Source: Majalisar kan Harkokin Hemispheric
A cikin sabon tashin hankali game da "mamaye" a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico, wannan makon 175th Ranar tunawa da yakin 1846-1848 da gwamnatin Amurka ta haifar da Mexico tunatarwa ce cewa a cikin tarihin Amurka, mamayewa ya tafi kusan daga arewa zuwa kudu, ba akasin haka ba. Kusan ci gaba da jerin mamaye-sojoji, siyasa, da tattalin arziki - ƙaura daga arewa zuwa kudu ya taimaka wajen haifar da talauci, tashin hankali, da rashin tsaro da ke sa mutane yin ƙaura daga kudu zuwa arewa. Rikicin jin kai da ake fama da shi a halin yanzu a kan iyaka, tare da adadin yara ƙanana da ba sa rakiya da ke gudun tashin hankali, rashin tsaro da fatara, ya bayyana illar manufar shiga tsakani da ta girmi yaƙin Amurka da Mexico.
A gaskiya, mai shiga tsakani Magana ce ta gama-gari ga mamayar daular mulkin mallaka. Mamaya na farko ya zo ne a cikin 1806 lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka shiga yankin Mexico (sannan kuma Spain ke iko da shi) kuma suka kafa sansanin soja a Colorado ta yau. Gabaɗaya, ciki har da yakin 1846-1848 wanda ya haifar da gwamnatin Amurka ta kwace kusan rabin Mexico, sojojin Amurka sun mamaye Mexico akalla sau goma.[1] A duk faɗin Latin Amurka, sojojin Amurka sun mamaye makwabtan kudanci fiye da sau 70, suna barin sojojin mamaye na tsawon watanni, shekaru, da wasu lokuta shekaru da yawa.[2]
A yau ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta amince da cewa sojojin Amurka ne suka kaddamar da yaki da Mexico.[3] A farkon 1846 Shugaba James Polk ya tura sojoji zuwa yankin da ake takaddama a kan kogin Rio Grande. "Ba mu da wani abin da ya dace mu kasance a nan," Kanar Amurka Ethan Allen Hitchcock ya rubuta daga kusa da kogin. "Da alama gwamnati ta aika da wani karamin karfi da gangan don kawo yaki, don samun hujjar daukar California da kuma yawancin wannan kasar yadda ta zaba."[4] Bayan da aka yi yaƙi, Polk ya yi amfani da abin da ya sani na ƙaryar da'awar cewa Mexico ta "mamaye ƙasarmu kuma ta zubar da jinin Amurka a kan ƙasar Amirka" don cin nasarar sanarwar yaƙin Majalisar.[5]
Da zarar yakin ya fara, yawancin sojojin Amurka sun yi tambaya game da mamaye makwabcin da ba shi da wata barazana ga Amurka. Sojojin sa-kai da suka fusata daga Virginia, Mississippi, da North Carolina sun yi fatali da su. Dubban sojoji sun gudu. Daruruwan sojojin Irish-Amurka sun canza sheka don yin yaƙi don Mexico Katolika a Battalion San Patricio. Adadin asarar rayuka ya yi yawa ga sojojin Amurka. Sun kasance mafi girma har yanzu ga 'yan Mexico, ciki har da fararen hula da aka yi wa harin bam na Amurka da ta'addancin lokacin yaƙi. Manyan kwamandojin janar-janar sun yi wa ‘yan Mexico “mummunan tashin hankali, bin salon yaƙin da ake yi na yaƙin duniya da aka yi wa farar hula na Amirkawa.[6] “Kisan kai, fashi, da fyade ga iyaye mata da ’ya’ya mata, a gaban mazaje na iyalai da aka ɗaure, sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a Rio Grande,” in ji Janar na Amurka Winifred Scott a shekara ta 1847.[7] Wani matashi soja a lokacin, Janar na gaba kuma shugaban kasa Ulysses Grant ya ce, "Ba na tsammanin an taɓa samun wani mummunan yaƙi fiye da wanda Amurka ta yi a Mexico."[8]
Lokacin da jami'an Amurka da na Mexico suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawo karshen yakin a shekara ta 1848, gwamnatin Amurka ta dauki kusan rabin yankin Mexico kafin yakin. Wannan ya haɗa da kusan mil mil 525,000 waɗanda a yau sune jihohin Amurka na Arizona, Utah, Nevada, da California, da sassan New Mexico, Colorado, da Wyoming. Shugaba James Polk ya so ƙarin yanki: yana da shirye-shiryen mamaye Yucatán Peninsula (kuma yana fatan siyan Cuba daga Spain).[9] Wasu 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat masu fa'ida a cikin jam'iyyar Polk sun matsa kaimi ga mamaye duk Mexico. Sun kasance daga cikin gungun 'yan kudu da suka yi mafarkin fadada daular Amurka da ke girma a Arewacin Amurka zuwa Caribbean, Amurka ta tsakiya, da Mexico da ke kewaye da ayyukan bauta da sabbin yankuna masu rike da bayi. Wasu sun jagoranci kamfen na "filabustering" - mamayewar soji masu zaman kansu - a cikin 1850s zuwa Mexico da Amurka ta Tsakiya, kodayake duk sun kasa.[10]
Daga Mexico zuwa Nicaragua zuwa Panama da Beyond
Mafi ƙanƙanta na filibusters shine William Walker. Walker ya jagoranci sojoji masu zaman kansu, galibi sun ƙunshi 'yan kudu, a cikin 1853 mamayewa na Baja Peninsula na Mexico. Ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban abin da ya kira Jamhuriyar Sonora. Bayan da 'yan Mexico suka tilasta masa komawa California, Walker ya jagoranci yakin neman zabe a kalla shida a Nicaragua tsakanin 1855 zuwa 1860. Na dan kankanin lokaci, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasar Nicaragua, ya sami karbuwa daga shugaban Amurka Franklin Pierce, ya ayyana Ingilishi a matsayin harshen kasa, wanda ya halatta. bauta, ya mamaye Costa Rica, kuma ya sanar da aniyarsa ta mamaye duk Amurka ta tsakiya. Sau biyu sojojin ruwan Amurka sun kama shi suka mayar da shi Amurka; a cikin 1859, gwamnatin Shugaba James Buchanan ta ba da umarnin a sake shi. Ba da daɗewa ba Walker ya sauka a Honduras a wani yunƙuri na mamaye Nicaragua. A wannan karon, 'yan kasar Honduras sun kama Walker, suka yi kokarin kashe shi tare da harbe-harbe.[11]
Yayin da jami'an gwamnatin Amurka gabaɗaya suna adawa da mamayewar masu zaman kansu kamar na Walker, sojojin Amurka sun mamaye sassan Latin Amurka da Caribbean a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na sha tara. Sojojin Amurka sun mamaye Nicaragua a cikin 1853, 1854, 1867, 1894, 1896, 1898, da 1899; Panama a 1856, 1860, 1865, 1873, 1885, da 1895; da Haiti a 1891 (tare da wani hari da aka yi barazanar a 1888).[12] A cikin 1903, jami'an Amurka da jiragen ruwa na ruwa sun taimaka wa 'yan aware na Panama su ayyana 'yancin kai daga Colombia don taimakawa ci gaba da shirin gina magudanar ruwa a cikin sabuwar kasar. Ba da daɗewa ba Panama ta zama “mallakin mallaka na Amurka duka sai suna.”[13] Yankin Canal na Panama wani yanki ne na Amurka, cikakken tsayawa, har sai da ya dawo a 1999. Tsakanin 1856 da yakin Amurka na 1989 a Panama, sojojin Amurka zasu mamaye Panama sau 24.[14] Sansanonin sojan Amurka da ke yankin Canal na Panama sun kasance a matsayin matattarar ƙaddamarwa don ƙarin mamayewa a wasu wurare a Latin Amurka.
Sabbin Mallakan Amurka a Cuba da Puerto Rico
A lokacin yakin Amurka da Spain na 1898, sojojin Amurka sun ci Cuba da Puerto Rico, da kuma Philippines. Jami'an Amurka sun mayar da Puerto Rico tamkar wata mamaya a lokacin da suka baiwa Cuba 'yancin kai a hukumance. A aikace, Cuba ta zama mulkin mallaka. Fiye da ko da yankin Canal na Panama, Guantánamo Bay ya zama mulkin mallaka na Amurka, wanda Amurka ta kakabawa "leamar haya" wanda ba shi da ƙarshen kwanan wata kuma za a iya dakatar da shi kawai tare da yarjejeniyar gwamnatocin biyu. Wannan tsari ya kai matsayin haya mai tabbatar da korar.
A shekara ta 1901 jami'an Amurka sun kuma sanya wani gyare-gyare a cikin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Cuba wanda ya baiwa sojojin Amurka damar mamayewa yadda suke so. Nan da nan suka yi. Wani "Sojoji na Cuban Pacification" ya mamaye tsibirin na kusan shekaru uku a 1906-1909. Sojojin Amurka sun sake mamaye kasar a shekarar 1912 da kuma tsawon shekaru biyar a 1917-1922.
A wani wuri a Latin Amurka, sojojin Amurka sun mamaye Jamhuriyar Dominican a 1903-1904 da 1914, da kuma shekaru tara a 1915-1924. Haiti makwabciyarta ta fuskanci sabbin sana'o'i a shekara ta 1914 da kuma kusan shekaru 20 a 1915-1934. A Amurka ta tsakiya, Honduras ta fuskanci mamayewa da sana'o'i takwas a 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1920, 1924, and 1925. Sojojin Amurka sun mamaye Nicaragua na tsawon shekaru biyu a cikin 1909-1910 da kuma kusan shekaru 1912-1933. Sojojin Amurka sun mamaye Guatemala a shekara ta 1920. Jiragen ruwa sun yi barazanar amfani da karfi a ruwan Costa Rica da Panama a 1921 da El Salvador a 1932.[15] Jiragen yakin Amurka sun shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Latin Amurka kusan sau 6,000 tsakanin tsakiyar karni na sha tara zuwa 1930, a cikin salon diflomasiyya na “bindiflomasiyya” na al'ada - a takaice dai, cin zarafi na siyasa da tattalin arziki ta hanyar nuna karfin soja.[16]
Mamayewar Boye
Manufar Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt na "Kyakkyawan Maƙwabci" na shekarun 1930 ya kawo ɗan ɗan dakata a cikin mamayewa da sana'o'i. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, duk da haka, sabbin mamayewar Amurka da ke boye sun maye gurbin yaƙe-yaƙe da sana'o'i. Wadannan mamayar sun hada da juyin mulkin da CIA ta goyi bayan a Guatemala, da Jamhuriyar Dominican, da Chile; makamai, horarwa, da tallafi na dabaru ga dakarun dama a cikin mummunan yakin basasa na Amurka ta tsakiya na 1980s; Shirya tura sojoji irin na Colombia a cikin "yakin kan kwayoyi"; da kuma karuwar yawan sansanonin sojojin Amurka a yankin. Taimakon Amurka ga juyin mulkin baya-bayan nan da yunƙurin juyin mulki a Honduras, Bolivia, da kuma Venezuela ya nuna irin dacewar irin waɗannan dabarun.
Sojojin Amurka da CIA sun mamaye yankin Latin Amurka koyaushe sun kasance daidai da mamayewar tattalin arzikin Amurka da na kamfanoni, kamar yadda Mexico ta nuna. Bayan karshen yakin da ya fara a watan Afrilun 1846, Mexico ta zama abin dogaro ga tattalin arzikin Amurka kamar yadda ta kasance ga mai mulkin mallaka na Spain: kamfanonin Amurka ne ke sarrafa ma'adinai; an tsara hanyoyin jirgin kasa don jigilar dukiyar ma'adinan daga kudu zuwa arewa; Rockefeller, Mellon, da sauran katafaren mai ne suka mamaye masana'antar mai; an danganta peso zuwa dala; Kasar Mexico ta yi matukar cika bashi ga bankunan Amurka.[17] Yayin da Mexico ke da iko a yanzu dangane da makwabciyarta ta arewa fiye da yadda ta yi a farkon karni na ashirin, tsarin mulkin arewa ya ci gaba.
Yawancin Amurka ta Tsakiya da wasu sassan Latin Amurka sun kasance mafi rinjaye da Amurka fiye da Mexico. Akwai dalilin da ya sa Honduras ta kasance abin koyi ga marubuci O. Henry lokacin da ya ƙirƙiro kalmar “jamhuriyar ayaba”: Honduras na ƙarƙashin ikon kamfanonin ayaba na Amurka da tsokar siyasa da soja, gwamnatin Amurka. Watakila shagaltar da alamar tufafi, mutane da yawa sun manta ainihin ma'anar kalmar "jamhuriyar ayaba": ƙasa mai rauni, matalauta, ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta da ke fuskantar mamaye tattalin arziki da siyasa na waje. A wasu kalmomi, mulkin mallaka - wanda shine abin da Honduras da wasu kasashen Latin Amurka suka zama a karni na ashirin; a wasu lokuta sun kasance haka a yau.
Gwamnatin Amurka da kamfanoni na Amurka ba su kadai ke da alhakin tashe-tashen hankula, fatara, da rashin tsaro da ke kan tushen hijirar yau daga Latin Amurka zuwa Amurka ba. Sauran gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ciki da wajen yankin su ma suna da alhakin. Sun hada da gurbatattun shugabannin kasa, gwamnatocin Turai, da kamfanonin Turai, Kanada, da Asiya waɗanda suka tsara Latin Amurka ta tarihi.
Shekaru dari da saba'in da biyar bayan da shugaban kasar Amurka ya kaddamar da yaki da kasar Mexico wanda ya yi sanadin kwace yankin California da wasu kasashen da suka kasance tushen arzikin Amurka, ya kamata shugaban kasar Amurka na yanzu da sauran jama'ar Amurkan su amince da rawar da ba ta dace ba. Shugabannin Amurka sun taka rawa wajen mamayewa da kwace a kudu da kuma rawar da wadannan mamayar da ganima suka taka wajen tada zaune tsaye zuwa arewa.
Bayan fahimtar laifin Amurka, Shugaba Biden yana da damar tarihi don gyara wasu barnar da kasarmu ta yi da kuma daina haifar da cutarwa. Wannan yana nufin yin watsi da dabarun rashin da'a kuma mafi ƙarancin tasiri na Shugaba Trump da magabatansa biyu na shugaban ƙasa don ba da ikon kula da shige da fice ga sojoji da 'yan sanda na makwabtan kudanci.[18] Yana nufin shigar dubun-dubatar masu neman mafaka daga Latin Amurka a kowace shekara a matsayin farkon biyan bashin “bashin mulkin mallaka” da aka daɗe.[19] Idan Biden yana da mahimmanci game da magance "tushen dalilan" ƙaura, shi da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Kamala Harris dole ne su wuce ƙaramin haɓakar taimakon jin kai zuwa Amurka ta Tsakiya.[20] don kawo karshen sama da shekaru 200 na hare-haren soji, siyasa, da tattalin arziki wadanda su ne tushen wadancan dalilai.
David Vine, Farfesa ne a fannin ilimin ɗan adam na siyasa a Jami'ar Amirka da ke Washington, DC. An samo wannan labarin daga sabon littafin Farfesa Vine Ofasar Yakin: Tarihin Duniya na Rikici mara iyaka na Amurka, daga Columbus zuwa Islamic State (Jami'ar California Press). David Vine kuma shine marubucin Tsibirin Kunya: Tarihin Sirrin Base na Sojojin Amurka akan Diego Garcia (Jami'ar Princeton Press, 2009) da Base Nation: Yadda Sojojin Amurka ke Ba da Ci Gaban Cutar da Amurka da Duniya (Birtaniya/Henry Holt, 2015) ). Duba davidvine.net da kuma tushe.mu don ƙarin bayani.
Patricio Zamorano, Daraktan COHA, da Fred Mills, Mataimakin Darakta, sun haɗu a matsayin masu gyara.
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