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Baghdad, Iraq - Nowemapa 1,2019 Hōʻike ka poʻe Iraqi i ka Public Square e kūʻē i ke aupuni
Ma ka noho ʻana o nā ʻAmelika e noho ana i ka pāʻina awakea Thanksgiving, kanikau nā Iraqis Ua pepehi ʻia nā ʻōkuhi 40 e na makai a me na koa i ka Poaha ma Baghdad, Najaf a me Nasiriyah. Ma kahi kokoke i 400 mau mea kūʻē i pepehi ʻia mai ka hele ʻana o nā haneli haneli o nā kānaka i ke alanui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻOkakopa. Ua wehewehe nā hui pono kanaka i ka pilikia ma Iraq ma ke ʻano he "Kahe koko," Ua hoʻolaha ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Abdul-Mahdi e haʻalele ʻo ia, a ua wehe ʻo Sweden he hoʻokolokolo e kūʻē i ke Kuhina Kūʻē o Iraq iā Najah Al-Shammari, he kamaaina Swedia, no nā hewa i nā kānaka.
Wahi a Al Jazeera, "Ke koi nei nā mea hoʻokūkū e hoʻokahuli i kahi papa kālai'āina i ʻike hewa a lawelawe i nā mana o nā ʻāina ʻē ʻoiai he nui ka Iraqis e pōʻino ana i ka pōpoki me ka ʻole o ka hana, olakino a i ʻole ka hoʻonaʻauao." ʻO 36% wale nō He mau hana ko na kanaka makua o Iraq, a me ka hoopau ana o ka oihana aupuni malalo o ka noho ana o ka US, ke hoohana mau nei kona mau koena weluwelu i na kanaka i oi aku mamua o ka oihana kuokoa, a ua oi aku ka hewa malalo o ka hana ino a me ka haunaele o ke ao ana a ka US.
ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o ke Komohana e hoʻolei iā Iran ma ke ʻano he mea pāʻani haole ma Iraq i kēia lā. Akā ʻoiai ua loaʻa iā Iran ka mana nui a ʻo ia kekahi o nā k? w? ʻO nā kūʻē, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe e noho aliʻi nei iā Iraq i kēia lā ʻo ia ka poʻe pio mua ua lele mai nei o US me kāna mau pūʻali noho i ka makahiki 2003, "e hele mai ana i Iraq me nā ʻeke ʻole e hoʻopiha" e like me ke kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa ma Baghdad i haʻi aku i kahi mea kākau moʻolelo Komohana i kēlā manawa. ʻO nā kumu maoli o ka pilikia politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o Iraq, ʻo ia ka kumakaia ʻana o kēia poʻe pio mua i ko lākou ʻāina, kā lākou hana palaho a me ka hana pono ʻole o ka US i ka luku ʻana i ke aupuni o Iraq, hāʻawi iā lākou a mālama iā lākou i ka mana no 16 makahiki.
ʻO ka palupalu o nā luna US a me Iraq paha i ka wā o ko US noho ʻana maikaʻi i kākauʻia. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo UN Security Council resolution 1483 i kahi $20 billion Development Fund no Iraq me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai Iraqi i hopu mua ʻia, ke kālā i waiho ʻia ma ka papahana "ʻaila no ka meaʻai" a UN a me nā loaʻa aila hou o Iraqi. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi loiloi a KPMG a me kahi luna nui kūikawā he hapa nui o ia kālā i ʻaihue a ʻaihue ʻia e nā luna US a me Iraqi.
Ua loaʻa i nā luna dute Lebanona he $13 miliona ma ke kālā ma luna o ka mokulele ʻo Iraqi-American interim Kuhina Kalaiaina Falah Naqib. Ua mālama ʻo Paul Bremer ka luna hana hewa i kahi kālā slush $600 miliona me ka ʻole o ka pepa. Ua hōʻiliʻili kahi ʻoihana aupuni Iraqi me 602 mau limahana no 8,206. Ua pāpālua kahi luna koa US i ke kumukūʻai ma kahi ʻaelike e kūkulu hou i kahi haukapila, a haʻi aku i ka luna o ka haukapila ʻo ke kālā keu ʻo kāna "pike hoʻomaha." Ua hoʻolimalima kekahi ʻoihana ʻAmelika i $60 miliona ma kahi ʻaelike $20 miliona e kūkulu hou i kahi hale hana sima, a haʻi aku i nā luna o Iraqi e mahalo wale lākou i ka hoʻopakele ʻana o ʻAmelika iā lākou mai Saddam Hussein. Ua uku ʻia kahi ʻoihana paipu US i $3.4 miliona no nā limahana hana ʻole a me nā "uku kūpono ʻole." Ma loko o 198 mau ʻaelike i loiloi ʻia e ka Luna Nui, he 44 wale nō ka palapala e hōʻoia ai ua pau ka hana.
ʻO nā "ʻelele uku" o ʻAmelika e puʻunaue ana i ke kālā no nā papahana a puni ʻo Iraq i ʻeke i nā miliona miliona i ke kālā. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi luna ʻAmelika ke helu i $ 96.6 miliona, a ʻo kekahi ʻē aʻe he $ 25 miliona mai ka $ 6.3 miliona. Ua hoʻohana ka "Coalition Provisional Authority" i nā ʻelele e like me kēia ma Iraq a "hoʻomaʻemaʻe" i kā lākou mau moʻolelo i ka wā i haʻalele ai lākou i ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻi mai kekahi luna i hoʻokūkū ʻia i ka lā aʻe me $23 miliona i ke kālā nalowale.
Ua hoʻolālā ka US Congress i $ 18.4 biliona no ke kūkulu hou ʻana ma Iraq i ka makahiki 2003, akā ma waho o $ 3.4 biliona i hoʻohuli ʻia i ka "palekana," ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o $ 1 biliona o ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia. Manaʻo nui ka poʻe ʻAmelika ua hana nā hui aila US e like me ka poʻe pōā ma Iraq, akā ʻaʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo nō. ʻO nā hoʻolālā a nā hui aila o ke Komohana i huki me ka Hope Pelekikena Cheney ma 2001 aia no iā ia ka manaʻo, akā he kānāwai e hāʻawi i nā hui o nā hui o ke Komohana i mea e loaʻa ai ka "ʻikena kaʻana like 'hana" (PSAs) i mau ʻumi miliona o kēlā me kēia makahiki mea mamaʻi a hopu ʻia a ua hoole ka Ahaolelo Lahui o Iraqi e hooholo ia.
ʻO ka hope loa, ma 2009, ua haʻalele nā alakaʻi o Iraq a me kā lākou mau kahu haumāna US i ka PSA (no ka manawa ...) a kono aku i nā hui ʻoihana ʻoniʻoni e noi i nā "ʻenehana lawelawe hana '(TSA) pono $ 1 i $ 6 no ka barela no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana mai nā ʻaila ʻaila Iraqi. He ʻumi makahiki ma hope, ua hoʻonui wale ʻia ka hana i 4.6 miliona pākahi i kēlā me kēia lā, kahi o 3.8 miliona lawe ʻia aku i waho. Mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka aila ʻo Iraqi ma kahi o $80 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki, loaʻa i nā hui haole me nā TSA he $1.4 biliona wale nō, a ʻaʻole paʻa nā ʻaelike nui loa e nā hui US. Loaʻa ka China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) ma kahi o $ 430 miliona ma 2019; Loaʻa iā BP he $235 miliona; ʻO ka Petronas o Malaysia he $120 miliona; Lukoil o Rusia he $105 miliona; a me Italia ENI $100 miliona. Ke kahe mau nei ka nui o nā loaʻa aila o Iraq ma o ka Iraq National Oil Company (INOC) i ke aupuni hewa i kākoʻo ʻia e US ma Baghdad.
I kēia lā, mālama kēia ʻōnaehana hewa i ka mana nui i loko o ka lima o ka poʻe kālai'āina Shiite hewa a me Kurdish i noho pio i nā makahiki he nui i ke Komohana, e hana pū ana me Ahmed Chalabi's US-based Iraqi National Congress (INC), Ayad Allawi's UK-based Iraqi National Accord (INA) a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka Shiite Islamist Dawa Party. Ua emi iho ka huina koho mai 70% i ka makahiki 2005 a i 44.5% i ka makahiki 2018.
ʻO Ayad Allawi lāua ʻo INA ka mea hana no ka hopohopo o ka CIA coup coupe pūʻali koa ma Iraq i ka makahiki 1996. Ua hahai ke aupuni Iraqi i na kiko'ī a pau o ka hoʻolālā ma kahi lekiō kaapuni i hāʻawi ʻia e kekahi o ka poʻe kipi a hopu i nā ʻelele a pau o ka CIA i loko o Iraq i ka pō o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni. Ua pepehi ʻo ia i kanakolu mau pūʻali koa a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi haneli, waiho ʻia ka CIA me ka ʻike ʻole o ke kanaka mai loko mai o Iraq.
Ua hoʻopiha ʻo Ahmed Chalabi a me ka INC i kēlā hakahaka me kahi pūnaewele wahaheʻe i hānai ʻia e nā luna hoʻomalu o ʻAmelika i loko o ke keʻena leo o ka hui ʻoihana US e hōʻoia i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Iraq. Ma ka lā 26 o Iune 2002, ua hoʻouna ka INC i kahi leka i ke Kōmike Haʻawina Senate no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana no ke kālā hou aʻe o ʻAmelika. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kāna "Palapala ʻIke ʻIke" ʻo ia ke kumu kumu no Nā moʻolelo 108 e pili ana i ka "koa kaua o ka luku poʻokela" a Iraq a pili iā Al-Qaeda ma US a me nā nūhou a me nā nūhou.
Ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ua lilo ʻo Allawi lāua ʻo Chalabi i mau lālā alakaʻi o ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā o Iraqi. Ua koho ʻia ʻo Allawi i Kuhina Nui no ke aupuni kuʻuna o Iraq i ka makahiki 2004, a ua koho ʻia ʻo Chalabi i Hope Kuhina Nui a me ke Kuhina Aila i ke aupuni hoʻololi i ka makahiki 2005. ʻAʻole lanakila ʻo Chalabi i kahi noho ma ke koho balota o ka National Assembly i ka makahiki 2005, akā ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i ka ʻaha kūkā. Ua noho mau ʻo Allawi a me ka INA i ke kālepa lio no nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma hope o kēlā me kēia koho balota, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2015% o nā balota - a he 8% wale nō ma 6.
ʻO kēia nā kuhina nui o ke aupuni Iraqi hou i hoʻokumu ʻia ma hope o ke koho balota 2018, me kekahi mau kikoʻī o ko lākou ʻaoʻao Komohana:
Adil Abdul-Mahdi - Kuhina Nui (Palani). Ua hānau ʻia ma Baghdad i ka makahiki 1942. He kuhina aupuni ʻo Papa ma lalo o ke aupuni mōʻī i kākoʻo ʻia e Pelekania. Noho ʻo ia ma Farani mai 1969-2003, loaʻa ka Ph.D ma ka politika ma Poitiers. Ma Palani, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hahai iā Ayatollah Khomeini a he lālā hoʻokumu o ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā Kiʻekiʻe o Iran no ka Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI) ma 1982. ʻO ia ka ʻelele o SCIRI ma Iraqi Kurdistan no kekahi manawa i ka makahiki 1990. Ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ua lilo ʻo ia i Kuhina Waiwai ma ke aupuni kuʻuna o Allawi ma 2004; Hope Peresidena mai 2005-11; Kuhina ʻaila mai 2014-16.
Barham Salih - Pelekikena (UK & US). Hānau ʻia ma Sulaymaniyah i ka makahiki 1960. Ph.D. ma 'enekinia (Liverpool - 1987). Ua hui pū ʻo Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) i ka makahiki 1976. Ua hoʻopaʻahao ʻia no 6 mau pule ma 1979 a haʻalele iā Iraq no ka ʻelele UK PUK ma Lākana mai 1979-91; poʻo o ke keʻena PUK ma Wakinekona mai 1991-2001. Pelekikena o Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) mai 2001-4; Hope PM ma ke aupuni kuʻuna Iraqi ma 2004; Kuhina Hoʻolālā ma ke aupuni hoʻololi i ka makahiki 2005; Hope PM mai 2006-9; Kuhina Nui o KRG mai 2009-12.
Mohamed Ali Alhakim - Kuhina Nui (UK & US). Hānau ʻia ʻo Najaf ma 1952. M.Sc. (Birmingham), Ph.D. i Telecom Engineering (Hema Kaleponi), ke Kākela ma Northeheast University ma Boston 1995-2003. Ma hope o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana, ua lilo ʻo ia i Luna Kuhikuhi nui a me ka Luna Hoʻohui Hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻAha ʻĀina Pule Iraqi; Kuhina Kuhina ma aupuni kūloko ma 2004; Hoʻolālā Hoʻolālā ma ke Kuhina o ʻAmelika, a me ke Kuhina Hoʻopuka o VP Abdul-Mahdi mai 2005-10; a me ʻAmelika UN mai 2010-18.
Fuad Hussein - Kuhina Waiwai & Hope PM (Netherlands & Palani). Hānau ʻia ma Khanaqin (ka nui o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kurdish ma ka ʻāina ʻo Diyala) i ka makahiki 1946. Ua hui pū ʻo Kurdish Student Union a me Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) ma ke ʻano he haumāna ma Baghdad. Noho ma Netherlands mai 1975-87; ʻaʻohe Ph.D. ma ka pilina o ka honua; male i ka wahine Kalikiano Holani. Ua koho ʻia he hope poʻo o Kurdish Institute ma Palisa i ka makahiki 1987. Ua hele ʻo ia i nā ʻaha kūkā politika pio Iraqi ma Beirut (1991), New York (1999) & London (2002). Ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ua lilo ʻo ia i kākāʻōlelo ma ke Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao mai 2003-5; a me ke poʻo o nā limahana iā Masoud Barzani, Pelekikena o ka KRG, mai 2005-17.
Thamir Ghadhban - Kuhina Aila & Hope PM (UK). Hānau ʻia ma Karbala i ka makahiki 1945. B.Sc. (UCL) & M.Sc. ma Petroleum Engineering (Imperial College, Lādana). Ua hui pū ʻo Basra Petroleum Co. ma 1973. Luna Hoʻokele o ka ʻenekinia a laila Hoʻolālā ma Iraqi Oil Ministry mai 1989-92. Hoʻopaʻahao ʻia no 3 mau mahina a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 1992, ʻaʻole naʻe i haʻalele iā Iraq, a ua koho hou ʻia ʻo ia i Luna Nui o ka Hoʻolālā ma 2001. Ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ʻo ia i Luna Nui o ka ʻOihana ʻaila; Kuhina ʻaila i ke aupuni kuʻuna ma 2004; i koho ʻia i ka National Assembly i ka makahiki 2005 a ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke komite 3-man nāna i hoʻolālā i ka kānāwai ʻole huakaʻi; ke Komite Kuhina Nui o Kuhina Kuhikuhi nui mai 2006-16.
Lā Nui Nui (Retd) Najah Al-Shammari - Kuhina Pale (Kuekene). Hānau ʻia ma Baghdad ma 1967. ʻO hoʻokahi wale nō Sunni Arab ma waena o nā kuhina nui. ʻO ka pūʻali koa mai 1987. Ua noho i Sweden a he lālā paha ia o Allawi's INA ma mua o 2003. ʻO ka luna koʻikoʻi o nā pūʻali koa kākoʻo ʻAmelika i kālai ʻia mai US, INA a me Kurdish Peshmerga mai 2003-7. ʻO ke kuhina nui o ka "counterterrorism" e ʻae iā 2007-9. ʻO ka noho ma Sweden 2009-15. He kamaaina Swedia mai 2015. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma lalo o ka noiʻi no nā pono hoʻopiʻi ma Suetena, a no kēia manawa nā hewa e kū'ē i ke kanaka i ka luku ana i nā mea kūʻē o 300 i ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa 2019.
I ka makahiki 2003, ua hoʻokuʻu ka US a me kona mau hoa pili i ka hana ʻino ʻole i ka poʻe o Iraq. Ua manaʻo hilinaʻi ka poʻe loea olakino e pili ana i nā makahiki mua ʻekolu o ke kaua a me ka ʻoihana koa Noho ʻo 650,000 Iraqi. Akā ua kūleʻa ʻo ʻAmelika i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi aupuni pappet o nā poʻe kālai'āina Shiite a me Kurdish ma mua o ke Komohana ma ke kahua ʻōmaʻomaʻo paʻa i Baghdad, me ka mana o ka loaʻa kālā o Iraq. E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kuhina i ke aupuni kuʻuna i koho ʻia e US ma 2004 e noho aliʻi nei i Iraq i kēia lā.
Ua hoʻopio aku nā pūʻali koa US i ka hoʻomakeʻe nui mau ʻana i ka pāpā o Iraqis e pale aku ana i ka hoʻouka kaua a me ka hoʻokau kaua kaua a ko lākou ʻāina. Ma 2004, hoʻomaka ka US i ke aʻo ʻana i ka nui o ʻO Iraqi polana poloka no ke Kuhina Kalaiaina, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pūʻulu commando i kiʻi ʻia mai ka pūʻali koa Badr Brigade a SCIRI ma ke ʻano he make lāʻau make ma Baghdad i ʻApelila 2005. ʻO kēia ʻO ka aupuni hoʻoweliweli a US i kākoʻo ʻia piʻi i ke kauwela o 2006, me nā kupapaʻu o ka nui o 1,800 i lawe ʻia i ka morgue Baghdad i kēlā me kēia mahina. Ua nānā ʻia kahi hui pono kanaka Iraqi Nā kino make 3,498 o ka hōʻemi hoʻoponopono hōʻino a ua ʻike ʻo 92% o lākou he poʻe i hopu ʻia e ka pūʻali o ka Kuhina Kuhina.
Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka US Defense Intelligence Agency "Ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā ʻenemi" i loko o ka noho ʻana a ʻike ʻia ma luna o 90% e kūʻē i ka US a me nā pūʻali koa i hui pū ʻia, ʻaʻole ka hoʻouka kaua "sectarian" i nā makaʻāinana. Akā ua hoʻohana nā luna o ʻAmelika i kahi moʻolelo o "ka hoʻomāinoino sectarian" e hoʻopiʻi ai i ka hana a nā hui make o ka Kuhina Kalaiaina i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e US ma luna o nā militia Shiite kūʻokoʻa e like me Muqtada al-Sadr's. Pūʻali koa Mahdi.
Ke kūʻē nei ke aupuni Iraqis i kēia lā ke alakaʻi ʻia nei e ka hui like o nā poʻe pio Iraqi kākoʻo ʻia e US nāna i ulana i kahi pūnaewele o ka wahaheʻe e hoʻokele i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ko lākou ʻāina i ka makahiki 2003, a laila peʻe ma hope o nā paia o ka Green Zone ʻoiai ʻo US nā pūʻali koa a me nā pūʻali make ihoa ko lākou poʻe e hoʻolilo i ka ʻāina i "palekana" no ko lākou aupuni kolohe.
I kēia mau lā, ua hana hou lākou ma ke ʻano he poʻe ʻoliʻoli e like me ʻAmelika nā pōā, papa pōhaku a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hapa nui o Mosul, ke kūlanakauhale ʻelua o Iraq, i ʻōpala, ma hope o ʻumikumamālua mau makahiki o ka noho ʻana, ka palaho a me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻino. hoʻokipa i kona poʻe i loko o nā lima o ka Islamic State. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike naʻauao Kurdish ma mua o 40,000 poʻe kama'āina ua pepehi ʻia i ka luku ʻia ʻana o Mosul i alakaʻi ʻia e US. Ma ke kumu o ke kaua ʻana i ka Islamic State, ua hoʻokumu hou ka US i kahi kahua kaua nui no nā pūʻali koa 5,000 US ma Al-Asad airbase ma ka moku ʻo Anbar.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ke kūkulu hou ʻana iā Mosul, Fallujah a me nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe i manaʻo ʻia ma ka conservatively $ 88 ieeeea?. Akā ʻoiai he $80 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka aila a me kahi kālā federal ma luna o $ 100 biliona, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ke aupuni Iraqi i ke kālā no ke kūkulu hou ʻana. ʻO nā ʻāina ʻē, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina Arab waiwai, ua hoʻohiki i $ 30 biliona, me ka $ 3 biliona wale nō mai ʻAmelika, akā liʻiliʻi loa o ia mea i hāʻawi ʻia, a i ʻole paha.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o Iraq mai 2003 he pōʻino pau ʻole no kona poʻe. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia hanauna hou o Iraqis ka poʻe i ulu aʻe ma waena o nā mea ʻino a me nā haunaele i waiho ʻia e ka US i waiho ʻia ma hope o ka manaʻo ʻaʻohe mea e nalowale ai ko lākou koko a me ko lākou ola, ʻoiai lākou. e hele i na alanui e kiʻi hou i ko lākou hanohano, ko lākou wā e hiki mai ana a me ko lākou ʻāina kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā lima koko a nā luna o ʻAmelika a me kā lākou mau haumāna Iraqi a puni kēia pōpilikia e kū i luna e hōʻike hoʻowalewale i ka poʻe ʻAmelika o nā hopena e pōʻino ai i nā kulekele haole i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o nā hoʻopaʻi, hoʻopiʻi, hoʻoweliweli a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pūʻali koa i mea e hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻolauna. e hoʻokele wale nā luna o ʻAmelika i nā kānaka a puni ka honua.
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