Paul Kagame: "ʻO kā mākou ʻano kanaka"
ʻO Edward S. Herman lāua ʻo David Peterson
I ka makahiki 1995, he luna hoʻomalu kiʻekiʻe o Clinton, e ʻōlelo ana no ka Pelekikena Suharto o Indonesia, a laila ma kahi kipa mokuʻāina i Wakinekona, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia iā ia ʻo "ko mākou ʻano kanaka."[1] E kamaʻilio ana ʻo ia e pili ana i kahi dictator hoʻomāinoino a ʻaihue a me ka lua-genocidist (mua ma Indonesia ponoʻī iho, a laila East Timor), akā ʻo ka mea nona ka luku ʻana i Indonesia i hoʻopau i nā mea hoʻoweliweli i koe ma ia ʻāina, ua hoʻohui pū ʻo Indonesia i ka pūʻali koa ma ke ʻano he hoa pili komohana a me ka mokuʻāina. a wehe i ka puka no ka hookomo waiwai o na aina e, ina paha me ke kipe nui. ʻO ka māhele mua o ka pepehi kanaka ʻelua (1965-1966) no laila hiki ke lawelawe ʻia i nā makemake o US a ua ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻokumu politika a me ka media. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma hope o ka pepehi kanaka nui ʻana ma Indonesia, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Robert McNamara i ka hoʻololi ʻana ma ke ʻano he "dividend" i uku ʻia e ka pūʻali koa US ma laila,[2] a ma ka New York Times, Ua kapa ʻia ʻo James Reston i ke kū ʻana o Suharto he “ʻālohilohi o ka mālamalama ma Asia.”[3]
ʻO ka Pelekikena o Rwanda ʻo Paul Kagame maopopo ʻo ia kekahi "ʻano o kā mākou ʻano kanaka": E like me Suharto, ʻo Kagame he pālua-genocidist, a ʻo ka mea nāna i hoʻopau i kekahi hoʻoweliweli democratic ma Rwanda, hoʻopili paʻa iā Rwanda me ke Komohana ma ke ʻano he mea kūʻai aku ʻo US, a wehe i ka puka. i ka hoopukapuka haole. Ma hope mai, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa, ua kōkua ʻo Kagame i ke kālai ʻana i nā kumu waiwai a me nā manawa hoʻolimalima no kāna mau hoa ponoʻī a me ka US a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka ʻē aʻe o ke Komohana ma Zaire e pili ana, ka ʻāina nui a waiwai waiwai ʻo ʻApelika Waena i kapa hou ʻia ʻo Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) i ka makahiki 1997 i ka wā o ke Kaua Kongo Mua (ca. Iulai 1996 - Iulai 1998).
No nā makahiki he nui, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Kagame ma ka pāpaho koʻikoʻi o ke Komohana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopakele iā Rwanda, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka pepehi kanaka i hana ʻia e kūʻē i kāna pūʻulu lāhui liʻiliʻi, ka Tutsi, e ka Hutu nui (ʻApelila - Iulai 1994).[4] Ua ʻāpono ʻo ia a me kāna mau kākoʻo i ka pūʻali koa Rwanda Patriotic Front inā kaua o Zaire - ka DRC ma ke ʻano he ʻimi maʻalahi o ka Hutu pepehi kanaka ka mea i mahuka ia Rwanda i ka wa o ke kaua iloko, a me ka lanakila ana o Kagame i ka aina. ʻO kēia kalahala, i manaʻo lōʻihi ʻia he hoʻopunipuni e ka poʻe ʻē aʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, ua nīnau hope ʻia i loko o ka hoʻokumu ʻana me ka leak[5] a laila hoʻolaha nui ʻia kahi palapala hōʻike UN i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ke Komikina Kiʻekiʻe no nā Pono Kanaka (ʻo ia hoʻi, "ʻO ka hōʻike o ka Mapping Exercise e palapala ana i nā hewa koʻikoʻi loa o nā pono kanaka a me nā kānāwai kōkua kanaka honua i hana ʻia i loko o ka ʻāina o ka Democratic Republic of Congo ma waena o Malaki 1993 a me Iune 2003," Iune, 2010). ʻAʻole wale kēia hōʻike e hōʻuluʻulu i nā hana ʻino nui i hana ʻia ma DRC i loko o kahi manawa he ʻumi makahiki, ʻo ia ke kuleana no ka koʻikoʻi o kēia mau hana ʻino i ka RPF. "ʻAʻohe mea e hōʻole ʻia ua hana ʻia nā pepehi kanaka a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i pepehi ʻia ʻo Hutus mai Burundi, Rwanda, a me Zaire," ʻo ka hōʻike kikoʻī i ʻōlelo ai i nā ʻike o kahi noiʻi UN 1997 (para. 510). ʻO ka helu ʻana-i ka "nui o nā hewa a me ka heluna nui o ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia" a me ke ʻano ʻōnaehana o nā hoʻouka kaua i helu ʻia e kūʻē i ka Hutu… pauku 514). Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻāpana o ka hōʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i ka "Crime of genocide": "ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana…i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka heluna nui o nā poʻe mahuka Hutu Rwanda a me nā lālā o ka heluna kanaka kīwila Hutu, i hopena i ko lākou make ʻana, e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau mea hōʻino, inā i hōʻoia ʻia lākou i mua o ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo kūpono, hiki ke helu ʻia nā hewa o ka pepehi kanaka" (para. 517).[6] E like me kā Luc Cote, he mea noiʻi mua a he poʻo o ke keʻena loio ma ka International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), i ʻike ai: "Noʻu he mea kupanaha. Ua ʻike au i kahi ʻano ma Congo aʻu i ʻike ai ma Rwanda. ʻO ia ka mea like. He mau kakini a me ka nui o nā hanana, kahi i loaʻa iā ʻoe ke ʻano like. Ua hana ʻia me ka ʻōnaehana."[7]
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kēia ka manawa mua i kuhikuhi ai ka UN i nā hana genocidal a Kagame ma Rwanda a me DRC. ʻOiai ma mua o ka noiʻi 1997 (i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna), ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻuluʻulu kākau ola ʻana o ka hōʻike waha waha a Robert Gersony ma UN i ʻOkakopa 1994 i ka "pepehi a me ka hoʻomau ʻia o ka pepehi kanaka Hutu e ka [RPF]" ma ke kūkulu hema o Rwanda mai ʻApelila a hiki i ʻApelila ʻAukake o kēlā makahiki, a me "Pepehi nui ʻole ʻia o nā kāne, nā wahine, [a me] nā keiki, me ka poʻe maʻi a me nā ʻelemakule…." ʻO ka hōʻike Gersoni i manaʻo ʻia ma waena o 5,000 a me 10,000 mau make Hutu i kēlā me kēia mahina mai ʻApelila. "Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kāne, nā wahine, a me nā keiki i pepehi ʻia ma ia mau hana i manaʻo ʻia ma o ka manawa kūpono e hopu ʻia e ka [RPF]." ("Summary of UNHCR Presentation Before Commission of Experts," ʻOkakopa 11, 1994.) ʻO ka mea nui, ua ʻae nā lālā o kēia Komisina UN i kēia manawa e mālama i ka hōʻike a me nā hōʻike a Gersoni ma ke ʻano he "confidential," a kauoha ʻia e "hana wale ʻia." loaʻa i nā lālā o ke Komisina"—nāna i hoʻopau koke i kāna mau ʻike.[8] (E nānā i ka leka i kākau ʻia ma ka UN High Commissioner for Refugees stationary e Francois Fouinat, i haʻi ʻia iā Ms. B. Molina-Abram o ke Komisina o nā loea ma Rwanda, ʻOkakopa 11, 1994.)
Ma waena o ka nui o nā hōʻike UN e pili ana i ka DRC, ʻo ka lua o ka pūʻulu e ka UN Panel of Experts ma ka "Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of Congo" (S / 2002/1146, ʻOkakopa, 2002) kū hoʻi. Ua manaʻo ka UN Panel ma ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 2002, ua loaʻa ma kahi o 3.5 miliona mau make ma nā panalāʻau hikina ʻelima ma ke ʻano he "hopena pololei o ka noho ʻana o ka DRC e Rwanda a me Uganda" (para. 96). Ua hōʻole pū kēia hōʻike i ka manaʻo o ke aupuni Kagame e pono ai ka hoʻomau ʻana o kāna mau pūʻali koa ma ka hikina DRC e pale aku iā Rwanda mai nā pūʻali Hutu ʻenemi e hoʻoweliweli ana i ka ʻāina palena a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana e hoʻouka iā ia; akā, "ʻo ka manaʻo lōʻihi maoli…ʻo ka 'hoʻopaʻa i ka waiwai'," i pane aku ai ka UN (para. 66).[9] Akā ʻoiai ʻaʻole i kauoha ʻia kēia hōʻike 2002 i ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻo 1994 Gersony, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i nānā ʻia ma ka media Western, ʻoiai ʻo 3.5 miliona mau make i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa i pili i ka "Rwanda genocide" o 1994.
He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia kaohi ʻana i ka hopena o ka mea kūʻai aku ʻo Kagame i ka US, ʻo kāna mau hana make i ka DRC i kulike maoli me ke kulekele US no ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻāina iā US a me nā ʻoihana mining a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau e pili ana i kēia hōʻike leaked, ua ʻae ʻo US Assistant Secretary of State Philip Crowley "He pilina kā mākou me Rwanda ma waho o ka moʻolelo weliweli o ka pepehi kanaka a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i ka makahiki 1990. Ua hana maikaʻi ʻo Rwanda i ka ʻāina i kēia manawa. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ia ma nā ʻano mikiona UN. No ko mākou makemake e kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā pūʻali koa. A ke hana ikaika nei mākou i kēlā ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua. No laila ua pili mākou iā Rwanda.10] ʻAʻole i hele ʻo Crowley a me kāna hui i ke aʻo ʻana i ka palapala hōʻike UN i kēlā manawa. Akā, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia nā hōʻike mua o ka UN e pili ana i ka pepehi ʻana o Kagame i nā makaʻāinana ma Rwanda a me DRC, kahi i alakaʻi ʻole ʻia ai ka pane ʻana o ka US a i ʻole UN (koe wale, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ka hoʻopau ʻana). ʻO ia paha nā pane i ʻae ʻia e kēlā mau "pūʻali koa ʻoihana," e like me kā lākou i hana ai i nā pūʻali koa ʻoihana o Suharto a me nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika Latina i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e US i puka hou mai ke Kula o ʻAmelika? ʻO kēia mau mea weliweli paha he "mau mahele" a he "ʻālohilohi hou" hou - ma ʻApelika?
He mea hoihoi ia ka mea mua New York Times ʻatikala e pili ana i ka palapala hōʻike UN, na Howard French, e pili ana i ka paʻakikī i loaʻa i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i kēia hōʻike hou - ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻopuka mua ʻia i Le Monde ma Palani e ka poʻe i loko o ka poʻe i hopohopo e ʻoki ʻia kāna mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana. Ua manaʻo mua ka UN he pono e hōʻike i ke kiʻi i ke aupuni Kagame no nā manaʻo,[11] a ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻino ʻana o ke aupuni i kēia palapala "hōʻino" ma kahi pauku piha i ka ʻatikala NYT. E like me ka wehewehe ʻana o Farani, aia nā "pilikia ma mua o ʻehiku mau mahina" i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka hōʻike ma luna o nā kūʻē a ke aupuni "i loaʻa i ke kākoʻo diplomatic ikaika mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Pelekane."[12]
Malia paha ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka UN insiders a me ka media e hana e ka 93 ka nui o nā koho balota i loaʻa e Kagame i ke koho pelekikena ʻo ʻAukake 9, 2010, kahi i loaʻa ai iā ia ke kākoʻo nui mai ka Hutus nona nā ʻohana a me nā lāhui kanaka āna i hoʻomake nui ai. ʻo ia ka nui o ka DRC. Ua lawa ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kēia koho balota e hoʻihoʻi iā Rwanda ma ke kahua media, inā he pōkole wale nō, me ka hoʻokele US e hōʻike ana i nā "hopohopo" ma luna o "he aha ka mea i ho'āʻo ʻia e ke aupuni o Rwanda e kaupalena i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻōlelo" (Philip Crowley, ʻAukake 9),[13] a me ke koi ʻana i nā hoʻoponopono manawaleʻa. Inā paha ua ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike ʻoiaʻiʻo e ka UN ua pepehi ʻo Hugo Chavez o Venezuela i nā tausani o nā wahine mahuka, nā keiki, nā ʻelemakule, a me nā ʻeha ma kahi ʻāina kokoke. Hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i ka UN e noi ana iā Chavez e ʻōlelo i kahi hōʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i kāna mau hana, a hāʻawi iā ia i ʻehiku mau mahina ma mua o ka haʻi ʻana o kekahi i kahi nūpepa nui?
Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i kēia hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa DRC e kūkākūkā ʻia e Howard French a me ke koena o ka media mainstream i loko o ka ʻāpana exonerating pōʻaiapili o "The Genocide" o 1994, kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia ai ʻo Kagame ka mea hoʻopakele nāna i hoʻopau i kahi pepehi kanaka Hutu-engineered. E like me kā Palani i kākau ai, ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao o ke Komohana, "I ka makahiki 1994, ʻoi aku ma mua o 800,000 mau kānaka, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā lālā o ka hui Tutsi ma Rwanda, ua pepehi ʻia e ka Hutu."[14] I loko o kēia a me nā hōʻike koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe i kēia manawa, ʻo ka mua, ka luku mua ʻana o ka Tutsi e ka Hutu, i kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia paha ua ukali ʻia e kahi pepehi kanaka lua i pane ʻia e ka Tutsi kūʻē i ka Hutu.
Akā ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia pōʻaiapili i kahi wahaheʻe nui e pili ana i ka pepehi kanaka mua, a ʻo ka paʻakikī nui i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pepehi kanaka nui ma DRC he kumu maʻamau me kēlā wahaheʻe: ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Kagame he kauā o ka US a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mana imperial Western, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia nā hōʻike o kāna mau hewa e nā luna o ke Komohana a pale ʻia i ka media mainstream. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā Howard French a me kāna mau hoa ke ʻae, ʻo ka pepehi kanaka maoli i ka makahiki 1994. no hoi ʻO ka hana nui a Paul Kagame, me ke kōkua ʻana o Bill Clinton, ka poʻe Pelekania a me Belgians, ka UN, a me ka media mainstream.[15]
Ke hilinaʻi nei ʻo Paul Kagame i ka moʻolelo o kāna kuleana hoʻopakele e mālama i kona noho aliʻi ʻana ma Rwanda,[16] ʻoiai ua hoʻopili wale kēia i kona hilinaʻi nui i ka ikaika. Akā, ua hoʻolilo ʻo ia i ka "genocide denial" i hewa, me ke kumu hoʻohālike maʻamau o ka "Rwandan genocide" i lawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻoiaʻiʻo, i hiki ai i ka poʻe e hakakā nei i kona mana ke mālama ʻia he "genocide deniers" a i ʻole "divisionists" a hoʻopaʻi ʻia no nā hewa kūʻē i ka mokuʻāina ʻo Rwanda. Ma kēia kumu, ua hopu ʻia ʻo Peter Erlinder, he loio US a alakaʻi i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo pale ma ka ICTR, i kona hōʻea ʻana i Rwanda i ka hopena o Mei e pani ai iā Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza, he moho kālai'āina kūʻē Hutu, ka mea i hopu ʻia a pāpā ʻia mai ka holo ʻana. keʻena kālaiʻāina. ʻOiai ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Erlinder ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka waena o Iune, ʻo kona hopu ʻia ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao kūʻē a me nā moho ma mua o ke koho balota ʻo ʻAukake he mea ʻino ia no ka poʻe pale o ka mea ho'ōla a me ke ʻano maʻamau.[17]
E pili ana i ke ʻano moʻokalaleo o ia ʻano hoʻohālike, e noʻonoʻo i kēia:
* ʻO ka "hana hoʻoulu" i ka pepehi kanaka mua i ʻae ʻia ʻo ia ka pana ʻana i ka mokulele ʻo ʻApelila 6, 1994 i ka mokulele e lawe ana iā Juvenal Habyarimana, ka pelekikena Hutu o Rwanda, a me Cyprien Ntaryamira, ka pelekikena Hutu o Burundi. Aia nā hōʻike nui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia pana e Paul Kagame. ʻO kēia ka hopena o Michael Hourigan, he mea noiʻi nāna i noiʻi i ke kumuhana no ka ICTR i ka makahiki 1996.[18] Akā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kāna hōʻike e pili ana i kēia i ka luna hoʻopiʻi ICTR ʻo Louise Arbor, ma hope o ke kūkākūkā ʻana me nā luna o ʻAmelika, a ʻaʻole hiki i ka ICTR ke komo i kekahi noiʻi hou aʻe o ka "triggering event" i nā makahiki he 13 e hiki mai ana. No ke aha e hoʻokuʻu ai ka ICTR, kahi mea hana o ka US Security Council, i kēia kumuhana inā ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka Kagame i kākoʻo ʻia e US a me ka RPF?
* ʻO kahi noiʻi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka "hana hoʻoulu" e ka luna kānāwai Farani Jean-Louis Bruguière i hoʻoholo ai ʻo Kagame pono ʻO ka "hoʻopau kino" o Habyarimana i mea e hopu ai i ka mana aupuni i loko o Rwanda ma mua o ke koho balota aupuni i kāhea ʻia e ka 1993 Arusha Accords, nā koho balota a Kagame i aneane e nalowale, no ka mea ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna mau Tutsi liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka Hutu nui. [19] Ua hoʻomaopopo pū ʻo Bruguière ʻo ka RPF wale nō ma Rwanda i ka makahiki 1994 he pūʻali koa i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia, a mākaukau e hahau. A ʻo ka RPF i alakaʻi ʻia e Kagame i alakaʻi ʻia e ka politika i hana ai hahau, e hoomau ana i kona hoouka kaua ana i ke aupuni o Rwanda iloko o elua hora o ka pepehi kanaka ia Habyarimana. Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻike mua a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me kahi hui i mākaukau e hana, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hoʻolālā Hutu i ka mana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kēia mau hanana me he mea lā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, hoʻohālikelike ʻia, a ua lanakila koke. Ma lalo o 100 mau lā, ua hoʻomalu ʻo Kagame a me RPF iā Rwanda. Ma ka manaʻo he mea nui ka pana ʻana i ka hoʻolālā nui o ka Hutu Power a me ka pepehi kanaka, pono kēia i kahi hana mana o ka Hutu hemahema; akā, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo loa inā hana ʻia e ka pūʻali o Kagame ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana ko lakou hoʻolālā e hopu i ka mana aupuni.
* Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Kagame ma Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, a ua loaʻa iā ia ke kākoʻo paʻa a me ke kākoʻo diplomatic mai ka manawa i lilo ai ʻo ia i alakaʻi o ka RPF ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o RPF iā Rwanda mai Uganda i ʻOkakopa 1990,[20] he hana koʻikoʻi o ka huhū i manaʻo ʻole ʻia i loko o ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā, a ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻouka kaua hope a ka RPF i ka mokuʻāina ʻo Rwanda i hoʻomaka i ka lā 6 ʻApelila 1994. I loko o kēlā hoʻouka kaua ʻApelila, i ka manawa i maikaʻi ai ka "genocide" e hoomaka ana, ua koi aku ke koena o ke aupuni o Rwanda i ka UN e hoolako i na koa hou no ka hoopau ana i ka hana ino, aka, aole i makemake o Paul Kagame i na koa UN hou aku, no ka mea, ua maopopo ia ia ka lanakila o na koa, a—kahaha!—ua ku e no hoi o Amerika Huipuia. he hoohui koa. I ka hopena, ua nui ka 'Aha Kūkākūkā ho'ēmi ka heluna o nā pūʻali koa UN ma Rwanda-he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻokuʻikahi me ka moʻolelo maʻamau e noho ana ka wahi o ke kuleana nui no nā lā 100 o ka pepehi kanaka me "Hutu Power" (a me nā mea pepehi kanaka) a me kā lākou hoʻolālā pepehi kanaka. ʻO ke kalahala i ka makahiki 1998 e Bill Clinton ma ka inoa o ka "kaiāulu honua" no "ʻaʻole i hana wikiwiki ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pepehi kanaka"[21] ua hookamani pono ole. Ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻole ʻana i kekahi pahuhopu kanaka kanaka ʻole, ua hoʻoikaika ke aupuni Clinton i ka lanakila ʻana o Kagame iā Rwanda ma 1994, no laila ke kaʻana like nei ʻo Clinton i ka hewa o Kagame no ka hana ʻino ma Rwanda a no ka hana ʻino i hoʻonui ʻia e ka RPF i ka DRC no nā makahiki he nui.
* E pili ana i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka pepehi kanaka, ʻaʻohe kānalua he nui nā Tutsi i pepehi ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pohā a me nā pepehi hoʻopaʻi kūloko, ʻaʻole ma muli o kahi hana i hoʻolālā ʻia e nā luna Hutu. ʻO nā pūʻali Kagame wale nō ka mea i pepehi ʻia ma kahi ʻōnaehana a hoʻolālā. A ua hoʻokani ʻia kā lākou pepehi kanaka e UN a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻAʻole wale ka 1994 Gersony hōʻike e pili ana i ka pepehi kanaka Hutu e ka RPF i kāohi ʻia e UN, he memo kūloko i ke Kakauolelo o ka Moku'āina ʻo ʻAmelika i Kepakemapa 1994 i hōʻike i ka pepehi ʻia ʻana o "10,000 a ʻoi aku paha nā Hutu civila i kēlā me kēia mahina" e nā pūʻali Tutsi ʻaʻole nō hoʻi i ʻike. ka malamalama o ka lā, koe wale nō ka ʻeli ʻana e Peter Erlinder a me kona hoʻohana ʻana i mea hōʻike ma ka ICTR.[22] I ka wā i hoʻoholo ai ka poʻe hoʻonaʻauao US ʻo Christian Davenport lāua ʻo Allan Stam, ka mea i hoʻohana mua ʻia e ka ICTR e palapala i nā make a pau ma Rwanda i ka makahiki 1994, i hoʻoholo ai "ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i hōʻeha ʻia he Hutu a ʻaʻole ʻo Tutsi," ua kipaku koke ʻia lākou. "Ua piʻi aʻe ka pepehi kanaka ma ka ʻāpana i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka FAR [ʻo ia hoʻi, ka Pūʻali Koa o Rwanda] i ka neʻe ʻana o ka [RPF] i loko o ka ʻāina a loaʻa i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe," kākau lākou, e hōʻuluʻulu ana i ka mea a lākou i manaʻo ai he "hopena weliweli loa" o kā lākou noiʻi ʻana. "I ka wā i holomua ai ka [RPF], ua piʻi aʻe ka pepehi kanaka nui.23]
ʻAʻole paha he mea kupanaha no nā pūʻali Tutsi o Kagame, ʻo ia wale nō ka pūʻali pepehi kanaka i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia i loko o Rwanda i ka makahiki 1994, nona ka piʻi ʻana ma ke kahua kaua i hele pū ʻia me nā spike o ka make, a ua hiki ke lanakila iā Rwanda i nā lā 100, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke pale aku i ka make ʻana o Tutsi mai ka ʻoi aku o ka make ʻana o ka Hutu ma kahi palena nui, e like me ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka "Rwandan genocide" paʻa? ʻOiaʻiʻo, he mea kupanaha ia, a pono e manaʻo ʻia he moʻolelo hoʻolaha.
* ʻAʻole kūpono kēia moʻolelo me nā helu helu kanaka. E like me kā mākou i hōʻike mua ai ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, [24] a e hana hou ʻia ma ʻaneʻi (e nānā i ka Papa 1, ma lalo), ua hoʻoholo ka helu helu aupuni o Rwanda i ka makahiki 1991 he 91.1% Hutu, 8.4% Tutsi, 0.4% Twa, a me 0.1% "ē aʻe." No laila, mai loko mai o ka heluna kanaka o Rwanda i ka makahiki 1991 he 7,099,844 kanaka, ʻo ka heluna kanaka Tutsi liʻiliʻi o Rwanda he 596,387, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka heluna Hutu nui o 6,467,958. Eia hou, e like me kā Davenport a me Stam i kuhikuhi ai i kā lākou Miller-McCune ʻatikala, ua ʻōlelo ka hui ola ʻo Tutsi ʻo IBUKA "ma kahi o 300,000 Tutsi i ola i ka luku ʻana i ka makahiki 1994" - kahi helu ʻo ia hoʻi "mai loko o 800,000 a 1 miliona i manaʻo ʻia ua pepehi ʻia i kēlā manawa, ʻoi aku ka hapa o ka Hutu."[25] ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i pepehi ʻia ma Rwanda i ka wā ʻApelila-Iulai 1994 he Hutu; a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi ma hope o ka hopu ʻana o ka RPF i ka mana mokuʻāina i Iulai, ua make ʻo Hutu i loko o Rwanda a ma hope mai ua hoʻomau ʻia ka DRC no kahi ʻumi makahiki a me ka hapa.
Hoʻohālikelike
Nui ka hoʻomau ʻana i ke kulekele US ma ka Honua ʻEkolu, a ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu. No laila, hiki i kahi luna o Bill Clinton ke loaʻa i ka mea pepehi kanaka ʻo Suharto "ko mākou ʻano kanaka" i ka makahiki 1995, a ua loaʻa iā Suharto ke kākoʻo paʻa o ʻAmelika no 33 mau makahiki, ma o ka hoʻokele ʻana o Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, a me Clinton, a hiki i kona hāʻule ʻana. i ka wā o ka pilikia kālā o ʻAsia i ka makahiki 1998. Ma kahi manawa hou loa, mai ka makahiki 1990 a hiki i kēia lā, ua loaʻa iā Paul Kagame, kahi mea pepehi kanaka ʻino loa, ke kākoʻo mai ka George Bush mua, ʻo Bill Clinton, ka lua o George Bush, a i kēia manawa. ʻO Barack Obama (ʻaʻole i hele ka Hope Kākau'ōlelo o ka Moku'āina e nānā i ke kikoo UN Report e pili ana i ka pepehi kanaka nui o Kagame ma DRC). He mea hoihoi nō hoʻi i ka ʻike ʻana i ka mālama ʻana o ka media i kēia "ʻano kanaka" hou loa me ka lokomaikaʻi New Yorker'Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Philip Gourevitch iā Kagame iā Abe Lincoln (ma kāna puke 1998 Makemake mākou e haʻi aku iā ʻoe i ka lā ʻapōpō e pepehi ʻia mākou me ko mākou ʻohana), a ʻo Stephen Kinzer e paʻi ana i kahi hagiography o kēia mea make o ka mana US (He Tausani Puʻu: ʻO ka hānau hou ʻana o Rwanda a me ke kanaka nāna i moeʻuhane [2008]).
ʻO kēia hōʻike UN leaked a me ka hoʻolaha maikaʻi ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke koho hoʻopunipuni a Kagame i ʻAukake 2010 hiki ke wehe i ka manaʻo nui i kahi hoʻokolokolo ʻoi aku ka pololei o kēia mea pepehi kanaka kākoʻo ʻia e US. Akā, ʻaʻole ia he mea maopopo, no ka mea, ʻo ka waiwai o kāna lawelawe ʻana i ka mana o ʻAmelika ma ʻApelika, a hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻokō hohonu o ka US i kahi moʻolelo i mālama ʻia a hoʻolaʻa i ke "kanaka i moeʻuhane" no nā makahiki he nui.
[ ʻO Edward S. Herman lāua ʻo David Peterson nā hoa kākau o ʻO ke kālai'āina o ka pepehi kanaka, i paʻi ʻia ma 2010 e Monthly Review Press. ]
ʻO Edward S. Herman lāua ʻo David Peterson, "Paul Kagame: 'ʻO kā mākou ʻano kanaka'," Z Magazine, ʻOkakopa, 2010.
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
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