A karshen yakin cacar baka, Amurkawa sun ce eh ga karfin soja. Shakku game da makamai da sojojin da suka mamaye gwajin Amurka daga kafuwar sa, ya ɓace. Shugabannin siyasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, sun shaku da karfin soja.
Al'amarin da ya biyo baya yana da kuma yana ci gaba da samun gafala, irin na Gatsby, sha'awar da aka bi ta yin watsi da duk wani sakamako da zai iya faruwa. Kadan daga cikin masu mulki ne suka fito fili suka yi la'akari da ko daraja ikon soji don kansa ko kuma haɓaka matsayin soja na dindindin na duniya na iya yin hannun riga da ƙa'idodin Amurka. Lallai, wani abu mai ban mamaki game da yunƙurin Amurka ga yaƙi da yaƙi shine rashin rashin yarda da kowane ɗan siyasa na gaske ya bayar.
Misali, lokacin da Sanata John Kerry, dan Democrat na Massachusetts, ya tsaya takarar shugabancin kasa a shekara ta 2004, ya tsara bambance-bambancen da ke tsakaninsa da manufofin tsaron kasa na George W. Bush ta fuskar dabaru maimakon ka’idoji na farko. Kerry bai yi shakkar hikimar sanya martanin Amurka game da abubuwan da suka faru na 9/11 a matsayin 'yakin duniya da ta'addanci' na tsawon tsararraki ba. Ba fatan yakin basasa ba ne ya jawo fushin Kerry. Sai dai gaskiyar cewa an 'yi mummunar sarrafa yaƙi da kuma gurfanar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba.' Kerry ya caccaki Bush ne saboda a nasa ra'ayin, sojojin Amurka a Iraki ba su da 'shiri da kayan aikin da suke bukata don yaki yadda ya kamata.' Bush yana tsammanin sojoji kaɗan ne za su yi yawa da kaɗan. Bayyana cewa 'kyar da sojojin mu da kuma kiyaye sojojin mu a matsayin tsaro kamar yadda za su iya zama ya kamata su kasance mafi girman fifikonmu,' Kerry ya yi alkawari idan aka zabe shi zai gyara wadannan kurakuran. Amurkawa za su iya dogara ga Shugaba Kerry don fadada sojojin da kuma inganta karfinsu na yaki.
Amma duk da haka akan wannan ma'aunin kishin Kerry gabaɗaya ana iya faɗi. Hanya ce ta dan takarar da ke nuna cewa yana kan tsaro kuma ba shi da niyyar ficewa daga yarjejeniyar tsaro ta kasa da ake yi.
A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, manyan 'yan siyasa a yau suna ɗauka a matsayin ganin cewa ƙarfin sojan Amurka abu ne mai kyau wanda bai cancanta ba, shaida na fifikon Amurka. Suna ganin wannan karfin makamai a matsayin mabudin samar da odar kasa da kasa wanda ya dace da kimar Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon wannan yarjejeniya a cikin karni na kwata da ya gabata shine mayar da manufofin Amurka da kuma karfafa dabi'un da ke nuna cewa al'ummar Amurka da kanta suna daɗaɗawa da girman kai a matsayin ikon soja ba tare da dangi ba.
Nawa ne Isasshen?
Wannan sabon salon sojan Amurka yana bayyana kansa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Yana yin haka, da farko, a cikin iyaka, farashi, da kuma tsarin kafa sojojin Amurka na yau.
A cikin ƙarni biyu na farko na tarihin Amurka, shugabannin siyasa a Washington sun ƙididdige girma da ƙarfin ayyukan sojan Amurka bisa ayyukan tsaro da ke kan gaba. Mummunan barazana ga zaman lafiyar al'umma na iya buƙatar babban tsarin soja mai ƙarfi. Idan babu irin wannan barazanar, masu tsara manufofi sun rage wannan kafa yadda ya kamata. Tare da wucewar rikici, sojojin da aka tayar don rikicin ya ƙare nan da nan. Wannan ya kasance a cikin 1865, a cikin 1918, da 1945.
Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, bayan da Amurka ta yi watsi da wannan ka'ida kuma ta himmatu a matsayin wani lamari na siyasa don kiyaye karfin soja fiye da na duk wani mai son zama abokin gaba ko kuma zai iya zama abokin gaba. hade da abokan gaba. Wannan alƙawarin ya sami nau'i mai ƙima da ƙima, tare da kafa rundunar sojan Amurka ta ƙasƙantar da na ko da na kusa da Amurka. Don haka, yayin da sojojin ruwan Amurka ke kiyayewa da sarrafa jimillar manyan jiragen sama guda goma sha biyu, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Biritaniya ba ta da ko ɗaya - hakika, a cikin dukkan jiragen yaƙi na duniya babu wani jirgin ruwa da zai iya kama da Nimitz. -Mai ɗaukar nauyi, yana auna kusan tan dubu casa'in da bakwai cikakkun lodi, wanda ya fi tsayin filayen ƙwallon ƙafa uku, yana tafiya cikin sauri sama da kulli talatin, kuma yana aiki da injin sarrafa makamashin nukiliya wanda ke ba shi radius na aiki na gaske. A yau, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta mallaki jiragen sama sama da na Royal Air Force gabaɗaya - kuma Amurka tana da wasu manyan sojojin sama guda biyu ma fi girma, ɗayan wani muhimmin ɓangare na sojojin ruwa da ɗayan da aka ayyana a matsayin Rundunar Sojan Sama a hukumance. Lallai, dangane da adadin maza da mata da ke sanye da rigar, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta kai rabin sojojin Biritaniya-kuma ma'aikatar Pentagon tana da na biyu, har ma mafi girma 'dakaru' a zahiri ana kiranta Sojojin Amurka - wanda shi ma. tana gudanar da nata 'karfin iska' na wasu jiragen sama dubu biyar.
Duk waɗannan manyan ayyuka da yawa suna kashe kuɗi. Musamman ma, kasafin kudin Pentagon na yau, wanda aka daidaita don hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, ya kai kashi 12 cikin ɗari fiye da matsakaicin kasafin tsaro na lokacin Yaƙin Yaƙi. A cikin 2002, kashe kuɗin tsaron Amurka ya zarce kashi ashirin da biyar a hade kasafin kudin tsaro na 'jahohin 'yan damfara' guda bakwai sannan suka kunshi jerin sunayen makiya Amurka. Lallai, ta wasu ƙididdiga, Amurka tana kashe kuɗi don tsaro fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya tare. Wannan lamari ne wanda ba shi da tarihin tarihi.
Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga dukkan alamu, gibin kuɗin da ake kashewa na soji tsakanin Amurka da sauran ƙasashe zai ƙara faɗaɗa har yanzu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Hasashen haɓakar kasafin kuɗin tsaro zai haɓaka kashe kashen Pentagon a zahiri zuwa matakin da ya fi yadda yake a lokacin Reagan. A cewar tsare-tsaren dogon zango da Pentagon ta sanar, nan da shekara ta 2009 kasafin kudinta zai zarce matsakaicin yakin cacar baka da kashi 23 cikin XNUMX - duk da cewa babu wani abu da ya yi kama da wanda ake kira abokin takara. Ko da yake abin mamakin wannan gaskiyar zai iya zama kamar, yana haifar da ɗan sharhi, ko dai daga shugabannin siyasa ko kuma 'yan jarida. Ana ɗaukarsa kawai. Gaskiyar ita ce, babu wani mahallin ma'ana da Amurkawa za su yi la'akari da tambayar 'Nawa ya isa?'
A kowace rana, menene waɗannan runduna masu tsada suke yi? A taƙaice, ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro da dukkan sassanta, kariya ga kowane alkaluman ba kamar yadda ake tunani ba. Babban manufar kafa sojan Amurka mai nisa shine hasashen ikon duniya, wanda aka fahimce shi da kyau a kowane bangare na al'ummar Amurka. Don ba da shawarar cewa sojojin Amurka sun zama 'yan sanda a duniya na iya ɗan wuce gona da iri, amma kaɗan.
Wannan fiye da shekaru goma bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet Amurka na ci gaba da rike sansanoni da dakarun soji a kasashe da dama - ta hanyar wasu ƙididdiga sama da ɗari gabaɗaya - ya haifar da ƙaramin cece-kuce, duk da cewa yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe. suna da cikakkiyar damar samar da bukatun tsaro na kansu. Wannan ko da ban da yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma bin 'yan ta'adda, sojojin Amurka suna ci gaba da yawo a duniya - horo, motsa jiki, tsarawa, da aikawa - ba su da wani sanarwa (kuma a wasu lokuta ƙasa) daga matsakaicin Amurkawa fiye da kasancewar ɗan sanda a kan. kusurwar titin birni. Tun ma kafin Pentagon ta ba wa kanta manufa ta 'sanya' yanayin kasa da kasa, 'yan siyasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, sun cimma fahimtar juna cewa watsar da sojojin Amurka a duniya don kamewa, zaburarwa, tasiri, lallashi, ko cajole biya rabon. Ko akwai wata alaƙa tsakanin wannan ɗimbin ɗimbin sojojin da aka tura gaba a gefe guda da kyama ga Amurka a ketare a daya bangaren ya kasance abin ƙyama.
Neman Mulkin Soja
Gaskiyar da ba za a iya tantama ba na fifikon sojan Amurka a duniya yana shafar tunanin hafsan hafsoshi. Ga ma'aikatan da ke dauke da makamai, rinjaye ya zama tushen tushe ko wurin tashi daga inda za a auna tsayin daka na mafi girman karfin soja. Lallai, ayyuka sun zo suna kallon girman kai a matsayin isa kawai kuma duk wani shakku a ƙoƙarin ƙara girman girman matsayin shaida na koma baya.
Don haka, bisa ga wani bincike na yau da kullun game da makomar sojojin ruwan Amurka, 'mafificin teku da ya fara daga layukan tekunmu da kuma shimfidawa zuwa gidajen wasan kwaikwayo masu nisa, wani sharadi ne da ya wajaba don kare Amurka' Tabbas, sojojin ruwan Amurka sun riga sun mallaki fifikon duniya ba tare da wata tambaya ba; ainihin ma'anar binciken shine yin jayayya ga gaggawa na haɓaka haɓakawa ga wannan fifiko. Jami'in-marubutan wannan binciken sun bayyana kwarin gwiwa cewa idan aka ba da isassun kuɗi Sojojin ruwa na iya samun fifiko mafi girma, wanda zai ba da damar Navy na gaba don jin daɗin 'madaidaicin wutar lantarki,'' sa ido sosai,' da kuma 'mafi girman ikon yanki na motsa jiki, ko teku, karkashin teku, ƙasa, iska, sararin samaniya ko sararin samaniya.' A cikin wannan binciken da kuma a kusan dukkanin sauran, tambayoyin siyasa da dabarun da ke cikin ra'ayin cewa fifiko a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na nesa ya zama abin da ake bukata na 'kare' an bar su suna bara - hakika, ba a gane su ba. A wasu lokuta, wannan neman mulkin soja yana ɗaukar ma'aunin galactic. Yarda da cewa Amurka tana jin daɗin 'fifi a fannoni da yawa na ikon sararin samaniya,' wani babban jami'in tsaro duk da haka ya koka da cewa "ba mu da mamayar sararin samaniya kuma ba mu da ikon sararin samaniya." Tun da sararin samaniya shine 'mafi girma mafi girma,' wanda dole ne Amurka ta sarrafa, ya bukaci a dauki matakin gaggawa don gyara wannan rashi. Idan ana maganar mulkin soja, fifiko kawai ba zai wadatar ba.
Sabuwar sojan Amurka kuma tana bayyana kanta ta hanyar haɓakar haɓakar yin amfani da ƙarfi, wanda ke jagorantar, a zahiri, ga daidaita yaƙi. Akwai wani lokaci a cikin abubuwan tunawa na baya-bayan nan, musamman yayin da abin da ake kira cutar ta Vietnam ya kamu da cutar ta Amurka, lokacin da gwamnatocin Republican da na Demokaradiyya suka kalli cikin tsananin fargaba da fatan tura sojojin Amurka aiki a kasashen waje. Tun da zuwan sabon Wilsonianism, duk da haka, kamun kai game da amfani da karfi ya ɓace. A duk lokacin yakin cacar baka, daga 1945 zuwa 1988, manyan ayyukan sojan Amurka a kasashen waje sun kai kimamin shida. Tun da faduwar bangon Berlin, duk da haka, sun zama kusan abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara. Takaitaccen lokacin da ya gudana daga 1989 na Operation Just Cause (hambare Manuel Noriega) zuwa 2003 na Operation Iraqi Freedom (hambarar da Saddam Hussein) ya ƙunshi manyan ayyukan soja guda tara. Kuma wannan ƙidayar ba ta haɗa da ƙananan ayyuka masu ƙididdigewa ba kamar hare-haren makami mai linzami na sa hannun Bill Clinton a kan wuraren da ba a sani ba a wuraren da ba a san su ba, harin bam na yau da kullun na Iraki a cikin ƙarshen 1990s, ko ayyukan yaƙin da suka ga GI da aka aika zuwa Rwanda, Colombia. , Gabashin Timor, da Philippines. Gabaɗaya, lokacin shiga tsakani na sojan Amurka bai zama komai ba.
Yayin da wannan jerin abubuwan da suka faru suka tsawaita, Amurkawa sun saba - watakila ma suna jin daɗin karantawa a cikin jaridun safiya sabbin rahotannin sojojin Amurka da ke ba da amsa ga wani rikici a wani gefen duniya. Kamar yadda rikicin ya zama yanayin da ake ganin ya zama na dindindin haka ma yaƙi ya yi. Gwamnatin Bush ta yarda da gaske sosai wajen bayyana yakin duniya na yaki da ta'addanci a matsayin rikici mai yuwuwa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata da kuma yada - da kuma aiwatar da Iraki - koyaswar yaki.
A zamanin da, masu tsara manufofin Amurka suna ɗaukar (ko aƙalla kamar suna bi) amfani da ƙarfi a matsayin shaida cewa diflomasiya ta gaza. A namu lokacin sun kammala (a cikin kalmomin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Dick Cheney) cewa tilasta 'ya sa aikin diflomasiyyar ku ya fi tasiri a gaba, magance wasu matsalolin.' Masu tsara manufofi sun ƙara zuwa ganin tilastawa a matsayin wani nau'in kayan aiki duka. A cikin masu tsara yakin Amurka, zato a yanzu ya samo asali ne cewa a duk lokacin da kuma a duk inda sojojin Amurka suka shiga tashin hankali, zai kasance sakamakon Amurka da sane da zabar kaddamar da yaki. Kamar yadda shugaba Bush ya bayyana, babban darasi na 9/11 shi ne cewa "dole ne kasar nan ta ci gaba da yin laifi kuma ta ci gaba da yin laifi." Yarda da jama'ar Amurka a shirye suke na yakin da ake yi ba tare da kawo karshensa ba da kuma manufar da ta yi watsi da ko da irin yadda Amurka ke fada da kare kai ko kallon yaki a matsayin mataki na karshe ya nuna karara yadda tsarin soja ya ci gaba.
Sabuwar Kyawun Yaki
Ƙarfafa wannan ƙaƙƙarfan tsinkayar makamai shine bayyanar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan na sabon salon yaƙi. Wannan shi ne nuni na uku na ci gaban soja.
Tsohuwar ƙawancen yaƙi na ƙarni na ashirin na ɗabi'a kamar dabbanci, rashin tausayi, ƙazanta, da sharar gida sun girma daga Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kamar yadda marubuta irin su Ernest Hemingway, Erich Maria Remarque, da Robert Graves suka bayyana. Yaƙin Duniya na II, Koriya, da Vietnam sun sake tabbatar da wannan kyakkyawa, a cikin yanayin ƙarshe tare da fina-finai kamar Apocalypse Yanzu, mutanena su ka, Da kuma Full Metal Jacket.
Haɗin kai na fasaha da yaƙi ya haifar da manyan gaskiya guda biyu. Na farko shi ne cewa fagen fama na zamani ya kasance wurin yanka, kuma yakin zamani wani shiri ne na halaka wanda ya cinye masu laifi da marasa laifi. Na biyu, wanda ya samo asali daga na farko, shi ne aikin soja kwarewa ne na wulakanci da cibiyoyi na soja saboda dabi'arsu ta zalunci da rashin mutuntaka. Bayan 1914, farkisanci ne kawai suka yi ƙarfin hali su ƙalubalanci waɗannan gaskiyar. Masu fasikanci ne kawai suka yi bikin yaki da kuma nuna sojoji a matsayin masu sa ido - kalaman hadin kan kasa da manufar gamayya wadanda suka share fagen bunkasa kasa. Don zama mai ci gaba na gaske, mai sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin ilhami, wayewar kai, shine ƙin irin wannan ra'ayi na rashin gaskiya.
Amma a farkon karni na ashirin da daya, wani sabon hoton yaki ya bullo, idan ba a kawar da tsohon ba a kalla yana aiki a matsayin kiba. Ga masu kallo da yawa, abubuwan da suka faru a shekarun 1990 sun nuna cewa yanayin yaƙi yana fuskantar babban canji. Zamanin dakaru masu yawa, wanda ya koma zamanin Napoleon, da kuma yakin injiniyoyi, wani yanki na masana'antu, yana zuwa ƙarshe. Wani sabon zamani na yaki na fasahar kere-kere, wanda kwararrun kwararru suka yi sanye da kayan yaki na 'masu wayo', ya fara. Bayyana sakamakon ya ƙarfafa ƙirƙirar sabon ƙamus na kalmomin soja: yaƙi ya zama aikin tiyata, rashin daidaituwa, na zamani, ko da m ko kama-da-wane. 'Diflomasiya ce ta tilastawa' - abin da ake yin atisayen ba don kashewa ba ne amma don lallashi. A ƙarshen karni na ashirin, Michael Ignatieff na Jami'ar Harvard ya kammala, yaƙi ya zama 'abin kallo'. Ta rikide ta zama wani nau'in 'wasanni' na 'yan kallo,' wanda ke ba da 'ƙarin jin daɗin cewa gaskiya ne ga wani, amma ba, da farin ciki, ga mai kallo ba.' Hatta ga mahalarta taron, faɗa ba ya nufin cewa za a mutu saboda wani dalili na zahiri, tun da ainihin ra'ayin 'hadaya cikin yaƙi ya zama abin ban mamaki ko kuma abin ban mamaki.'
Yaƙi a zamanin bayanan da aka yi alƙawarin kawar da duk 'la'akari da hazo da gogayya' waɗanda a al'adance suka sanya yaƙin keɓancewa. Kwamandojin Amurka, in ji Janar Tommy Franks, na iya tsammanin jin daɗin 'irin hangen nesa na Olympian da Homer ya ba allolinsa.'
A taƙaice, a farkon ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya na zamani na zamani-as-panacea ya kawar da yawancin kima da yaƙe-yaƙe na lalata-tsatsa na jini. Don haka aka sake tunani - kuma a cikin tabbacin da aka ba da cewa ana iya tsammanin Amurka za ta ci gaba da kasancewa kan wannan sabuwar hanyar yaki - rikice-rikicen makami ya dawo da martabar mutunci, har ma da jin dadi, cewa an yi tunanin masu fassarar adabi da fasaha na bala'in soja na karni na ashirin. sun rushe sau ɗaya kuma har abada. A cikin yanayin da ya dace, don dalilin da ya dace, yanzu ya zama, yaƙi zai iya ba da zaɓi mai kyau-mai tsada, mutuntaka, har ma da ban sha'awa. Tabbas, kamar yadda tseren Anglo-Amurka zuwa Bagadaza ya nuna a ƙarshe a cikin bazara na 2003, a idanun mutane da yawa, yaƙi ya sake zama babban fage, fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, ko kuma wata ƙila ta juyar da ɗan lokaci daga abubuwan ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa na rayuwar yau da kullun. . Kamar yadda wani mai kallo ya lura tare da amincewa, 'sha'awar jama'a game da fasahar whiz-bang na sojojin Amurka' ya zama 'kusan yara.' Ƙarfafa wannan ƙwazo shine tsammanin cewa yawancin Amurkawa za su iya dogaro da samun damar more wannan sabon nau'in yaƙi daga nesa mai aminci.
Matsayin Dabi'a na Soja
Wannan sabon kayan ado ya ba da gudummawa, bi da bi, don haɓaka haɓakar matsayi na cibiyoyin soja da sojoji da kansu, bayyanar ta huɗu na sabon salon sojan Amurka.
Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, kuri'un jin ra'ayin jama'a da ke nazarin halayen jama'a game da cibiyoyi na kasa sun kasance a kai a kai a sahun masu rike da makamai a kan gaba. Yayin da amincewa da bangaren zartarwa, Majalisa, kafofin watsa labarai, har ma da tsarin addini ke raguwa, amincewa ga sojoji yana ci gaba da hauhawa. In ba haka ba, suna cikin taka-tsan-tsan da zaburar da aljihunsu, Amurkawa suna dogara ga maza da mata da ke sanye da kayan aiki don yin abin da ya dace ta hanyar da ta dace saboda dalilan da suka dace. Amirkawa na fargabar cewa sauran al'umma na iya yin tagumi a kan gaɓar rugujewar ɗabi'a suna ta'azantar da kansu tare da tunanin cewa sabis ɗin da ke ɗauke da makamai ya kasance ma'ajiyar dabi'u na gargajiya da tsofaffin kyawawan halaye.
Amincewa da sojoji ya sami ƙarin magana a cikin yanayin ɗaga soja zuwa matsayi na gunkin ƙasa, apotheosis na duk abin da ke da kyau da kyau game da Amurka ta zamani. Maza da mata na jami'an tsaro, sun yi tururuwa Newsweek Bayan Operation Desert Storm, 'kamar zanen Norman Rockwell ya zo rayuwa. Sun kasance matasa, masu ƙarfin zuciya, kuma masu aiki tuƙuru, kuma sun ci gaba da harkokinsu cikin kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali.' Marubuci don Rolling Stone ya ba da rahoton bayan kwanan baya da tsawaita nutsewa cikin rayuwar soja cewa 'Sojoji ba shine mugun abin da mahaifina [an soji] ya zaci ba'; a maimakon haka 'irin Amurka da yakan zana lokacin da ya bayyana… kyakkyawan fatansa ga kasar.'
Dangane da daidaitattun siyasa na tsohuwar zamanin bayan Vietnam, sabis na makamai sun kasance mafaka ga masu fafutuka da masu tsatsauran ra'ayi waɗanda wataƙila ba za su iya yin hakan a zahiri ba. A farkon karni na ashirin da daya wani ra'ayi na daban ya dauka. Yanzu sojojin Amurka sun kasance 'wurin da kowa ya yi ƙoƙari sosai. Wurin da kowa… ya kalli juna. Wani wuri da mutane - masu hankali, masu basira - sun ce gaskiya cewa kudi ba shine abin da ya motsa su ba. Wurin da mutane suka yi magana a fili game da yadda suke ji.' Sojoji, ya zama cewa, ba wai kawai sun fi sauran mu kirki ba, har ma sun fi dacewa kuma sun fi farin ciki. Da yake la'akari da GI na gaba a Bagadaza a cikin Maris 2003, masanin tarihi kuma masanin tarihin soja Victor Davis Hanson ya ga wani abu fiye da sojoji a cikin yaki. Ya tabbatar da 'mafi girma a wurin aiki.' A cewar Hanson, ma'aikatan da ke dauke da makamai sun 'koyaushe daga sauran mu gungun jiga-jigan jiga-jigan' inda kyawawan dabi'un Amurkawa na farko suka ci gaba da bunkasa.
Sojoji sun kasance suna yin la'akari da wannan kimantawa na girman ɗabi'unsu. A cikin wani bincike na 2003 na jami'an soja, 'kashi biyu bisa uku [na wadanda aka zaba] sun ce suna tunanin membobin soja suna da matsayi mafi girma fiye da al'ummar da suke yi wa hidima… Da zarar sun shiga soja, mutane da yawa sun ce, mambobin suna kunshe a cikin al'ada mai daraja da daraja. halin kirki.' Irin waɗannan halayen suna barin hatta wasu manyan hafsoshi fiye da ɗan jin daɗi. Da yake lura da baƙin ciki cewa 'sojojin ba su zama wakilan mutanen da suke yi wa hidima ba,' Admiral Stanley Arthur mai ritaya ya bayyana damuwarsa cewa 'da yawa, da jami'ai sun fara jin cewa sun kasance na musamman, sun fi al'umma. suna hidima.' Irin waɗannan halayen, in ji Arthur, 'ba su da lafiya a cikin rundunar sojan da ke hidima ga dimokuradiyya.'
A cikin rayuwar jama'a a yau, yin biyayya ga waɗanda ke sanye da kayan aiki ya zama wajibi kuma wanda ba za a gafartawa zunubi ba shine a same shi da laifin kasa 'taimakawa sojoji'. A fagen siyasar bangaranci, 'Yancin siyasa sun nuna kwarewa sosai wajen yin amfani da wannan kuzarin, ba tare da kunya ba ga sojojin da kanta da kuma wadanda ke aiki a cikin jama'a a karkashin rashin fahimta, ragowar daga Vietnam, cewa sabis na makamai suna ƙarƙashinsa. kewaye daga Hagu mai adawa da sojoji.
A zahiri, babban tsarin dimokuradiyya - idan kawai don ceton kanta daga ɓarkewa - ya daɗe tun da tsarkake kansa daga duk wani son rai. "Mene ne ma'anar samun wannan kyakkyawan sojan da kuke magana akai," Madeleine Albright ta bukaci Janar Colin Powell, 'idan ba za mu iya amfani da shi ba?' Kamar yadda Shahararriyar Tambayar Albright ta tabbatar, idan ana maganar bayar da shawarar yin amfani da karfi, 'yan Democrat na iya zama da gaske gung ho. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na Republican, aƙalla sun kasance masu biyayya ga shugabannin soja kuma wataƙila sun fi son yin tambaya game da da'awar ƙwarewar soja.
Hatta a tsakanin masu fafutuka masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Hagu, kyamar sojan da aka yi a shekarun 1960 ta ba da damar samun ra'ayi mara kyau. Ko da yake an sha wuya don daidaita da'awar mazan jiya masu girman kai na kasancewa ɗaya tare da sojoji, masu ci gaba sun fahimci yuwuwar yin amfani da sabis na makamai don ciyar da nasu manufa. Masu kyautatawa suna so su yi amfani da ikon soja don ƙoƙarinsu na yin nagarta. Don haka mafi yawan kiraye-kirayen shiga tsakani na Amurka a kasashen waje don rage wahalhalun da wadanda ake zalunta da zalunci suka fito daga bangaren Hagu na tsageru. A halin yanzu, in ji Michael Ignatieff, 'daular ta zama sharadi ga dimokuradiyya.' Ignatieff, fitaccen mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, ya kira Amurka da ta ‘yi amfani da ikon sarauta don ƙarfafa mutunta ƴancin kai [da] mayar da jihohi ga waɗanda ake zalunta, waɗanda ake zalunta waɗanda suka cancanci su yi mulkin kansu.
Shugaban kasa a matsayin Warlord
Lokaci-lokaci, ko da yake ba safai ba, har yanzu begen balaguron soji mai zuwa yana haifar da adawa, hatta daga jama'a da suka saba da yaƙi. Misali, yayin da ake tunkarar mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraki a cikin bazarar shekara ta 2003, an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna adawa da shirin Shugaba Bush ya cika titunan biranen Amurka da dama. Hasarin da Amurka ke yi na kaddamar da yaki na rigakafin ba tare da takunkumin kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya haifar da zanga-zanga mafi girma da kasar ta gani tun bayan yakin Vietnam. Amma duk da haka mayar da martani na azuzuwan siyasa ga wannan al'amari ya kasance a yi watsi da shi. Babu wani dan siyasa mai kishin kasa da ya bayar da kansa ko kansa a matsayin gwarzon wannan yunkuri. Babu wani dan jihar da ke jinya ko da 'yar alamar samun nasara a babban mukami na kasa da ke son yin kasadar a sanya masa alama tare da rashin goyon bayan wadanda Shugaba Bush ke ba da umarnin a yi musu lahani. Lokacin da Majalisa ta dauki wannan batu, 'yan Democrat wadanda suka yi tir da manufofin George W. Bush ta kowace fuska sun ba shi izinin mamaye Iraki. Ga 'yan siyasa masu tasowa, adawa da yaki ya zama wani abu na dogo na uku: kawai masu jaruntaka ko wawaye ne kawai suka yi ƙoƙari su shiga ko'ina kusa da shi.
Kwanan nan har yanzu, wannan ya kai ga George W. Bush yana sa kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa na farko mai cikakken iko na shugaban kasa. Shirye-shiryen nasarar Bush na ci gaba da tafiya jim kadan bayan cin Bagadaza a cikin bazara na 2003 - abin ban mamaki mai ban mamaki a kan jirgin. USS Ibrahim Lincoln, tare da shugaban kasar da aka yi wa ado da cikakken kayan aikin jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa da ke fitowa daga cikin jirgin don nuna sha'awar ma'aikatan - an dauke shi kai tsaye daga wuraren wasan karshe na fim din. top Gun, tare da ɗan saurayi George Bush yana tsaye a cikin ɗan yaro Tom Cruise. A wannan lokacin da aka watsa ta talabijin na kasa, Bush ba kawai yana cuɗanya da sojoji ba ne; ya hade asalinsa da nasu ya mai da kansa daya daga cikinsu - shugaban kasa a matsayin sarkin yaki. A takaice dai, kasuwa ta amince da wannan kokarin; wani ƙera kayan wasan kwaikwayo ya ba da $39.99 wani adadi mai kama da Bush wanda aka tallata a matsayin 'Elite Force Aviator: George W. Bush - Shugaban Amurka da Naval Aviator.'
Don haka yanayin da ya damu C. Wright Mills a 1956 ya zo a zamaninmu. 'A karo na farko a cikin tarihin ƙasar,' in ji Mills, 'maza masu iko suna magana game da 'gaggawa' ba tare da ƙarshensa ba.' Yayin da a lokuttan farko Amirkawa sun ɗauki tarihi a matsayin 'ci gaba da zaman lafiya da yaƙi ya katse,' a yau tsarawa, shiryawa, da yaƙi ya zama 'kasa na yau da kullun da kuma ga alama yanayin dindindin na Amurka.' Kuma 'tsarin' kawai da aka yarda da shi don zaman lafiya shine bindigar da aka ɗora.'
Andrew J. Bacevich Farfesa ne na Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya kuma Daraktan Cibiyar Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Boston. Ya kammala karatun digiri a West Point kuma tsohon sojan Vietnam, yana da digirin digirgir a tarihi daga Princeton kuma ya kasance abokin aikin Bush a Kwalejin Amurka da ke Berlin. Shi ne marubucin littattafai da dama, ciki har da wanda aka buga kawai Sabon Sojan Amurka, Yadda Yaki Ke Ruɗin Amurkawa.
Haƙƙin mallaka 2005 Andrew J. Bacevich
Sabuwar Sojan Amurka: Yadda Yaƙi Ke Ruɗin Amurkawa, haƙƙin mallaka © 2005 na Andrew J. Bacevich. An yi amfani da shi ta izinin marubucin da Oxford University Press, Inc.
[Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana Tomdispatch.com, wani gidan yanar gizo na Cibiyar Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba ta hanyoyi daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin bugawa kuma marubucin Ƙarshen Nasara Al'adu da kuma Kwanakin Karshen Bugawa.]
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