Puna: Inequality.org
Ua koʻikoʻi ka waiwai ma ʻAmelika - a nui loa - i nā makahiki he ʻehā i hala. Mai ka makahiki 1980, ʻike ʻO nā mea noiʻi waiwai ʻo Emmanuel Saez lāua ʻo Gabriel Zucman, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka 0.1 pakeneka o ka waiwai o ka lāhui i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pālua, mai lalo o 10 pakeneka ma 1980 a ma luna o 20 pakeneka i kēia lā. I loko o kahi ʻāina ʻoi aku ma mua o 125 miliona mau hale, hoʻokahi wale nō ʻumi kaukani o kēlā mau hale - ma kahi o 12,500 - ke mālama nei i kēia manawa ma luna o 10 pakeneka o kā mākou waiwai.
Akā hiki anei i nā abstractions helu e like me kēia ke kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo maoli i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka like ʻole i loaʻa iā ʻAmelika? A i ʻole kēia mau helu, he mea ʻike ʻole?
E hele mai kākou i kēia mai kahi ʻokoʻa iki. E nānā kākou i nā ʻohana ʻAmelika waiwai maoli.
Forbes Ke nānā nei ka magazine i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka waiwai nui o ko mākou lāhui mai 400. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka makahiki 1982 a me 1982. Forbes i nā papa inoa, hiki iā mākou ke kiʻi i kahi kiʻi nani loa o ke ʻano o nā ʻohana waiwai loa o ʻAmelika i nā makahiki i hala. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i ka Forbes ʻikepili e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai nui o ka mea mua a me ka Gilded Age o kēia lā.
ʻO ke kikowaena Forbes ʻO ka papa inoa o ka waiwai i ka makahiki 1982, ua hoʻokomo pono ʻia nā helu waiwai no ʻelua pūʻulu o nā moʻokūʻauhau waiwai intergenerational: ʻo ka poʻe i loaʻa ka waiwai ma mua o 1900 - nā ʻohana e like me nā Rockefellers a me nā Du Ponts - a ʻo ka poʻe i pua nui i ka makahiki 1982, e like me nā Waltons o Walmart a ke aupuni candy Mars. ʻO ka 2019 Forbes ʻO ka papa inoa, ʻo ia hoʻi, hāʻawi i nā helu e kōkua iā mākou e ʻimi i ka ulu ʻana o kēlā pūʻulu lua o nā dynasties.
Me kēia ʻike a pau, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohālikelike i ka hopena o ka Rockefellers a me Du Ponts ma waena o ka Gilded Age mua a me 1982 i ka hopena o ka lua o ka lua o nā moʻomeheu waiwai intergenerational ma waena o 1982 a i kēia lā.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia.
I ka makahiki 1982, ua lanakila nā ʻohana kahiko ʻo Rockefeller a me Du Pont i ka mua Forbes 400, me 13 Rockefellers a me 27 Du Ponts e hana ana i ka papa inoa. ʻO 13 Rockefellers i helu ʻia e Forbes paʻa ka waiwai o $2.85 biliona. Hōʻike ʻia ka Du Ponts i ka makahiki 1982 Forbes paʻa ka papa inoa he $5.13 biliona. I ka makahiki 1982, Forbes Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā mamo a pau e ola ana i kēlā manawa a Pierre Samuel duPont de Nemours, ma kahi o 1,700 o lākou, ua paʻa ka waiwai hui ʻia he $10 biliona.
Pehea e hoʻohālikelike ai kēia ʻupena ʻo Rockefeller a me Du Pont i ka makahiki 1982 me ka ʻupena ʻo Rockefeller a me Du Pont ma ka hope o ka makahiki Gilded? I ka makahiki 1918, ua lele ka waiwai o ka US ma kahi o $200 biliona. ʻO John D. Rockefeller, e like me ka mea o kēia wā Forbes ana, hoʻomalu i $1.2 biliona i ka waiwai i kēlā manawa, hāʻawi iā ia ma luna o ka hapalua o ka 1 pakeneka o ka waiwai holoʻokoʻa o ka lāhui.
I ka makahiki 1982, ua emi iho ka waiwai o ka ʻohana Rockefeller ma mua o 90 pakeneka, emi iho malalo o ka iwakalua o ka 1 pakeneka o ka waiwai a pau o Amerika.
Pēlā nō, i ka makahiki 1929, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai o ka ʻāina ma kahi o $350 biliona. I kēlā manawa, paʻa paʻa ka waihona o ka hui DuPont i loko o ka ʻohana Du Pont, a ʻo ia ka mea e paʻakikī ai ka waiwai nui o ka Du Ponts. Akā ʻike mākou ua paʻa ka hui ʻo DuPont i kahi 36 pakeneka o ka General Motors i kēlā manawa, kahi hui he $ 3.1 biliona. Inā mākou e hoʻohui i ka waiwai o ka DuPont chemical empire, ʻo ka ʻohana Du Pont ʻohana o ka waiwai o ka lāhui i ka makahiki 1929 he 1 pakeneka paha, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hapaʻumi o 1 pākēneka o nā Du Ponts i mālama ʻia ma 1982.
I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ma ka ʻaha hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika, ʻo ka waiwai o ka Gilded Age mua loa de-concentrated i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20 ma mua o 1982.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1980, ua hoʻomaka hou ka waiwai o ʻAmelika.
ʻO ka Institute for Policy Studies Piliona Bonanza Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike i ka makahiki i hala he 15 mau ʻohana waiwai waiwai nona ka poʻe waiwai loa i ʻike ʻia ma 1982 a me 2018. Forbes 400 papa inoa. Ma waena o kēia mau ʻohana, ʻekolu - ka Walton, Koch, a me Mars dynasties - ua ʻike i kā lākou waiwai e hoʻonui kokoke. 6,000 pakeneka mai 1982. ʻO kēia mau aliʻi aliʻi ʻekolu i kēia manawa he $348.7 biliona.
A pehea ka ʻāpana o ka waiwai o ka lāhui i paʻa i kēia mau ʻohana? ʻO ka ʻāpana waiwai i mālama ʻia e nā ʻohana Walton, Mars, a me Koch, ua hoʻonui ʻia he 29-fold, 9-fold a me 11-fold, mai ka makahiki 1982.
ʻAʻole hoʻonui wale nā ʻohana waiwai o ʻAmelika i kā lākou ʻāpana o ka waiwai o ka lāhui. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi: ʻO nā hoʻoilina hoʻokahi o nā aliʻi waiwai hou Forbes i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1982, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai o ka lāhui i kēia lā ma mua o ka poʻe kūpuna nāna i hana i kēia mau aliʻi.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa kēlā me ka waiwai o Rockefeller a me Du Pont. ʻO ka waiwai pilikino nui a John D. Rockefeller i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, ma mua i kāna mau keiki, a laila i kā lākou mau keiki. Ma ke kolu o ka hanauna, ʻaʻohe kanaka ʻo Rockefeller i loaʻa ka waiwai pilikino - a me kahi ʻāpana o ka waiwai o ka lāhui - ma kahi kokoke i ka waiwai a me ka waiwai a John D. i paʻa ponoʻī.
Ma ka ʻohana Du Pont, ʻo ka hoʻoilina waiwai loa ʻo Du Pont ma 1982 Forbes papa inoa - Lammot du Pont Copeland - paʻa i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka waiwai o ka ʻāina i kaʻana ʻia e kona ʻanakala ʻo Pierre i hoʻomalu ʻia i ka makahiki Gilded. Pehea ka liʻiliʻi? Ua ʻoi aku ka waiwai o Pierre ma mua o ko Lammot ma mua o 100 mau manawa.
E hoʻohālikelike i kēlā me ke ala o ka waiwai o ka ʻohana Walton ma hope o 1982. ʻO nā keiki ola ʻekolu o ka moʻolelo ʻo Sam Walton e paʻa ana i ka ʻāpana o ka waiwai o ka lāhui ma mua o ʻewalu mau manawa i paʻa ʻia e ko lākou ʻelemakule ma 1982. ʻO Lukas Walton, ka moʻopuna a Sam, nā haʻuki. he ʻupena waiwai ʻoi aku ma mua o $18 biliona a ʻo kahi ʻāpana o ka waiwai ʻAmelika kokoke i ʻekolu ʻekolu o ka waiwai i mālama ʻia e kona kupuna kāne.
E hoʻomau ʻia ke alahele o kēia manawa? E paʻa anei ko mākou mau ʻohana waiwai loa i nā ʻāpana waiwai o ka ʻāina, me kēlā me kēia lālā o kēia mau ʻohana e paʻa ana kēlā me kēia waiwai i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ko lākou mau kūpuna pōmaikaʻi? He hanauna mai kēia manawa, e loaʻa anei i nā moʻopuna a Sam Walton ka ʻāpana nui o ka waiwai o ka lāhui ma mua o Sam i ka makahiki 1982?
Inā ʻaʻole e loli ke kulekele ʻauhau ʻAmelika, ʻo nā pane i kēlā mau nīnau he "ʻae."
No laila e hoʻololi kākou i kēlā kulekele. E ʻauhau i kā mākou mau piliona kālā!
ʻO Bob Lord, he hoa hui no ka Institute for Policy Studies, hana i ke kānāwai ʻauhau ma Phoenix.
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
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