Ua hōʻike lōʻihi aku ka poʻe naʻauao o ʻAmelika a me ka poʻe paʻi ʻoihana, me nā ʻelele ʻoi aku o kēia mau pūʻulu i ka mahalo nui i nā luna koa kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāina. He ʻokoʻa ka poʻe kālai'āina, hele ka moʻolelo, kū nā generals a me admirals ma luna o ka hakakā ʻana ma ke ʻano he mau ʻelele maoli a me ka manaʻo ʻole o ka pono aupuni. ʻO kā lākou ʻike nui i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka wā kaua e hāʻawi iā lākou i ka ʻike like ʻole i ka wā e pili ana i nā kulekele ʻē aʻe o US.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā manaʻo o ka "makemake aupuni" a me ka "ʻike" inevitably e mau ʻole i loko o ka ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻohe kūkākūkā e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka nui a me ka hakakā pinepine ʻana i nā pono kūloko i kahi hui e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka lehulehu honua, a pehea paha ka ʻokoʻa o nā pono pilikino ponoʻī o kēlā mau kenerala, a kūʻē pinepine ʻia, ka poʻe o ka pūʻali koa kūlana a me ka makemake o ka lehulehu ma ka US a me nā ʻāina kahi e hana ai ka pūʻali koa US. ʻAʻohe kūkākūkā e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka "ʻike" o nā pūkaua, a i ʻole i ʻae ʻia e kēlā ʻike i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoholo i nā pilikia e pili ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pono a me ke kānāwai. Akā, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēlā ʻike i ke ao holoʻokoʻa e hoʻohana ʻia i ka lawelawe ʻana i ka "makemake aupuni," a no laila ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.
ʻO nā kaua koʻikoʻi ʻelua e hana nei ʻo US i kēia manawa hāʻawi i nā hiʻohiʻona he nui. ʻO nā luna koa o kēia manawa ua lilo i waena o nā leo hawkish i nā pōʻai elite, ʻoiai inā he naʻauao pinepine lākou e kaupalena i ko lākou mau makemake i ka mea a lākou e manaʻo ai he "hiki ke hoʻokō." Na Generala Tommy Franks, John Abizaid, a ʻO David Petraeus Ua kū'ē ikaika lākou a pau i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻali koa mai Iraq mai, ʻoiai ʻo Petraeus, Gen. Stanley McChrystal, a me nā Luna Nui Hui Pū ʻIa Mike Mullen kekahi o nā leo nui loa e kāhea ana i kahi pūʻali koa US nui aʻe ma Afghanistan. A e like me Tom Engelhardt kaulana i kēia mau lā, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o nā luna koa a me kā lākou "chorus of military intellectuals" i loko o ka nūpepa nui a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa me he mea lā ua piʻi wikiwiki i nā makahiki i hala iho nei [1].
Akā, e like me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana hewa a me ka imperialism o ʻAmelika iā George W. Bush, ʻaʻole hoʻi he ʻano manaʻo hoʻomāinoino i waena o nā lālā o ka pūʻali koa. E koho i kekahi mau laʻana:
- Nui ʻO Leslie Groves, me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka poʻe kivila a me ka pūʻali koa, he mea kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana e hoʻolei i ʻelua mau pōkā atomika ma nā kikowaena kīwila o Hiroshima a me Nagasaki i ka makahiki 1945.
- I ka wā o ke Kaua Korea, General Douglas MacArthur Ua kākoʻo ikaika i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kaua nuklea e kūʻē iā North Korea
- January Curtis LeMay, kekahi ʻenekinia ʻē aʻe o ke Kaua Korea a me ka luna hoʻomalu o nā kīwila he nui o Iapana i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, i kekahi manawa i ʻōlelo ʻo "[t]ʻaʻohe kanaka kīwila hala ʻole" a "ʻaʻole ia he pilikia nui iaʻu i ka pepehi ʻana i ka mea i kapa ʻia. ka poʻe i hala ʻole" [2]
- I ka makahiki 1980, nā alakaʻi koa e like me Rear Admiral John Poindexter a me Lt. Konela Oliver Akau Ua kōkua ʻo ia i ka hāʻawi kālā ʻana i ke kānāwai no nā hana hoʻoweliweli ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa
I kāna 1956 kahiko Ka Mana Elite, ʻo C. Wright Mills ka mea kālaiʻāina i haʻi ʻia e pili ana i ke kuleana o nā luna koa i ka hana ʻana i nā kulekele ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika: “Mai ka manaʻo o ka poʻe kālai'āina, ʻo ke generala a i ʻole admiral i hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia he mea hoʻokō maikaʻi loa i nā kulekele… hana o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa kulekele, peʻe ma hope o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻike pūʻali koa" [3].
ʻO ka mea a Mills i ʻike ai i ka hapalua o ka makahiki i hala aku nei e mau nei ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kēia lā: ʻo nā pūʻali koa a me nā luna kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe e lawelawe mau nei e kōkua i nā kulekele hoʻokūkū kūpono, militaristic ma waho, me nā kaua i kēia manawa ma Iraq a me Afghanistan he mau hiʻohiʻona nui. He nui ka poʻe kālai'āina i kēia lā e haʻi i kēia mau alakaʻi koa e hōʻoia i kā lākou kākoʻo ponoʻī no ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hana ma Iraq a me Afghanistan. ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻopaʻa pio ʻia ana ʻo Pelekikena Obama a me nā luna kīwila e nā luna koa aloha kaua e kūʻē i ko lākou makemake, he kiʻi kūpono ia no ka poʻe apologi Democratic, akā mālama ʻole i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e paʻa mau ana ka pelekikena a me nā alakaʻi kīwila i ka mana hoʻoholo hope loa ma luna o ka pūʻali koa.
ʻO kekahi mau hanana mai nā makahiki i hala iho nei e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka hoʻomana ʻana o nā mea hoʻopuka koʻikoʻi i nā luna koa. I ka wā o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o Iraq i Kepakemapa 2007, ua paʻi ka hui liberal MoveOn i kahi hoʻolaha ma ka New York Times e pili ana iā General David Petraeus ma ke ʻano he General "Betray-Us," nāna i "kuʻi i nā puke no ka Hale Paʻa" e pili ana i ke kūlana ma Iraq. He wikiwiki a maopopo ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻolaha, me ka nui o nā mea hoʻopuka e hoʻopiʻi nei iā MoveOn no ke kipi no ka manaʻo e loaʻa i kahi pūʻali koa US kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i ka makemake o ka lāhui. ʻO ka moho pelekikena Demokarata ʻo Hillary Clinton hai aku ʻo ia "e hoʻāhewa i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻole i ka aloha ʻāina a me ka lawelawe ʻana o kēlā me kēia mea i ʻaʻahu i ka ʻaʻahu o ko mākou ʻāina," a ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku ka ʻoi loa o ka hoʻāhewa ʻana mai nā Repubalika [4]. (Ma kahi epilogue hoihoi akā ʻaʻole kānalua i ka moʻolelo, ʻo MoveOn ka mea weheʻia kekahi ʻōlelo o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa hoʻolaha mai kāna pūnaewele ma hope koke o ko Obama koho ʻia ʻana o Petraeus i ka makahiki 2010 o Petraeus ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi ma Afghanistan - e hōʻike hou ana, inā he kānalua, ka lapuwale loa o nā ʻano ʻēheu ʻākau o ka kūpaʻa-Democratic MoveOn ma ke ʻano he "ʻēheu hema" a i ʻole "progressive").
ʻO ka makahiki i hala aku nei, he hōʻike i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi hōʻino nui - ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hana ka Pentagon ma ka liʻiliʻi 75 mau luna koa kahiko e hāʻawi i nā nīnauele media e kākoʻo ana i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o 2003 i Iraq-me he mea lā ua hana liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻohaunaele ʻana i ka mahalo o ka poʻe naʻauao, nā mea nūpepa, a me nā kālai'āina no nā luna koa kiʻekiʻe [5]. ʻO ke kauwela 2010 ka hoʻokuke ʻia ʻana o Stanley McChrystal no nā ʻōlelo hōʻole e pili ana iā Obama, a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa haʻahaʻa o McChrystal i hele pū me ia, ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻē aʻe i kēia ʻano, no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa i ke ʻano "hana ʻole" o ka lehulehu ma mua o kāna mau hewa koʻikoʻi loa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole like loa ka hoʻolohe ʻana i nā pūʻali koa a me nā keleawe pūʻali koa me ka hoʻolohe ʻana i "ka pūʻali koa," no ka mea, ʻo ia mau kāne ke hōʻike nei i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi a kaʻawale o ka pūʻali koa. Hele pinepine mai lākou mai ka papa kiʻekiʻe o ka hui, ʻaʻole lākou e hakakā, a ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou mau makemake - a kūʻē pinepine i ka makemake o nā kāne a me nā wahine i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i haku i ke kūlana a me ka faila, ka mea i hele mua mai ka hana. papa a me ka mea hana i ka hakaka maoli. Ma kahi o ka manawa hoʻokahi e kāhea ana nā pūʻali koa i nā pūʻali koa hou aʻe ma Iraq, ʻo Pepeluali 2006 Zogby/LeMoyne College. piʻi Ua ʻike ʻo 72 ka nui o nā pūʻali koa ikaika o US ma Iraq i makemake e haʻalele i ka hopena o 2006 [6]. No kēia kumu pololei, ʻo ka pūʻali koa US, e like me ka hapa nui o nā pūʻali koa, he kūʻē i ka democratic: inā loaʻa nā koa US i ko lākou ala, ua haʻalele ka US mai Iraq i nā makahiki i hala. ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻohaumia nui o nā koa US he nui i ke kūʻē kūʻē ʻana o nā koa he nui i hoʻi i ke kaua, a me ka hōʻole ʻana o nā koa koa he nui e hoʻolele a hoʻihoʻi hou i Iraq. I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻopiʻi nā kaukani o ka pūʻali koa US i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo no ka "hoʻihoʻi koke ʻana i nā pūʻali koa ʻAmelika āpau a me nā waihona mai Iraq." [7]. Iraq Veterans ku ka War (IVAW) a me nā hui liʻiliʻi he mau tausani o nā lālā a ua kāhea aku no ka haʻalele koke ʻana mai Iraq a me Afghanistan. ʻO ia mau pūʻulu kekahi i hoʻopuka i ke kanaka waiwai nui hōʻikeʻike e pili ana i na mea maoli o ke kaua.ʻO kēia mau leo o nā koa, i mālama ʻole ʻia a hoʻohenehene ʻia paha e ka poʻe paʻi hui, pono e hoʻolaha ʻia a ākea.
ʻO ka haʻi ʻana i ke keleawe koa i ka wā e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i ke kaua a me ka militarism e hōʻeha iaʻu i ka pilikia. Ua kuhikuhi pinepine ka poʻe hoʻohewa o ke Kaua Iraq i nā generals dissident e like me Brent Scowcroft a i ʻole William Odom e kūʻē i nā kulekele militarist paʻakikī o nā luna aupuni o kēia manawa a me kēia manawa [8]. ʻO ka haʻi ʻana i kēia poʻe he mea pono i ka wā pōkole, akā ʻo ka hana ʻana pēlā e hoʻopilikia ai i ka manaʻo kumu o ka elite pūʻali koa. ʻOiai ʻo ko lākou mau alakaʻi kūʻē kūʻē ʻoi loa e hoʻopaʻa mau nei i ka manaʻo e hiki a pono i ka US ke alualu i kahi papahana imperialist ma ka honua; ʻo ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka pehea, ʻaʻole inā, e alualu i kēlā kumuhana. ʻO ka pinepine o nā luna i ʻōlelo ʻia he ʻano haʻahaʻa a hoʻopuni ʻia i ʻōlelo ʻia he nui nā hewa i kā lākou moʻolelo. ʻO General Colin Powell, no ka laʻana, ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻia ma ke ʻano he leo haʻahaʻa no kāna "Powell Doctrine" i ʻōlelo aʻo e kūʻē i nā hana imperial i nele i nā pahuhopu maopopo; Ua kōkua ʻo Powell i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka legitimation koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Iraq ma 2003. Ua mahalo ʻo Dwight Eisenhower no kāna ʻōlelo aʻo mua i ka makahiki 1961 e "makaʻala i ka pūʻali koa-ʻoihana," i ʻae ʻia i nā hana huna ʻole ma Guatemala, Iran, Cuba, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. pinepine me nā hopena weliweli a lōʻihi no ka poʻe ma ia mau ʻāina. ʻO Ex-Marine Martin Smith, he lālā o Iraq Veterans Against the War, memo ʻO ka mea hoʻohewa o ke Kaua Iraq ʻo Gen. William Odom he ʻoiaʻiʻo "he hawk Cold War" a "ua kūpaʻa ʻo ia i ka hegemony US ma ka [Middle East], akā ma o nā ʻano like ʻole." Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Smith:
ʻO ka hana holoʻokoʻa o Odom a me kāna hoʻomau mau ʻana i ka noho aliʻi ʻana o ʻAmelika i ka Middle East e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka ʻae ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i ka papahana nui o ka US imperialism, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa lākou i nā ala maikaʻi loa e alualu ai i kēlā mau pahuhopu… E hoʻomanaʻo i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo naʻauao i hāʻawi ʻia iaʻu ma ke ʻano he pilikino i loko o ka Marine Corps: E makaʻala i ka mea me nā kaola a i ʻole nā hōkū ma ko lākou mau kola. ʻAʻole pono mākou i kahi laulā e hōʻoia i kā mākou kāhea no ka haʻalele koke ʻana. [9]
ʻO ka manaʻo he hewa ʻole nā luna koa i ka wā e pili ana i nā nīnau pili i ka pono, kānāwai, a i ʻole ka pūʻali koa, a i ʻole ke manaʻo ʻana aia lākou i ka "manaʻo aupuni" ma ka puʻuwai, ʻoi aku ka lapuwale-a ʻoi aku ka pōʻino-ma mua o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka hewa hewa i ka Pope. ʻO ka haʻi ʻana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa a nā luna koa kūʻē i hiki ke kōkua i ka wā pōkole inā hiki ke hana pēlā ke kōkua i ke kaupalena ʻana i ka nui o ka hoʻouka kaua a me ka imperialism. Akā, ʻaʻole pono mākou e hoʻopunipuni iā mākou iho ua lawa kēlā mau ʻōlelo hoʻohewa.
Notes:
*E unuhi ʻia nā ʻāpana o kēia moʻomanaʻo blog mai kahi puke liʻiliʻi o Mei 2007 na nā Haumāna o Wesleyan University's for Ending the War in Iraq, loaʻa. maanei.
[1] Englehardt, "E pani anei ko kakou mau Generala? ʻO ka Media Megaphone a me ka US Global Military Presence, " ʻO TomDispatch, 7 Kepakemapa 2010.
[2] Haʻi ʻia ma Michael S. Sherry, ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka Air Power ʻAmelika: ʻO ka hana ʻana o Armageddon (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 287.
[3] Ka Mana Elite(Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000 [1956]), 200.
[4] 'E hui i ka Press' transcript no Sept. 23, 2007 (Sen. Hillary Clinton, DN.Y., a me Alan Greenspan ka luna ho'omalu Federal Federal).
[5] "Nā Pundits Pentagon: New York Times Ua lanakila ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo David Barstow i ka makana Pulitzer no ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hoʻolaha Media Pro-War Propaganda Media. ʻO ka Democracy Nei! 8 Mei 2009. Ua hoʻopau ʻo Engelhardt me ka haʻahaʻa: "ʻAʻohe mea i loko o ka moʻolelo e hōʻike ana e hoʻolohe kekahi i ka ʻōlelo a kēia mau kānaka [nā luna koa]. ʻAʻohe mea i loko o ka moʻolelo e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole e lilo ʻo Wakinekona i mau pepeiao āpau" a "ʻaʻole e noho mau ka media i kahi ala hoihoi." ("E pani anei ko kakou mau Generala?")
[6] "ʻO nā pūʻali koa US ma Iraq: 72% E ʻōlelo e hoʻopau i ke kaua ma 2006," 28 Feb. 2006 [online]. Loaʻa iā 16 Dec. 2006 mai http:// www.zogby.com/search/ReadNews.dbm?ID=1075.
[7] "He hoʻopiʻi no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana mai ke kaua ma Iraq" [online]. Loaʻa i ka makahiki 2007 mai http:// www.appealforredress.org/. (Ua pau ka loulou i kēia manawa.)
[8] Ma Odom e ʻike iā Martin Smith, "The Democrats' Favorite General," Limahana hana ʻoihana 674 (Iune 10, 2008).
[9] Smith, "Ke Generala punahele a na Demokarata."
Hāʻawi kālā ʻia ʻo ZNetwork ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kāna poʻe heluhelu.
E Makana mai