A cikin shagaltuwa na lokacin hutu, da New York Times saukar cewa gwamnatin Obama tana yin la'akari da shawarar Pentagon don ƙirƙirar tsarin "sabon" da "dorewa" na sansanonin soja a kusa da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ko da yake ana gabatar da wannan a matsayin mayar da martani ga bullowar Daular Islama da sauran ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci, babu wani sabon abu game da shirin na Pentagon. Sama da shekaru 36, sojojin Amurka suna gina wasu sansanonin da ba a taba ganin irinsu ba, wadanda suka taso daga Kudancin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Afirka da kudu maso yammacin Asiya.
The rikodin daga cikin wadannan tushe bala'i ne. Sun kashe dubunnan biliyoyin daloli tare da ba da tallafi ga jerin jerin gwamnatocin da ba su dace da tsarin demokradiyya ba, wadanda suka hada da Saudiyya, Bahrain, Qatar, da Djibouti. Sun kunna jerin Amurka yaƙe-yaƙe da shiga tsakani na soja, ciki har da mamayewar 2003 na Iraki, wanda ya kasance ya taimaka Babban Gabas ta Tsakiya wani kasko ne na gwagwarmayar mulki mai nasaba da bangaranci, kasa da kasa, da bala'in jin kai. Kuma sansanonin sun haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi, kyamar Amurka, da haɓakar ƙungiyoyin ta'addancin da ake zato da sabon dabarun da ake nufi da su.
Idan akwai sabon abu da yawa game da shirin, jama'a sun yarda da menene wasu (ciki har da TomDispatch) da dogon ake zargi da laifi: duk da shekaru na musantawa game da wanzuwar duk wani "tushen tushe" a Gabas ta Tsakiya ko kuma sha'awar irin wannan, sojojin sun yi niyya don kula da tarin sansanonin a yankin shekaru da yawa, idan ba tsararraki ba, masu zuwa.
Shekaru Talatin da Shida na Gina Gindi
Bisa ga Times, Pentagon na son gina sansanonin da za a gina, mafi girma daga cikinsu zai dauki nauyin ma'aikatan Amurka 500 zuwa 5,000 na dindindin. Tsarin zai hada da "cibiyoyi" hudu - sansanonin da ake dasu a Afghanistan, Iraki, Djibouti, da Spain - da kuma "masu magana" a wurare kamar Nijar da Kamaru. Wadannan sansanonin, bi da bi, za su ƙunshi dakarun Ayyuka na Musamman da ke shirye don matsawa cikin gaggawa don abin da Sakataren Tsaro Ashton Carter ya kira "martanin rikicin bai-daya” ko’ina a Gabas ta Tsakiya ko Afirka. A cewar jami'an Pentagon da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba da aka ambato Times, wannan shirin fadadawa zai ci kuɗaɗe kawai, “dala miliyan da yawa a shekara.”
Nisa daga sabo, duk da haka, wannan dabarar ta riga ta kasance da Islamic State da al-Qaeda. A gaskiya, shi ya koma zuwa 1980 da Karatun Carter. Wannan shine lokacin da Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya fara tabbatar da cewa Amurka za ta tabbatar da mai da iskar gas a Gabas ta Tsakiya ta kowace hanya da ta dace, gami da karfin soja. An tsara shi don hana tsoma bakin Soviet a cikin Tekun Farisa, Pentagon ginawa karkashin Shugaba Carter da Ronald Reagan sun hada da samar da kayan aiki a Masar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, da kuma tsibirin Tekun Indiya na Diego Garcia. A lokacin yakin Gulf na farko na shekarar 1991, ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka Pentagon ta tura dubban daruruwan sojoji zuwa Saudiyya da kasashe makwabta. Bayan wannan yakin, duk da bacewar Tarayyar Soviet, sojojin Amurka bai tafi gida ba. Dubban sojojin Amurka da kuma wani muhimmin fa'idada kayayyakin more rayuwa sun kasance a Saudiyya da Kuwait. Bahrain ta zama gidan sojojin ruwa Fifth Fleet. Ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon ta gina manya-manyan cibiyoyi na iska a Qatar tare da fadada ayyukanta a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) da Oman.
Bayan mamayewar 2001 na Afghanistan da mamayewar 2003 na Iraki, Pentagon ta kashe dubun-dubatar daloli don ginawa da fadada wasu sansanonin. A tsawon wadannan yake-yaken da Amurka ke jagoranta, akwai fiye da haka 1,000 shigarwa, manya da kanana, a Afghanistan da Iraki kadai. Duk da rufe yawancin sansanonin Amurka a cikin kasashen biyu, Pentagon har yanzu tana da damar shiga akalla tara manyan tushe a Afghanistan har zuwa 2024. Bayan barin Iraki a 2011, sojoji dawo a cikin 2014 don sake mamaye aƙalla shigarwa shida. A ko'ina cikin Tekun Fasha a yau, har yanzu akwai sansanonin Amurka a kowace ƙasa sai Iran da Yemen. Ko a Saudi Arabiya, inda fushin da aka yi wa kasancewar Amurka ya kai ga janyewar a hukumance a shekara ta 2003, har yanzu akwai kananan sojojin Amurka. runduna kuma a asiri mara matuki. Akwai asirce a ciki Isra'ila, hudu kayan aiki in Misira, kuma aƙalla ɗaya a ciki Jordan kusa da iyakar Iraqi. Turkiya tana da sansanonin 17, a cewar Pentagon. A cikin fadin yankin, sojoji sun sarrafa jirage marasa matuka daga akalla biyar tushe a Pakistan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma akwai sabbin shigarwa guda tara a ciki Bulgaria da kuma Romania, tare da wani tushe na zamanin gwamnatin Clinton wanda har yanzu yana aiki a ciki Kosovo.
A Afirka, Djibouti Camp Lemonnier, mil da ke haye da Bahar Maliya daga yankin Larabawa, yana da kumbura sosai tun lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka shiga bayan 2001. Yanzu akwai sama da dakaru 4,000 a sansanin mai girman eka 600. A wani wuri kuma, sojoji sun yi shuru sun gina tarin ƙananan tushe da shafuka na jirage marasa matuka, jiragen sa ido, da kuma runduna ta musamman daga Habasha da Kenya zuwa Burkina Faso da Senegal. Manyan tushe a ciki Spain da kuma Italiya tallafa wa dubban sojojin Amurka a kai a kai a Afirka yanzu.
Rikodin Bala'i
Bayan shekaru 36, sakamakon wannan faffadan gina ginin ya kasance, a taƙaice, ba ta da fa'ida. Kamar yadda Saudi Arabiya ta nuna, sansanonin Amurka sun taimaka wajen haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda a yanzu aka tsara su don kayar da su. Kasancewar sansanonin da sojojin Amurka a kasashe masu tsarki na musulmi, a haƙiƙa, babban kayan aiki ne na ɗaukar al-Qaeda kuma wani ɓangare na Osama bin Laden. da'awar motsi don hare-hare na 9 / 11.
A Gabas ta Tsakiya, akwai wani hulda tsakanin kasancewar tushen Amurka da nasarar daukar aikin al-Qaeda. A cewar tsohon farfesa na West Point Bradley Bowman, sansanonin Amurka da sojojin da ke Gabas ta Tsakiya sun kasance "manyan mai kara kuzari don kyamar Amurka da tsattsauran ra'ayi" tun lokacin da wani dan kunar bakin wake ya kashe sojojin ruwa 241 a Lebanon a 1983. Afirka, karuwar sansanonin sojojin Amurka da kasancewar sojojin "ya koma baya," yana zama abin alfanu ga masu tayar da kayar baya, a cewar wani bincike da rundunar sojin kasar ta wallafa. Binciken Soja da Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Oxford. A kwanan nan Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ya nunar da cewa yakin da Amurka ta kai ta sama kan kungiyar IS ya sa mayakan kasashen waje shiga cikin wannan yunkuri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba.
Wani bangare na fushin Amurkawa wanda irin wadannan sansanonin ke haifarwa ya fito ne daga goyon bayan da suke bayarwa ga rundunonin danniya, marasa demokradiyya. Misali, gwamnatin Obama tayi tayi kawai zargi mai lalata na gwamnatin Bahrain, mai muhimmanci ga sansanin sojojin ruwan Amurka, a shekara ta 2011 lokacin da shugabanninta suka yi tashin hankali fashe akan masu zanga-zangar neman demokradiyya tare da taimakon sojoji daga Saudiyya da UAE. Wani wuri, sansanonin Amurka bayar da halacci don karbar bakuncin Economist Democracy Index yayi la'akari da "gwamnoni masu iko," yadda ya kamata don taimakawa wajen dakile yaduwar dimokuradiyya a cikin kasashen da suka hada da Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Djibouti, Masar, Habasha, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, da UAE.
Low-Balling
Dabarun tushe na Pentagon ba wai kawai ya yi tasiri ba wajen ƙarfafa mutane su dauki makamai don yakar Amurka da kawayenta, yana da tsada sosai. Sansanonin soja a fadin Babban Gabas ta Tsakiya kudin Amurka dubun-dubatar daloli a kowace shekara, a wani bangare na kiyasin $ 150 biliyan a cikin kashe kuɗi na shekara don kula da sansanonin da sojoji a ƙasashen waje. Camp Lemonnier a Djibouti kadai yana da hayar dala miliyan 70 a shekara kuma akalla $ 1.4 biliyan a ci gaba da fadada farashin. A halin yanzu ma'aikatar tsaro ta Pentagon tana ba da shawarar fadada ginin cibiyoyi da masu magana da yawun Burkina Faso zuwa Afghanistan, kiyasin farashin da aka ruwaito a cikin New York Times a cikin "ƙananan miliyoyin" suna da dariya, idan ba da gangan ba da gangan ba. (Daya yana fatan Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Gwamnati ya rigaya yana bincikar farashin gaskiya.)
Iyakar abin da ke da ma'ana ga irin waɗannan alkaluman ƙananan ƙwallon ƙafa shi ne cewa jami'ai suna ɗauka a hankali - kuma don haka ban da ƙididdigansu - ci gaba da matakan tallafin lokacin yaƙi na yanzu. A zahiri, haɓaka tushen ginin Pentagon a yankin zai baiwa masu biyan harajin Amurka ƙarin biliyoyin ƙari a cikin gini na shekara-shekara, kulawa, da farashin ma'aikata (yayin da ake kashewa). farar hula a Amurka ana ci gaba da samun karancin kudade da kuma sakaci).
Tunanin cewa sojoji suna buƙatar ƙarin kuɗi don kawowa, kamar yadda Times sanya shi, "jerin tallan tallace-tallace na sansanonin da ake da su a cikin tsari guda ɗaya" yakamata ya girgiza masu biyan haraji na Amurka. Bayan haka, Pentagon ta riga ta kashe biliyoyin da yawa akan su. Idan masu tsare-tsare na soja ba su haɗa waɗannan sansanonin zuwa tsarin da ya dace ba, menene ainihin abin da suke yi?
A zahiri, Pentagon ba shakka tana yin amfani da dabarun bayar da tallafi na musamman - ta yin amfani da ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu ƙarancin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa don samun ƙarin kuɗi daga Majalisa akan sadaukarwa-yanzu, biyan kuɗi-da-kudi-da-baya. Kwarewa ya nuna cewa da zarar sojoji sun sami irin waɗannan sabbin layukan kasafin kuɗi, farashi da sansanonin suna haɓaka, galibi sosai. Musamman a wurare kamar Afirka waɗanda ke da ɗan ƙaramin kasancewar Amurka har zuwa yanzu, shirin Pentagon samfuri ne don haɓakar da ba a bincika ba. Kamar yadda Nick Turse ya yi aka nuna at TomDispatch, Sojoji sun riga sun gina “fiye da wurare 60 da wuraren shiga…. aƙalla ƙasashe 34” a faɗin Nahiyar yayin da suke dagewa tsawon shekaru cewa tana da tushe guda ɗaya kawai a Afirka, Camp Lemonnier a Djibouti. Tare da Majalisa a ƙarshe ta zartar da kasafin kuɗin tarayya na 2016, gami da biliyoyin a ciki karin kudin aikin soja, Tsarin tushe na Pentagon yayi kama da gambit budewa a kokarin samun ƙarin kuɗi a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 2017.
Cigaba Mai Dorewa
Fiye da duka, tsarin tushe da Pentagon ya gina tun 1980 ya ba da damar shiga tsakani na soja da yaƙe-yaƙe na zaɓi a cikin Kasashen 13 a cikin Babban Gabas ta Tsakiya. Idan babu babban mai fafatawa a gasa, waɗannan sansanonin sun sanya kowane matakin soja - mafi munin mamayewa na Iraki - duk da sauƙin tunani, ƙaddamarwa, da aiwatarwa. A yau, da alama ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa manufar “sabon” dabarun tushe na Pentagon ita ce Daular Musulunci, wacce kasancewarta da ci gabanta muke bin yakin Iraki da hargitsin da ya haifar. Idan Fadar White House da Majalisa sun amince da shirin Pentagon kuma sojoji sun yi nasarar ci gaba da fadada sansanonin su a yankin, muna buƙatar tambaya kawai: Wane tashin hankali ne wannan zagaye na gaba na faɗaɗa tushe zai kawo?
Shekaru talatin da shida da gina sansanonin Amurka a Gabas ta Tsakiya, karfin soji ya gaza a matsayin dabarun sarrafa yankin, ba tare da fatattakar kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda ba. Abin baƙin ciki shine, wannan kayan aikin yaƙi ya daɗe yana aiki kuma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa da yawa wanda yawancin Amurkawa ba safai suke tunanin hakan ba. Membobin Congress ba kasafai ake tambayar amfanin sansanonin ko biliyoyin da aka ware don ginawa da kula da su ba. Su ma ’yan jarida, kusan ba sa bayar da rahoto kan wannan batu – sai dai lokacin da kafafen yada labarai suka buga labari leken asiri ta Pentagon, kamar yadda ya bayyana a yanayin "sabon" shirin tushe wanda aka nuna ta New York Times.
Fadada tushen ababen more rayuwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya kawai zai ci gaba da dawwamar da manufofin ketare na soja da aka tsara bisa zato game da ingancin yakin da ya kamata a yi watsi da shi tuntuni. Zuba hannun jari a sansanonin ''darewa'' maimakon ayyukan diflomasiyya, siyasa, da kuma ayyukan jin kai don rage rikice-rikice a cikin yankin na iya yin kadan fiye da tabbatar da dorewar yaki.
David Vine, a TomDispatch yau da kullum, Mataimakin farfesa ne a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Amirka da ke Washington, DC Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan, Base Nation: Ta yaya Sojojin Amurka suka Bayar da Ƙasashen Amurka da Duniya?, kwanan nan an buga a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gwamnatin Amirka (Littattafan Metropolitan). Ya rubuta don New York Times, da Washington Post, da Guardian, Da kuma Uwar Jones, a tsakanin sauran wallafe-wallafen. Don ƙarin bayani, ziyarci www.basenation.us da kuma www.davidvine.net.
Wannan labarin ya fara bayyana akan TomDispatch.com, gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar ta Nation, wanda ke ba da ci gaba ta hanyar hanyoyin daban-daban, labarai, da ra'ayi daga Tom Engelhardt, editan dogon lokaci a cikin wallafe-wallafe, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Daular Amurka, marubucin Ƙarshen Nasara Al'adu, kamar na novel, Kwanakin Karshen Bugawa. Sabon littafinsa shine Shadow Gwamnati: Kulawa, Wakilin Wuri, da Tsaro na Duniya a Ƙasar Kasuwanci (Littattafan Haymarket).
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