A Cikin Yabon Marasa Zufa
WINDHOEK, Namibiya–Afirka na matukar bukatar taimakon kasashen Yamma ta fuskar makarantu, dakunan shan magani da wuraren sharar gumi.
A wani titi a nan babban birnin Namibiya, a yankin kudu maso yammacin Afirka, na yi magana da gungun samari da suke ƙoƙarin ɗaukan ma’aikatan yini aiki a wuraren gine-gine.
“Ina zuwa nan kowace rana,” in ji Naftal Shaanika, ’yar shekara 20. "A zahiri ina samun aiki kusan sau ɗaya kawai a mako."
Mista Shaanika da sauran samarin sun lura cewa ayyukan gine-gine na da haɗari da wahala, kuma za su fi son yin aiki tuƙuru a cikin, a, wuraren shagunan gumi. Tabbas, aikin sweatshop yana da ban tsoro, mai ban tsoro kuma wani lokacin haɗari. Amma a gaba ɗaya, ɗinkin tufafi ba shi da haɗari ko wahala' ko gumi' fiye da mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙasashe matalauta.
Daliban jami'o'in Amurka masu ma'ana a kai a kai kamfen na yaƙi da shagunan gumi. Sai dai a maimakon haka, duk wanda ya damu da yaki da talauci, ya kamata ya yi yakin neman zabe, yana mai neman kamfanoni su kafa masana’antu a Afirka.
Matsalar ita ce har yanzu yana da tsada don yin sana'a a Afirka. Ciwon kai a yawancin nahiyar ya hada da jan aiki, cin hanci da rashawa, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, rashin ingantaccen wutar lantarki da tashar jiragen ruwa, da rashin kwarewa na ma'aikata wanda ke haifar da rashin aiki da inganci. Ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da gumi ba babban cikas ba ne, amma yana da wani dalili na hana masana'anta a Afirka.
Ka yi tunanin cewa mataimakin shugaban kamfanin Nike ya ba da shawarar kera riguna masu arha a Habasha. Shugaban zai amsa: “Kai mahaukaci ne! Za a kaurace mana a kowace harabar jami'ar kasar."
Wasu daga cikin masu fafutukar yaki da shagunan gumi sun mayar da martani ga hujjata ta hanyar lura da cewa ba sa adawa da masana'antu a Afirka, amma kawai suna neman "albashin rayuwa" a cikinsu. Bayan haka, idan farashin ma'aikata ya kai dala 1 kawai ga kowace riga, to, ninka yawan albashin ba zai haifar da bambanci ba a farashin ƙarshe.
Matsala ɗaya … ita ce, ba a samun riba a biya albashin ma'aikata, don haka duk wani matsin lamba na ƙara su ya zama wani dalili na gujewa Afirka gaba ɗaya.
Daya daga cikin mafi kyawun tsare-tsare na Amurka a Afirka shi ne dokar bunkasar Afirka da dama, wacce ta ba da izinin shigo da kaya daga Afirka ba tare da haraji ba, don haka ya karfafa masana'antu a can.
–Op-ed by Nicholas Kristof, New York Times, Yuni 6, 2006
Nicholas Kristof ya dade yana kada gangunan da ake kira-sweatshop. Jim kadan bayan rikicin kudi na Gabashin Asiya na karshen shekarun 1990, Kristof, dan jarida da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Pulitzer, kuma marubucin jaridar New York Times a yanzu, ya ba da labarin wani dan kasar Indonesiya mai sake yin fa'ida wanda, ya tsinka tsinken karafa na wani shara, ya yi mafarkin cewa. danta zai girma ya zama mai aikin gumi. Bayan haka, a cikin 2000, Kristof da matarsa, mai ba da rahoto na Times Sheryl WuDunn, sun buga "Cheers Biyu don Sweatshops" a cikin Mujallar Times. A cikin 2002, ginshiƙin Kristof ya shawarci shugabannin G-8 da su “fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa da ƙasa don haɓaka shigo da kaya daga shagunan gumi, wataƙila tare da takalmi masu ƙarfi da ke nuna tuta da ba za a iya gane su ba da kalmomin ‘An yi alfahari da su a cikin Duniya ta uku.
Yanzu Kristof ya yi baƙin ciki cewa matalauta kaɗan ne, samarin Afirka da ke da damar shiga cikin aikin shaiɗan na shaiɗan. Kamar ƙoƙarin da ya yi a baya, Kristof's latest pro-sweatshop ditty ya haɗa da yawa rabin gaskiya. Mu duba a tsanake mu ga dalilin da ya sa har yanzu babu dalilin da zai sa a bar shi don shagunan gumi.
Madadi Mai Kyau?
Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa samari a kan titunan babban birnin Namibiya na iya samun ayyukan shagunan gumi fiye da aikin da ba na yau da kullun ba a matsayin masu aikin yini a wuraren gine-gine.
Madadin ayyukan da ake samu ga ma'aikatan kantin kayan shaye-shaye galibi suna da muni kuma, kamar yadda Kristof ke son nunawa, yawanci ya haɗa da gumi fiye da waɗanda ke cikin masana'antar fitarwa ta duniya. Galibin talakawa a kasashe masu tasowa suna samun abin dogaro da kai daga noma ko kuma ta hanyar kananan sana'o'i. Wasu da ke gefen cibiyoyin birane suna aiki a matsayin masu safarar tituna ko kuma suna riƙe wasu ayyuka a ɓangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba. Kamar yadda masanin tattalin arziki Arthur MacEwan ya rubuta a cikin 'yan shekarun baya a Dollars & Sense, a cikin ƙasa mai talauci kamar Indonesia, inda mata masu aiki a masana'antu suna samun sau biyar fiye da na noma, wuraren shayarwa ba su da matsala wajen samun ma'aikata.
Amma bari mu fito fili game da wasu abubuwa. Na farko, ayyukan masana'antar fitarwa, musamman a cikin masana'antu masu fa'ida, galibi "tikiti ne don rage ƙarancin talauci," kamar yadda hatta masanin tattalin arziki da mai kare gumi Jagdish Bhagwati ya ba da izini.
Bayan haka, waɗannan ayyukan ba safai ba ne ga waɗanda ba su da aikin yi ko ga matalauta. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken da masanin zamantakewa Kurt Ver Beek ya yi ya nuna cewa kashi 60% na ma'aikatan maquila na Honduras na farko sun kasance suna aiki a baya. Yawanci ba su da talauci, kuma sun fi yawancin 'yan kasar Honduras ilimi.
Shagon gumi ba wai kawai ya kasa ceto mutane daga talauci ba. Kafa masana'antun fitar da kayayyaki inda ma'aikata ke da ƴan hanyoyin da za su yi aiki a zahiri ya kasance girke-girke na cin zarafin ma'aikata. A cikin Beyond Sweatshops, wani littafi da ke jayayya game da fa'idodin saka hannun jari na ketare kai tsaye a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, masanin tattalin arziki na Cibiyar Brookings Theodore Moran ya ba da labarin mummunan shawarar da gwamnatin Philippine ta yanke na gina yankin Bataan da ake fitarwa zuwa waje a keɓantaccen yanki mai tsaunuka don jawo hankalin masu saka hannun jari na waje tare da fatan samun arha aiki. Tare da ƴan hanyoyin daban-daban, Filipins sun ɗauki ayyuka a masana'antar tufafin da suka taso a yankin. Masana'antun yawanci suna biyan ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin albashi kuma suna tilasta wa ma'aikata yin aiki akan kari a masana'antar da ke cike da ƙura da hayaƙi. An gaji, a ƙarshe ma'aikatan sun hau yajin aikin gurgunta aiki. Kamfanoni da dama sun rufe sannan kuma farashin mazauna yankin ya yi kasa, haka kuma darajar kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen ketare, wanda ya ragu da fiye da rabi tsakanin shekarar 1980 zuwa 1986.
Hujjar Kristof ba wani uzuri ba ne don cin zarafi na shagunan zufa: cewa yanayi ya fi muni a wasu wurare ba ya yin wani abu don rage radadin ma'aikata a masana'antar fitarwa. Sau da yawa ana hana su 'yancin yin tsari, ana fuskantar rashin tsaro yanayin aiki da cin zarafi, ta jiki, da jima'i, tilasta musu yin aikin kari, tilasta musu yin gwajin ciki har ma da zubar da ciki, sannan a biya su kasa da albashi. Ya kasance mai amfani kuma yana da mahimmanci don yaƙar waɗannan sharuɗɗan koda kuwa madadin ayyuka sun fi muni tukuna.
Kasancewar samari a Namibiya suna samun ayyukan yi da gumi da kyau, ya shaida yadda yanayi mai tsauri ya kasance ga ma’aikata a Afirka, ba sha’awar aikin masana’antar ketare ba.
Abin ban mamaki, sha'awar Kristof na gabatar da sabbin shagunan zufa ga yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka ba ta samun wani tallafi a cikin Dokar Ci gaban Afirka da Dama (AGOA) da ya yaba. Dokar ta ba wa masana'antun tufafin sahara damar shiga kasuwannin Amurka. Sai dai jim kadan bayan kammala taron, wakilin Amurka a fannin ciniki, Robert Zoellick, ya tabbatar wa manema labarai cewa, kungiyar AGOA ba za ta haifar da gumi a Afirka ba, domin tana bukatar ka’idojin kariya ga ma’aikata da suka yi daidai da wanda kungiyar kwadago ta duniya ta gindaya.
Ayyukan Antisweatshop da Ayyuka
Kristof ya tabbata cewa ƙungiyar antisweathop tana cutar da ma'aikatan da take son taimakawa. Matsayinsa yana da wata dabara mai ruɗarwa gare shi. Kamar yadda duk wanda ya sha wahala ta hanyar tattalin arziki na gabatarwa zai gaya muku, yana riƙe da komai iri ɗaya, ƙa'idar aiki da ke tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da 'yan kwangilar su haɓaka albashi ya kamata ya haifar da ɗaukar ma'aikata kaɗan.
Amma a aikace ya aikata? Shaidar kawai Kristof ya samar ita ce tataunawar tunani inda shugaba ya ki amincewa da shawarar mataimakin shugaban kamfanin Nike na bude masana'anta a Habasha yana biyan albashin cents 25 a sa'a: “Kai mahaukaci ne! Za a kaurace mana a kowace harabar jami'ar kasar."
Duk da yake Kristof yana da tunani mai aiki, akwai wasu abubuwa da ba daidai ba tare da wannan tattaunawar.
Da farko dai, ƙungiyar antisweatshop ba safai take fara kauracewa ba. Wani mai shiryawa tare da United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS) ya amsa akan blog ɗin Kristof: “Ba mu taɓa yin kiran ƙauracewa tufafi ba sai dai idan ma’aikata a wata masana’anta suka tambaye mu a sarari. Wannan, ba shakka, ba kasafai ba ne, domin, kamar yadda kuka yi jayayya, gabaɗaya mutane suna son a ɗauke su aiki. Kwamitin Kwadago na kasa, babbar kungiyar masu maganin ciwon sanyi a Amurka, ta dauki matsayi iri daya.
Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da masana tattalin arziki Ann Harrison da Jason Scorse suka gudanar da bincike mai tsauri na tasirin motsin antisweathop akan aikin masana'antu, ba su sami wani mummunan tasirin aikin ba. Harrison da Scorse sun kalli Indonesiya, inda kamfanin Nike ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda aka yi niyya don neman karin albashi da yanayin aiki a tsakanin 'yan kwangilar kasar. Binciken da suka yi na kididdiga ya gano cewa, yakin antisweatshop ne ke da alhakin kashi 20 cikin 1991 na karuwar albashi na gaske na ma’aikatan da ba su da kwarewa a masana’antun da ke fitar da masaku, takalmi da tufafi daga 1996 zuwa XNUMX. Har ila yau Harrison da Scorse sun gano cewa “fasahar antisweatshop ba ta da wani gagarumin aiki. illa ga aikin yi” a waɗannan sassan.
Yakin neman karin albashi ba zai yuwu ya lalata ayyukan yi ba saboda, ga ’yan kasa da kasa da masu kwangilar aikinsu, albashin ya kasance wani dan karamin kaso na kudadensu na gaba daya. Ko da Kristof ya yarda da wannan batu, da ƙwararrun masana tattalin arziki da ke adawa da aikin gumi. A cikin masana'antar tufafi na Mexico, alal misali, masana tattalin arziki Robert Pollin, James Heintz, da Justine Burns daga Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Siyasa sun gano cewa ninka yawan albashin ma'aikatan da ba sa kulawa zai ƙara dala $1.80 kawai ga farashin samar da jaket ɗin wasanni na maza $100. Wani bincike da Hukumar Binciken Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasa ta yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa masu amfani da Amurka za su yarda su biya dala 115 don wannan jaket ɗin idan sun san cewa ba a yi shi a cikin yanayin sharar gumi ba.
Duniyar Duniya a Yankin Saharar Afirka
Kristof yayi gaskiya cewa Afirka, musamman ma yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, ta yi rashin nasara a tsarin dunkulewar duniya. Kasashen Afrika da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara na fama da karancin ci gaba, karancin jarin waje kai tsaye, karancin ilimi, da karuwar talauci fiye da kowane bangare na duniya. Kasashe 37 daga cikin kasashe 47 na yankin an ware su a matsayin "masu karamin karfi" ta Bankin Duniya, kowannensu yana da babban kudin shiga kasa da kasa da dala 825 ga mutum daya. Kasashe da dama a yankin suna fama da dimbin basussuka na waje da kuma gurgunta matsalar cutar kanjamau da Kristof ya yi kokarin jawo hankalin duniya.
Amma shin kamfanoni da yawa sun kauce wa saka hannun jari a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara saboda tsadar ma’aikata ya yi yawa? Yayin da farashin ma'aikata a Afirka ta Kudu da Mauritius ke da yawa, waɗanda ke sauran ƙasashen yankin suna da ƙanƙanta bisa ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma a wasu lokuta ba su da yawa. Dauki Lesotho, ƙasar da ta fi kowacce fitar da tufafi daga yankin Saharar Afirka zuwa Amurka. A cikin masana'antun ƙasar da ke yin kwangila da Wal-Mart, yawancin ma'aikata mata suna samun matsakaicin dala 54 kawai a wata. Wannan yana ƙasa da layin talauci na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na dala 2 a kowace rana, kuma ya haɗa da tilas akan kari. A Madagascar, kasa ta uku a yankin da ke fitar da kayan sawa zuwa Amurka, albashin da ake samu a masana'antar tufafi ya kai cen 33 kacal a cikin sa'a guda, wanda ya yi kasa da na kasar Sin, kuma a cikin mafi karancin albashi a duniya. Kuma a Ramatex Textile, babban masana'antar masaka mallakar Malaysia a Namibiya, ma'aikata suna samun kusan dala 100 ne kawai a kowane wata a cewar Cibiyar Albarkatun Ma'aikata da Cibiyar Bincike a Windhoek. Yawancin ma'aikata suna raba ƙarancin kuɗin shiga tare da iyalai da yara, kuma suna tafiya mai nisa don aiki saboda ba za su iya samun ingantacciyar hanyar sufuri ba.
A gefe guda kuma, abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa kasashen da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara da ke da ma'auni masu inganci na iya bunkasa sassan masana'antu masu karfi. A karshen shekarun 1990, Francis Teal na Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Oxford ya kwatanta masana'antun Mauritius da suka samu nasarar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje da na Ghana. Teal ya gano cewa ma'aikata a Mauritius suna samun sau goma fiye da na Ghana $384 a wata a Mauritius sabanin dala 36 a Ghana. Masana'antar masaka da tufafin Mauritius sun kasance masu fa'ida saboda ma'aikatanta sun fi na Ghana ilimi da inganci. Duk da biyan albashin talauci, masana'antun Ghana sun yi yawo.
Kristof ya san da kyau ainihin dalilin da yasa masana'antun tufafi a yankin ke rufewa: ƙarewar Yarjejeniyar Multifiber a watan Janairun da ya gabata. Yarjejeniyar, wadda ta tanadi adadin kayyade kayyakin kayayyaki na kasa da kasa na tufafi da masaku, ta kare masana'antun tufafi a kananan kasashe na duniya daga shiga gasar kai tsaye da kasar Sin. Yanzu kasar Sin da, a wani mataki kadan, Indiya, suna kara korar sauran masu kera tufafi. A cikin wannan sabon yanayin, karancin albashi kadai ba zai yuwu ya dore da masana'antar tufafin sahara ba. Majiyoyin masana'antu sun ba da rahoton cewa, yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka na fama da wasu matsaloli da dama a matsayinsu na masu sana'ar kayan sawa, wadanda suka hada da tsadar kayan aiki da sufuri da kuma tsawon lokacin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Amurka. Har ila yau, yankin yana da ƙarancin samarwa da ƙwararrun ƙwararru fiye da Asiya, kuma yana da ƙarancin tushen zaren auduga da yadudduka masu tsada fiye da China da Indiya.
Idan Kristof ya jahannama kan fadada masana'antar tufafin sahara, zai fi kyau ya yi kira ga tattalin arzikin kasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara don samun damar shiga kasuwannin Quad mara iyaka - Amurka, Kanada, Japan, da Turai. Masana harkokin tattalin arziki Stephen N. Karingi, Romain Perez, da Hakim Ben Hammouda sun yi kiyasin cewa samun jin dadin da ake samu da ke da nasaba da shiga kasuwa ba tare da kayyade ba zai iya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1.2 a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, wanda ya fi fifita ma'aikata marasa kwarewa.
Amma me yasa tun farko aka dage kan samar da tufafi? Namibiya tana da hanyoyin samun arziki baya ga wurin arha na ma'aikata don injin dinki na Nike. The Economist ya ruwaito cewa Namibiya kasa ce mai samar da ma'adinai guda biyu masu daraja a duniya: lu'u-lu'u (ƙasar tana matsayi na bakwai da ƙima) da uranium (ta matsayi na biyar bisa girma). Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ita ce cibiyar tattalin arzikin ƙasar Namibiya da ke fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ketare kuma tana da kusan kashi 20% na GDPn ƙasar. Sai dai mayar da fannin hakar ma'adanai ya zama abin hawa na bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasa na nufin fuskantar kamfanonin kasashen waje da ke kula da masana'antar lu'u-lu'u, kamar kamfanin De Beers na Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan aiki ne mai wahala fiye da zage-zage masu fafutuka na maganin ciwon sanyi.
Ƙari da Ingantattun Ayyuka na Afirka
Don haka me yasa kamfanoni na kasa da kasa suka guji saka hannun jari a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara? Amsar, a cewar masanin tattalin arziki na kasuwanci na kasa da kasa Dani Rodrik, "duk da haka saboda jinkirin ci gaban" tattalin arzikin kasashen kudu da sahara. Rodrik ya yi kiyasin cewa yankin na shiga harkokin cinikayyar kasa da kasa gwargwadon yadda za a yi tsammani idan aka yi la'akari da matakan samun kudin shiga na tattalin arzikinsa, da girman kasa, da kuma yanayin kasa.
Binciken Rodrik ya nuna cewa, abin da ya fi dacewa da ma'aikata matalauta a Afirka shi ne sauke nauyin basussukan da ke kan gwamnatocinsu da kuma tallafa wa kokarinsu na gina tattalin arzikin da za su iya aiki. Wannan yana nufin saka hannun jari a cikin albarkatun ɗan adam da abubuwan more rayuwa na zahiri, da aiwatar da sahihan manufofin tattalin arziƙi waɗanda suka sa samar da ayyukan yi a gaba. Amma waɗannan saka hannun jari, kamar yadda Rodrik ya nuna, suna ɗaukar lokaci.
A halin da ake ciki, manufofin kasa da kasa na kafa bene na albashi da kariya ga ma'aikata a duk duniya zai yi wa samarin da ke kan titin Windhoek fiye da jefa su cikin cin zarafi, saboda talauci yana barin mutane a shirye su shiga cikin kowane adadin musanya na matsananciyar wahala. . Kuma idan Namibiya za ta rufe masana'antunta na tufafi saboda kayan da China ke shigowa da su sun yi arha, shin wannan ba hujja ba ce don kokarin inganta ma'aikata a kasar Sin, ba rage su a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ba? Cin zarafi na ƙwadago ya zama ruwan dare a masana'antun da ake fitar da su zuwa ketare a kasar Sin, kamar yadda kwamitin ma'aikata na kasa da makon kasuwanci ya bayyana. Ma'aikata suna sa a cikin awanni 13 zuwa 16, kwana bakwai a mako. Suna jin daɗin ƙarancin lafiya da tabbatar da tsaro, kuma biyan kuɗin da suke yi a gida ya faɗi ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin albashi bayan tarar da cire ma'aikatansu wani lokaci suna hana.
Yada wadannan cin zarafi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ba zai baiwa ma'aikata karfi a wurin ba. A maimakon haka zai yi amfani da cewa suna cikin ma'aikata da aka fi sani da su a duniya. Bayar da basussuka, matakan ƙwadago na ƙasa da ƙasa, da saka hannun jari na jama'a a fannin ilimi da ababen more rayuwa tabbas sune mafi kyawun hanyoyin yaƙi da talauci na Afirka fiye da shawarar Kristof.
John Miller yana koyar da tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Wheaton kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar Dollars & Sense. Shirin karatunsa na “Sweatshops in the World Economy” yana nan a www.wheatonma.edu/Faculty/JohnMiller.html.
Sources: Arthur MacEwan, "Tambayi Dr. Dollar," Dollars & Sense, Septâ € "Oktoba 1998; John Miller, "Me yasa Masana Tattalin Arziki Ke Kuskure Game da Sweatshops da Antisweatshop Movement," Kalubale, Janâ€" Feb 2003; R. Pollin, J. Burns, da J. Heintz, "Samar da Kayayyakin Kayan Aiki na Duniya da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru: Za a iya Ƙarfafa Farashin Kasuwancin Kuɗi na Rayuwa?" Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa, Takarda Aiki 19, DATE; N. Kristof, "A cikin Yabon Maligned Sweatshop," New York Times, Yuni 6, 2006; N. Kristof, "Bari Su Gumi," NYT , Yuni 25, 2002; N. Kristof, "Biyu Farin Ciki don Sweatshops," NYT, Satumba 24, 2000; N. Kristof, “Rikicin Asiya Ya Hana Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙari,” NYT, Yuni 15, 1998; A. Harrison da J. Scorse, “Inganta Yanayin Ma’aikata? Dokokin Ma'aikata mafi ƙanƙanta da Ayyukan Anti-Sweatshop," Calif. Gudanarwa Review, Oktoba 2005; Herbert Jauch, "Masana'antar Tufafi da Tufafi na Afirka: Al'amarin Ramatex a Namibiya," a cikin Makomar Masana'antar Tufafi da Tufafi a yankin Saharar Afirka, ed. H. Jauch da R. Traub-Merz (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2006); Kurt Alan Ver Beek, "Maquiladoras: Amfani ko 'Yanci? Bayanin Halin Halin Ma'aikatan Maquiladora a Honduras, "Ci gaban Duniya, 29 (9), 2001; Theodore Moran, Bayan Sweatshops: Zuba Jari kai tsaye na Ƙasashen Waje da Duniyar Duniya a Ƙasashe masu tasowa (Brookings Institution Press, 2002); "Kimanin Ƙimar Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa ) na Ƙaddamar da Aka Yi a Ƙasar Amirka , Vol. 1, Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Amurka, Jan 2004; SN Karingi, R. Perez, da H. Ben Hammouda, "Shin za a iya ba da ladan Zaɓuɓɓuka Masu Zaɓuɓɓuka na Ƙasashen Saharar Afirka a Tattaunawar Zagaye na Doha?" Tattalin Arzikin Duniya, 2006; Francis Teal, "Me ya sa Mauritius Ba za a iya Fitar da Masana'antu da Ghana ba?," Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, 22 (7), 1999; Dani Rodrik, "Manufar Kasuwanci da Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki a Yankin Saharar Afirka," Takarda da aka shirya don Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Sweden, Nov 1997.
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