ma laila i ka wai a ʻo ka poʻe ʻoihana kuai ʻo nā pahu wai mai ke kua o kā lākou mau kaʻa. ʻO ka ʻĀkau ʻo Mexico, me nā kauwela wela loa a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ua i kēlā me kēia makahiki, pilikia i nā pilikia wai. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana, ʻo Chihuahua wale nō ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki o ka wai i koe, a ua ʻōlelo kūʻē nā mea hana, nā mahiʻai, a me nā mea hoʻonaʻauao i nā luna kūloko ma laila. E'ōlelo ana kau mua lākou i nā hui transnational.
Ua weliweli ke kūlana wai ma Mekiko, me paipu (ʻo ka pahu aila nona ka waiwai e like me nā kaʻa kaʻa e paila ana i ka wai i loko o nā pahu wai kanaka) ka mea maʻamau. ʻO kekahi 44 miliona ʻAʻole loaʻa ka wai o ka poʻe ma Mexico i kēlā me kēia lā, me kahi mea hou aku 12 miliona kanaka ʻaʻohe wai paipu ma ko lākou home. ʻO ka wai i hiki i nā hale, ʻaʻole hiki ke inu ʻia ka hapa nui o ka wai, me 80% o nā kino wai ma Mekiko i haumia e nā ʻōpala ʻoihana. ʻO kahi hou aku 40% ua nalowale ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale ma muli o ka lī a me nā paipu mālama ʻole ʻia.
A ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Mekiko, pili ke ola o nā kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa ma muli o nā pā i kūkulu ʻia no nā hui pia. Ma Zacatecas, kahi mea kanu Corona nui (no AB InBev) e hana ana i 19 miliona mau hue pia. kela la i keia, makemake pōmaikaʻi mai kahi pā i kūkulu ʻia ma ka muliwai ma ke awāwa kahi ejidatarios (shareholders of common land) ola. ʻO ka pā, e like me i nā mea hoʻonaʻauao a me nā mea hoʻoikaika, e kahe a hoʻoneʻe i ka poʻe e noho ana ma laila, ʻoiai e hoʻokahe i ka hapa nui o ka muliwai e hoʻolako ai i nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe he 19. Ua loaʻa nā noiʻi i hoʻoholo hāʻawi ʻia ka wai maikaʻi loa i nā hui ma ia wahi, ʻoiai ʻo ka wai i hoʻohaumia ʻia me ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā metala kaumaha e puʻunaue ʻia i nā barrios marginalized loa.
ʻO nā kamaʻāina kokoke i ka wai hou aku nei au ua hahau ʻia lākou e nā mākaʻi a ua loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻōlelo hoʻoweliweli e hoʻoneʻe ʻia lākou mai ko lākou ʻāina "e like me nā ʻiole" (ironically, he huaʻōlelo ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻaihue). E like me ia, ua pilikia ʻo 236 mau wahi ma Zacatecas i ka nele o ka wai no nā makahiki ʻelima i hala aku nei e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mea kanu Corona, e like me i ka Popular Front of Struggle of Zacatecas (FPLZ), a e hoʻopōʻino wale ka pāpū hou.
ʻO ka hana pia ʻana i ka wai
ʻO ka nui o ka wai e hana ai i ke galani pia ke kī nui i ke kumu e loaʻa ai i nā hui pia nā hopena pōʻino. ʻO ka pia he 90-95% wai, a ʻoiai wale nō keia pono nā galani wai no ka hana ʻana i hoʻokahi galani pia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, 590 pono nā galani no kēlā galani hoʻokahi, no ka mea, ʻo ka hops a me nā hua bale e pono ai ka nui o ka wai.
No ka laʻana, ke haʻalele nei ʻo Nava brewery i ke kaona ʻo Zaragoza, ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Coahuila ʻĀkau o Mexico, me ka wai ʻole. Kūkulu ʻia e Grupo Modelo, a laila kūʻai ʻia e US transnational Constellation ma 2013, hoʻohana ka mea kanu. Nā 1,200 pāʻani o ka wai i kekona - ʻo ia hoʻi i ka lā 12-hola e hoʻohana ai i hoʻokahi pule o ka wai no 86,000 home.
ʻOiai e uku ana ka poʻe kamaʻāina i nā ʻauhau i ko lākou aupuni e ʻaihue i kā lākou wai, a laila hāʻawi ke aupuni i nā aqueducts i nā ʻoihana pilikino, ʻo Isidrio Paz. haʻiʻia Regeneracion. Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ka hana ʻino ʻana o ka poʻe mahiʻai ma ke kūkulu ʻākau e kūʻai aku i ko lākou ʻāina a me nā kuleana wai, ʻoiai "ke hōʻole ʻia nei ko lākou mau pono e lūlū, a ke kāpae ʻia a hōʻole ʻia nā waiwai lehulehu e pili ana iā lākou." Ma keia manawa, ua olelo mai oia ua loaa mai i na ahaolelo ma Coahuila miliona ʻO nā peso i kēlā me kēia ma 2016 e koho i ke kānāwai i hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai, aʻo ke aupuni mokuʻāina a me ka Constellation hoʻi i hoʻopau i kahi kānāwai e kākoʻo ana i nā pia a me nā pia kūloko.
Ke kūkulu nei ʻo Constellation i kahi mea kanu ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻākau, ma Mexicali, Baja Kaleponi, kahi e hoʻohana nui ai i ka wai o ka muliwai ʻo Colorado - i kēia manawa no ka hana mahiʻai o nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi e like me pulupulu. E hoʻouna a pau ʻO kāna pia i ka US, e waiho ana i nā Mekiko me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka pōmaikaʻi, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai. Ua koi ka hui ʻo Mexicali Resiste i ka hui wai mokuʻāina e hoʻōki iā Constellation mai ka hana ʻana i nā "hewa hewa" a me ka ʻaihue wai me ka ʻole o ke kānāwai. ʻO lākou hoopii ka hui o ka uhaki i ka pono o ke kanaka i ka wai ma waena o kahi maloʻo i hōʻike ʻia.
Ke hele nei ka papa inoa. Ma Hidalgo, ma ke kikowaena o ka ʻāina, e hoʻohana ana kahi mea kanu Grupo Modelo hou i ka wai e hoʻolako maʻamau. 182,000 kama'āina, a ma ka manawa waena e manaʻo ʻia e waiho ʻole ʻia ka poʻe e noho ana ma ʻelima mau kūlanakauhale kokoke i ka wai ʻole.
ʻO ka beer transnationals hoʻokahi wale nō ʻoihana o nā mea he nui e hoʻohana ana i nā kumuwaiwai o Mexico, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e hoʻihoʻi. No ka mea ʻO Juan Villoro, he mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka mea kākau Mekiko, pili nā poʻe kālai'āina ma ʻaneʻi me nā hui US, ʻoiai lākou e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻonohonoho i nā wahi kūlohelohe koʻikoʻi a hoʻopau loa iā lākou. e like me i ka Observatory of Mining Conflicts, aia ma kahi o 50 mau paio ma waena o ka mining transnationals a me ka poʻe ʻōiwi ma Mekiko.
Eia ma Puebla, ʻoiai ʻo kona kūpaʻa i ke kū ʻana no ka pono wai, haʻi mai ʻo Omar Jimenez iaʻu ʻaʻole ʻo ia i manaʻo maikaʻi e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, "No ka mea, aia ka (hui wai pilikino) i ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mana waiwai e like me nā ʻoihana kaʻa transnational, pia. ʻO nā hui, nā hui lole, a pēlā aku, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokuʻu i nā hui hou aʻe e hele mai nei i kēia mua aku a lawe i ka wai i koho ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home.
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