Boeing da Union Berlin Wall
Manufofi biyu sun tsaya tsayin daka a matsayin mafi mahimmanci wajen hasashen inda za a samar da ayyukan yi da samun kudin shiga. Na farko, jihohin da ba su da harajin shiga gabaɗaya sun zarce jihohin harajin samun kuɗin shiga. Na biyu, jihohin da ke da haƙƙin yin aiki suna girma da sauri fiye da jihohin da ke da haɗin kai.
Ya zuwa yau akwai jihohi 22 masu hakkin yin aiki da jihohi 28 na kungiyoyin kwadago. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata (2000-09) jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki sun yi girma cikin sauri a kusan kowane bangare fiye da takwarorinsu na kantin sayar da kayayyaki: 54.6% da 41.1% a cikin babban kayan jihar, 53.3% da 40.6% a cikin kudin shiga na sirri, 11.9% tare da 6.1% a yawan jama'a, da 4.1% a kan -0.6% a cikin biyan kuɗi.
Lamarin da ya faru na Boeing ya bayyana karara cewa jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki suna da gasa fiye da jihohin da aka tilastawa. Don haka tambayar ta taso: Me ya sa kowace jiha ba ta bin dokokin yancin yin aiki?
—Arthur B. Laffer da Stephen Moore, Wall Street Journal op-ed, Mayu 13, 2011
Me kuke samu idan kun haɗu a Wall Street Journal marubucin edita tare da masanin tattalin arziki mai wadata?
Haka ne: ƙari iri ɗaya.
A wannan karon, duk da haka, dokokin aiki ne masu dacewa, ba haraji ba, waɗanda ke shigowa don cikakken jiyya na Laffer (ko da yake ba tare da kwatancin a baya na rigar hadaddiyar giyar ba).
A cikin watan Mayu na wannan shekara, Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Kasa (NLRB) ta ba da umarnin dakatar da katafaren kamfanin kare Boeing daga matsar da layin samar da jiragen sama daga masana'antunta na hadin gwiwa a jihar Washington zuwa dama-da-aiki South Carolina. Kungiyar ma'aikata ta kasa-da-kasa ta masana'antar kere-kere da na ma'aikatan sararin samaniya ta shigar da korafin cewa matakin da aka tsara na daukar fansa ne kan yajin aikin da kungiyar ta gudanar cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kuma ta haka ya sabawa doka.
Hukuncin NLRB ya kai "bangon tsari mai ma'ana guda ɗaya: don hana gasa kai tsaye na jihohin dama-da-aiki tare da jihohin haɗin gwiwa," in ji Arthur Laffer, masanin tattalin arziki na gefe, da Stephen Moore, tsohon shugaban Masana tattalin arziki masu nisa na tunani Club for Growth kuma yanzu a kan Wall Street Journal's editorial board. Dokokin ‘yancin yin aiki da aka aiwatar a jihohi 22, galibi a kudanci da yammacin Amurka, sun haramtawa ‘yan kasuwa da ’yan kwadago amincewa da kwangilolin da ke nuna cewa ma’aikaci zai dauki ma’aikatan da suka shiga kungiyar ko kuma su biya kudaden kungiyar. A cikin jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki, ƙungiyoyi suna fuskantar matsalar mahayi kyauta: dole ne su tsara ma'aikata waɗanda za su iya cin gajiyar ciniki tare ba tare da shiga (ko zama a cikin) ƙungiyar ba ko biyan kuɗi.
Lalacewar da jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki ke yi wa ƙungiyoyin na ba wa waɗannan jahohin wata fa'ida ta gasa wadda za ta wadata su, a cewar Laffer da Moore. Kuma rahoton nasu, “Jihohi masu Arziki, Jihohin Talakawa,” suna da adadin da za su tabbatar da shi, ko kuma haka suke da’awa. Jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki suna girma cikin sauri, suna ƙara ƙarin kudin shiga, samar da ƙarin ayyukan yi, da jawo hankalin mutane fiye da jihohin da dokokin ƙwadago suka durƙusa.
Amma ya zamana cewa da'awar cewa dokokin da suka dace suna jagorantar jihohi zuwa ci gaba ba abin dogaro ba ne fiye da da'awar Laffer a baya cewa yanke harajin samun kudin shiga zai haifar da fashewar ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda kudaden shiga na gwamnati zai tashi a zahiri duk da karancin haraji. rates. Kamar yadda Laffer ya ce game da raguwar haraji da ci gaban tattalin arziki, Laffer da Moore suna yin shari'ar ga dokokin da suka dace don yin aiki a matsayin mabuɗin ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar sleight na hannu da rabin gaskiya.
Bari mu dubi ainihin inda labarinsu ya ɓace.
Wani Abu Sama Da Hannun Su
Don farawa, rahoton Laffer da Moore yana buƙatar karantawa a hankali. Da'awarsu ita ce, tattalin arzikin jihohin da ke da dokokin yin aiki yana haɓaka da sauri, ba wai 'yan ƙasa sun fi dacewa ba.
Kuma ba su. Misali, yayin da yake gaskiya ne cewa duka kayan sarrafawa da samun kudin shiga sun yi girma cikin sauri a cikin jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki fiye da na sauran jihohi a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ci gaban ya kasance daga farkon farawa. A gaskiya ma, fitarwa da kuma samun kudin shiga a cikin waɗannan jihohin har yanzu suna da baya a kan matakan a cikin jihohin da ba su da hakkin yin aiki. Kudin shiga na kowane mutum ya kai $37,134 (a cikin 2010) kuma ainihin GDP na kowane mutum ya kai $39,365 (a cikin 2009) a cikin jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki, amma $41,312 da $42,513 bi da bi a cikin sauran jihohi 28.
Ingantattun lambobin samar da ayyukan yi waɗanda Laffer da Moore suka bayar da rahoton ga jihohin dama-da-masu aiki a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba su haifar da kyakkyawan fata ga waɗanda ba su da aikin yi. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri, jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki suna da matsakaicin adadin rashin aikin yi da ya kai kashi 8.0% a cikin Afrilu na wannan shekara, ƙasa da matsakaicin kashi 8.2% a cikin jihohin da ba su da hakkin yin aiki.
Kuma a aikace, dokokin hakkin yin aiki suna da yawa "haƙƙin yin aiki-don-ƙasa", kamar yadda masu sukar ƙungiyar ke kiran su. A cikin takardar taƙaitaccen bayanin Cibiyar Manufofin Tattalin Arziƙi na baya-bayan nan, masana tattalin arziki Elise Gould da Heidi Shierholz sun dubi bambance-bambancen ramuwa tsakanin 'yancin yin aiki da jihohin da ba su da hakkin yin aiki. Sarrafa ƙididdiga da halayen ma'aikata da kuma yanayin tattalin arziki na matakin jiha da bambance-bambancen rayuwa a cikin jihohi, sun gano cewa a cikin 2009:
Albashi ya ragu da kashi 3.2 cikin 1,500 a jihohin dama-aiki da jihohin da ba su da hakkin yin aiki-kimanin dala XNUMX kasa da kasa a duk shekara ga ma'aikaci na cikakken lokaci, duk shekara.
Adadin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikata ke ɗaukar nauyi ya ragu da kashi 2.6 cikin XNUMX a jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki idan aka kwatanta da jihohin da ba su da hakkin yin aiki.
Matsakaicin kuɗin fansho da ma'aikata ke ɗaukar nauyi ya ragu da kashi 4.8 cikin 2008 a jihohin dama na aiki. A kan haka, a cikin 57 adadin mutuwar wuraren aiki ya kai kashi 2009% a cikin jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki fiye da jihohin da ba su da hakkin yin aiki, yayin da 15.0, yawan talauci a jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki ya kai 12.8%, sama da matsakaicin kashi XNUMX% na jihohin da ba su da hakkin yin aiki.
Amma a nan ne ainihin kicker: da zarar tasirin su ya keɓanta daga tasirin wasu dalilai, dokokin aiki na dama suna da alama ba su da wani tasiri ko kadan ko da kan ci gaban tattalin arzikin kanta. Misali, binciken 2009 da masanin tattalin arziki Lonnie Stevans ya gudanar ya kammala da cewa:
Yayin da… Jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki na iya samun ƙarin sana'o'in dogaro da kai da ƙarancin fatara a matsakaici dangane da jihohin da ba su da hakkin yin aiki, tabbas babu sauran jarin kasuwanci. …Bugu da ƙari, ta fuskar tattalin arziƙin jaha, kasancewar dama-da-kai na yin aiki kaɗan ko babu riba a aikin yi da ci gaban tattalin arziki na gaske. Albashi da kudin shiga na sirri duk sun yi ƙasa a cikin jihohin dama-da-masu aiki, duk da haka samun kuɗin masu mallakar ya fi girma. Waɗannan ƙarancin albashi da ƙarancin kuɗin shiga na mutum yana da illa musamman a cikin tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin yau, har yanzu ana fama da rashin kashe kuɗin masarufi.
Mugun Motsi
Shaidar da ke sama ta nuna adawa da ra'ayin cewa dokokin yin aiki su ne mabuɗin ci gaban tattalin arziki ga tattalin arzikin jihohi, kuma tare da goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa dokokin da ke adawa da ƙungiyoyi, kamar lalata da harajin haraji da ake niyya ga masu hannu da shuni, wata hanya ce ta daban. don samun ƙarin tsaro ga masu ƙoshin lafiya a kashe yawancin kowa.
Hakan ya fito fili idan aka zo batun shirin tafiyar Boeing daga jihar Washington zuwa South Carolina. Abin ban mamaki, ƙungiyar tarayya mai nauyi Washington tana saman dama-da-aiki South Carolina a cikin Laffer's da Moore's Economic Outlook Rankings na 2010 kuma a cikin Matsayin Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki na 1998–2008. Kudin shiga na mutum, fitarwa, da aikin yi duk sun girma cikin sauri a jihar Washington fiye da na South Carolina daga 1998 zuwa 2008. Kuma kudin shiga na kowane mutum da GDP na kowane mutum a jihar Washington ($ 43,564 da $ 45,881 bi da bi) ya wuce matakan su a South Carolina ($ 33,163). da $30,845).
Bayan haka, rashin aikin yi da talauci a jihar Washington duk sun yi kasa da na South Carolina. Ta duk waɗannan matakan, tattalin arzikin Washington yana da nisa kuma ya fi ƙarfin duka biyun.
Yanayin aiki ya fi kyau a jihar Washington kuma, wani abu da ba a rasa akan Boeing ba. Ma'aikatan albashi a jihar Washington a matsakaici suna samun dala 11,020 a shekara fiye da takwarorinsu na South Carolina. Ma'aikatan samarwa a jihar Washington suna samun ƙarin $5,560 a shekara. Ma'aikatan South Carolina sun fi kusan kashi 69% su mutu akan aiki fiye da ma'aikata a Washington. Kuma ba abin mamaki ba ne, kawai 6.2% na albashi da ma'aikatan albashi a South Carolina masu dama-da-kai sun kasance membobin ƙungiyar a cikin 2010, fiye da 20% a Washington.
Don haka me yasa Boeing yake son barin Jihar Evergreen zuwa Jihar Palmetto? Don cin gajiyar tattalin arziki mai fa'ida? Ko kuma a yi amfani da ma’aikatan da dokokin da suka dace na yin aiki suka hana su damar yin aiki, waɗanda rashin aikin yi da talauci suka lalata ƙarfin cinikinsu, waɗanda ke da ƴan hanyoyi fiye da jure aiki a cikin yanayi mafi haɗari yayin da ake samun ƙasa da ƙasa. ma'aikata a Washington? Lambobin suna magana da kansu.
Ba abin mamaki ba ne NLRB ta shigar da kara kotu game da shirin Boeing. Membobin hukumar Kwadago sun ga abin da yake: ba kawai ƙaura ba, amma aikin ɗanyen iko ne da nufin murkushe ƙungiyar.
JOHN MILLER, memba na kungiyar Dala & Hankali gamayya, farfesa ne a fannin tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Wheaton.
SOURCES: Arthur B. Laffer da Stephen Moore, "Jihohi masu Arziki, Jihohin matalauta: ALEC-Laffer Jiha na Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki, 3rd edition," Wall Street Journal, Afrilu 7, 2010; Lonnie K. Stevans, "Tasirin Dokokin Haƙƙin Yin Aiki akan Kasuwanci da Yanayin Tattalin Arziki a Amurka: Hanyar Bambance-bambance," Bita na Doka & Tattalin Arziki, Vol. 5, Fitowa ta 1, 2009; Elise Gould da Heidi Shierholz, "Hukunce-hukuncen Hukunce-hukuncen 'Hakkin-Aiki' Dokokin, Takarda Takaddama na Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi #299, Fabrairu 17, 2011 (epi.org); Gordon Lafar, "'Hakkin-Aiki': Ba daidai ba ne a New Hampshire," Takarda Takaice Tattalin Arziki #302, Afrilu 5, 2011 (epi.org); Carl Horowitz, “NLRB ta kai karar Boeing; Neman Ƙarshen Samar da Jet na Kasuwanci a Kudancin Carolina, "Cibiyar Dokoki da Manufofin Ƙasa, Mayu 4, 2011 (nlpc.org).
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