Tarihi zai maimaita kansa a zauren Kotun Koli a wannan makon. Jihar da yaƙin neman 'yancin zaɓe ya kai ga kololuwa kusan shekaru 50 da suka gabata ta sake kasancewa a tsakiyar rikicin dimokuradiyya a Amurka. Sai dai abin ban mamaki shi ne, daman siyasa da na shari’a na iya komawa baya daga ‘yancin jama’a da kuma komawa ga zamanin da gwamnatin tarayya ke da iyakacin ikon kare masu kada kuri’a a Kudancin kasar daga makircin shugabannin kananan hukumomi.
Kotun koli za ta saurari muhawara a ranar Laraba daga wata karamar hukumar Alabama da ke kalubalantar kundin tsarin mulki na sashe na 5 na dokar ‘yancin kada kuri’a. Wannan sashe yana ba da kariya ga masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin jihohi 16 (wasu an rufe su gabaɗaya, wasu a wani bangare), yawancinsu suna da dogon tarihi na rashin tausayi na hana baƙar fata Amurkawa haƙƙinsu na zaɓe. Yana yin hakan ne ta hanyar canza hukunce-hukuncen da aka rufe a matsayin dokar zaɓe da gwamnatin tarayya kafin aiwatarwa.
Shelby County ya yi iƙirarin Sashe na 5 ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki saboda yana kula da hukunce-hukuncen da aka rufe, waɗanda ke da kashi 25 cikin ɗari na al'ummar ƙasar, dabam da sauran al'ummar ƙasar. Dole ne Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar ko za ta ci gaba da rike hukunce-hukuncen sashe na 5, wadanda galibinsu suna yankin Deep South ne, a karkashin kulawar jami’an gwamnatin tarayya, ko kuma a kai karar sashe domin a yi wa daukacin jihohin, ko akwai gadon mulkin zalunci na masu kada kuri’a. ko babu.
Idan kotu ta buga Sashe na 5-da alkalai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun riga sun nuna alama za su iya yin hakan- har yanzu daidaikun mutane na iya shigar da kararrakin shari'a, amma ba za a sake baiwa gwamnatin tarayya ikon sa ido kan zaben ba.
Za a gudanar da Dokar Haƙƙin Ƙuri'a tare da Sashe na 2, wanda galibi yana ba da izinin shari'a bayan an riga an zartar da dokar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sau da yawa bayan an riga an lalacewa. Ci gaba da irin wannan ƙarar da ake yi akai-akai zai shimfiɗa ma'aikatar shari'a da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a fiye da iya aiki. Ka tuna duk ƙalubalen kotu kafin zaben Nuwamba 2012? Ka yi tunanin cewa a kan fasa.
Takaitaccen tarihi kan yadda Sashe na 5 ya zama Sashi na 5 ya zama dole don kwatanta wajibcinsa. Muhawarar da za ta gudana a kotun koli a wannan makon ba sabon abu ba ne. Maimakon haka, an fi fahimtar shi a matsayin tsawaita yakin shari'a tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da jihohin Kudu wanda ya fara watanni shida bayan Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta zama doka.
Tarihin Muhawarar Zabe
A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1965, Majalisa ta kafa dokar da za ta hana irin kisan-kiyashi da duniya ta gani a talabijin - sheriffs billyclubbing, kashe gobara, da harbin bakaken fata da ke kokarin kada kuri'a a jihohin Kudu. An tsara Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓe bisa buƙatar Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson da kuma amsa buƙatun masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a ba kawai a duk faɗin Kudu ba, amma ƙarawa a duk faɗin ƙasar.
A cikin wannan dokar an ƙirƙiri Sashe na 5 ta yadda jihohin da suka yi amfani da dabaru masu canzawa kamar gwajin karatu da kuma harajin jefa ƙuri'a don murkushe ƙuri'un baƙar fata ba kawai za su daina waɗannan ayyukan ba, har ma za su gudanar da duk wani tunani na gaba a gaban Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka. ko kotun tarayya a Washington, DC Yawancin alkalai da kotuna na Kudu ba za a iya amincewa da su ba.
Don tabbatar da cewa suna da masu laifin da suka dace, Majalisa ta ƙirƙiri wata dabara wacce za ta “haifar da” wacce za a rufe jihohin. Wannan tsarin ya dogara ne akan shiga masu jefa kuri'a - idan kasa da kashi 50 cikin 1964 na 'yan Afirka na Amurka a cikin ikon siyasa sun yi rajista a shekara ta 50, ko kuma idan kasa da kashi XNUMX cikin dari sun kada kuri'a a zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekara, to, yankin ya cancanci ɗaukar hoto.
Ƙididdigar faɗakarwa da tanadin sashe na 5 sun kasance manyan maki tun farkon kuma sun kusan dakatar da Dokar 'Yancin Zaɓe daga zama doka. Jihohin Kudancin, wadanda galibinsu sun fadi gwajin tayar da hankali, ba sa son a kebe su, kuma ko da Shugaba Johnson ya yi tunanin hakan ya yi yawa.
Hukumomin Kudancin sun kalubalanci Dokar 'Yancin Zabe a bisa ka'ida bayan Johnson ya sanya hannu kan dokar. Kotun Koli ta fara sake duba ta a watan Janairun 1966, kasa da watanni shida da fara aiki. Kudancin Carolina, wanda sashe na 5 ya rufe gaba ɗaya, ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin tarayya ta keta haƙƙin jihohi ta hanyar hana manufofin gwajin karatu na jihar. Kotun ta yanke hukunci 8 zuwa 1 cewa Kwaskwarima na 15 ya ba Majalisa "cikakken ikon gyarawa" don hana wariyar launin fata da kuma cewa Dokar 'Yancin Zabe "amsa ce ta halal" ga "mummunan mugunta da yaduwa."
Dokar 'yancin kada kuri'a ta sake shiga gaban kotu a wannan shekarar, a wannan karon ta jagoranci kotun ta tabbatar da ikon Majalisa wajen aiwatar da Sashe na 5. A cikin 1968, ta sake shiga gaban babban kotun, a Allan v. State Board of Elections, lokacin da. Mississippi da Virginia (duka an rufe su) sun yi jayayya cewa Majalisa ba ta nufin ba da umarnin gwamnatin tarayya don yin nazari dukandokokin zabe sun canza a hukunce-hukuncen da aka rufe. Babban mai shari’a na Kotun Koli Earl Warren ya nuna musu rashin jin dadi, yana mai cewa, “Dokar ‘yancin kada kuri’a an yi niyya ne da dabara, da kuma a bayyane, dokokin jihohi wadanda ke da tasirin hana ‘yan kasa hakkinsu na kada kuri’a saboda launin fata.”
Maganar "wanda ke da tasiri" yana da mahimmanci saboda ya tabbatar da cewa ba a buƙatar manufar wariyar launin fata don tabbatar da doka ta nuna wariya. Idan doka tana da kawai sakamako na hana bakar fata kuri'unsu, sannan ya kasa tashi.
Za a gwada sashe na 5 akai-akai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata - kuma zai fuskanci kalubale a Majalisa. Lokacin da Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta kasance don sabuntawa a cikin 1970, Attorney Janar John Mitchell ya yi ƙoƙari ya raunana ta ta hanyar cire Sashe na 5. Maimakon haka, an fadada shi, kuma an sabunta tsarin ɗaukar hoto na Sashe na 5 don haɗawa da jihohi da rashin sa hannu na masu jefa kuri'a kafin 1968. zabe. Hakanan, an faɗaɗa ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ta hanyar rage shekarun jefa ƙuri'a zuwa 18.
Shekaru biyar bayan haka, Sashe na 5 ya sake kasancewa a kan shinge lokacin da Majalisa ta fara ba da izini ga doka. A wannan lokacin, masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a sun kasance cikin damuwa game da tsaronta na dogon lokaci, musamman yadda wasu 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat ke son sake fadada labaranta.
'Yar majalisa Barbara Jordan ta Texas, bakar fata ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai daga Kudu tun bayan sake ginawa, ta jagoranci wani gagarumin yunkuri na majalisar na sake amincewa da ita, inda ta bukaci fadada dokar ta yadda za a rufe jihohin da ke nuna wariya ga 'yan kasar da ba sa jin Ingilishi. Wannan matsayi ne na jajircewa, musamman lokacin da har yanzu akwai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ke son wargaza Sashe na 5.
Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a sun yi tunanin cewa yana iya zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi na fa'ida, kuma yin la'akari da tsarin ɗaukar hoto na iya haifar da gazawa. Aaron Henry na NAACP, wanda shi kansa ba shi da hurumi a fagen ‘yancin kada kuri’a, ya shaida wa kwamitin shari’a na majalisar cewa ba ya son “gyara dokar zuwa kamala sannan kuma ya rasa duka.”
Majalisa ta amince da shi na tsawon shekaru bakwai tare da tsarin ɗaukar hoto na Jordan, wanda yanzu ya kare Latino da masu jefa ƙuri'a na Amirkawa. Hakanan, an sabunta dabarar faɗakarwa ta yadda rashin halartar masu jefa ƙuri'a kafin 1972 zai ƙara hukunce-hukuncen sashe na 5. Wannan ya haifar da ɗaukar hoto na Texas - kuma zai sanya babban sashe na 5 na jihar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Texas ita ce inda aka fara tarihin shari'a na 'yancin zaɓe, tare da shari'ar 1944 Smith v. Allwright, wanda lauya na NAACP Thurgood Marshall ya yi jayayya. lamarinsa mafi muhimmanci.
Shekaru arba'in bayan haka, kusan an mayar da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a zuwa zamanin kafin Smith v. Allwright. A cikin 1982, Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya ƙaddara Sashe na 5 barazana ga falsafar siyasarsa game da haƙƙin jihohi da ƙa'ida. Wani matashin lauya a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Reagan yana cin zarafi a kan Dokar 'Yancin Zabe sakamakon jagorancin lauyan kare hakkin jama'a na gwamnati William Bradford Reynolds. Wannan matashin lauya shi ne John Roberts, wanda a yau ne babban alkalin kotun kolin kuma zai jagoranci zaman da za a yi a wannan makon kan sashe na 5.
Roberts ya kasance wani ɓangare na gwamnatin da ba ta da ma'ana, idan ba ƙiyayya ba game da manufar gyara Dokar 'Yancin Zabe cewa babban mai shigar da kara na Sashen Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama na Sashen Shari'a, Robert Plotkin, ya yi murabus cikin kyama. rubuta a cikin New York Times:
"Wannan gwamnatin tana ganin dokokin kare hakkin jama'a a matsayin dorawa al'umma nauyi da kuma na tattalin arziki da ba dole ba, kuma ba za ta so wani abu da ya fi dacewa da maye gurbin dokokin yau da kullun da 'damisa' marasa haƙori."
Daga karshe an sabunta dokar, inda aka taimaka tare da wani kwakkwaran kokarin tsaro karkashin jagorancin taron jagoranci kan 'yancin jama'a, tare da kiyaye sashe na 5 na tsawon shekaru 25 masu zuwa. Wannan ya kawo shi don sake tunani a cikin 2006, lokacin da masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a suka fitar da rahoton shafi 15,000 da ke nuna cewa cin zarafi na haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a - duka na dabara, da na bayyane - ya ci gaba, musamman a jihohin Kudancin da Sashe na 5 ya rufe. An sake sabunta shi ga wani. karni na kwata.
Amma ba a sabunta dabarar jawo ba, kuma ba a sabunta ta 1982 ba. Kuma wannan tsari shine jigon muhawarar Kotun Koli a wannan makon.
Yana Bukatar Gyarawa?
A bayyane yake, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da jihohin Kudancin, suna fatan yin abin da suke ƙoƙari su yi tun farkon: Kill Sashe na 5. A wannan yanayin, Shelby v. Holder, suna banki kan gazawar Majalisa don sabunta tsarin. dabarar ɗaukar hoto don cin gajiyar su, suna jayayya cewa yanayin zaɓe na yanzu yana buƙatar sabon magani ko daban fiye da abin da Sashe na 5 ke bayarwa.
Sun yi nuni da cewa jihohin da ba sashe na 5 da aka rufe ba-kamar Pennsylvania da Wisconsin-sun zartar da dokokin kada kuri’a masu cike da shakku ba tare da tantancewa ba. Don wannan dalili, yawancin masu fafutukar kare hakkin kada kuri'a za su so a sake fadada sashe na 5, wanda zai bukaci gyara tsarin ɗaukar hoto.
Sai dai wasu malaman kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na ganin an kafa dokar ‘yancin kada kuri’a ne domin ta yi daidai abin da ta ce za ta yi, a wuraren da ta ce za ta yi. Ya rubuta farfesa a fannin shari'a na Jami'ar Michigan Ellen D. Katz:
Batun da aka gabatar a Shelby County v. Holder ba shine ko alkalai suna tunanin Alabama ya fi Ohio muni ba, ko ma majalisa na iya halattar da hakan. Madadin haka, gundumar Shelby ta gabatar da wata tambaya ta daban: ko Majalisa na da ikon tsawaita tsarin gyara wanda kowa ya yarda da shi bisa doka bisa ka'idar da ta yanke cewa gwamnatin na ci gaba da yin ayyuka masu mahimmanci a wuraren da take aiki. Bai kamata a yi zargin wannan ƙaddamarwa ba, ba ta da inganci, kawai saboda matsaloli sun taso a wasu hukunce-hukuncen da Majalisa za ta iya tsara yadda ya kamata.
A wasu kalmomi bari yayi abin da yake yi, musamman da yake yana yin ta yadda ya kamata.
Katz ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da take hakkin Dokar Zabe a karkashin sashe na 2, tanadin da ya tanadi korafe-korafen haƙƙin ƙuri'a bayan-gaskiya kuma ya shafi al'ummar ƙasar baki ɗaya. Ta gano cewa hukunce-hukuncen da sashe na 5 ya kunsa sun fi sau biyar da rabi ana iya tuhumar su da laifin cin zarafi fiye da hukunce-hukuncen da ba a rufe su ba. Daga cikin jimillar shari'o'in Sashe na 2 da suka ƙare da kyau ga mutane masu launi-ko ta hanyar hukuncin kotu ko sasantawa-28.5 na waɗannan sun faru a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka rufe ga kowane ɗayan da ba a rufe ba. Wannan yana nufin haƙƙin haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a a haƙiƙa yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da Sashe na 5 ya ƙunshi. Yana nufin wuraren da suka dace.
Amma shari'ar da ke gaban kotu ta shafi ko Majalisa ta wuce ikonta ta hanyar sake ba da izini ga Dokar 'Yancin Zabe a 2006 ba tare da sabunta tsarin ɗaukar hoto ba. Asusun NAACP Legal Defence Fund, wanda zai jagoranci muhawara a Shelby v. Holder, yayi jayayya akan gidan yanar gizonsa:
Kundin tsarin mulki ya halatta Majalisa ta mai da hankali kan wuraren da nuna wariya a zaɓe ke dawwama da daidaitawa; wata doka ba ta zama ta sabawa kundin tsarin mulki ba don kawai ba ta magance kowane irin wariya ba—musamman ma lokacin da dokar da aka nuna ta nuna cewa ta magance yawancin irin waɗannan lokuta, kuma a wuraren da ake nuna wariya da taurin kai.
Lauyan Debo Adegbile, wanda zai taimaka wajen kare dokar kare hakkin kada kuri'a a Shelby, ya fadawa manema labarai a makon da ya gabata cewa a tushen sashe na 5 game da "ka'idar shigar da 'yan tsiraru" - tabbatar da cewa ba a kashe muryoyin mutane masu launi ba ko gogewa a cikin tsarin zabe. Ya ce wata kila jihar Alabama ba ta cancanci kalubalantar sashe na 5 ba saboda nata “sassarar nuna wariya da ba ta karye ba” da kuma keta haddi, tun daga kafa dokar zuwa yanzu. An toshe birnin Calera na gundumar Shelby a cikin 2008 saboda shirinsa na sake rarrabawa, wanda ya kawar da gundumomi mafi rinjaye baƙar fata tare da share wakilcin baƙar fata daya tilo na birnin a majalisar birni.
Goge baƙar fata Calera shine kawai abin da ake iya gani. A cikin wasikar kin amincewar ma'aikatar shari'a, sun tunatar da Calera cewa ya gaza gabatar da sauye-sauyen dokar zabe game da rukunin gidaje 177 da aka hade, kamar yadda sashe na 5 ya ba da umarni, na shekaru 13 da suka gabata. Bugu da ari, wani masanin kasa ya ce zai iya taimakawa Calera ya cika wajiban sashe na 5 don hana zubar da kuri'un baƙar fata, "amma majalisar birnin ba ta nuna sha'awa ba."
Adegbile ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa, "Ba batun zababben jami'in ba ne, "Yana da alaka da mutanen da suke da zabi."
Calera ya cire wannan zaɓin don haka gundumar da take zaune a cikin Shelby, tana da "hannu marasa tsabta" waɗanda ba su cancanci magani mai kyau daga Kotun Koli ba.
Izinin Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓen Majalisa na 2006 ba al'amari ne na dare ɗaya ba. Sun kwashe watanni tara suna muhawara tare da bincikar lamarin kafin a zartar da shi tare da amincewar bangarorin biyu da ba za a taba tunanin ba a yau. Har ma sun yi tweaked sashe na 5 don tabbatar da cewa tasirinsa za a raba shi cikin adalci ta hanyar gyara tanade-tanade na belin hukunce-hukuncen da aka rufe ba tare da sanya ido ba, da kuma kara wani tanadi da zai ba da damar kara hukunce-hukuncen da ba a rufe su ba.
Amma bai kamata kotu ta auna ko dokar ta isa ko a'a ba. Shugabar Asusun Kare Legal Defence NAACP Sherrily Ifill ta shaida wa manema labarai cewa, “Idan da ni da ku za mu kirkiro wani tsari na kare tsirarun masu kada kuri’a, da mun yi shi daban. Idan Justice [Antonin] Scalia ya ƙirƙira ɗaya zai iya yin ta daban. Amma wannan ba shine tambayar da ke gaban kotu ba.”
Tambayar, in ji Ifill, ita ce ko Majalisa na da ikon yin sake ba da izini na 2006 kuma ta "bi ta hanyar hankali" don isa ga ƙarshe.
"Daga karshe, wannan shari'ar ta shafi abin da zai faru ne a dubban birane, garuruwa, kauyuka da gundumomi inda 'yan tsirarun masu kada kuri'a ke ci gaba da kokawa don jin muryarsu," in ji Ifill. "Da gaske ne game da ƙarfin dimokuradiyyarmu."
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