Yayin da fafatukar neman tsayawa takarar shugabancin Amurka a shekarar 2016 ke kara zafafa, bincike ya nuna cewa kafafen sada zumunta da jiga-jigan injiniyoyi na iya yin amfani da zabin masu kada kuri’a ga ‘yan takara. Wannan tasiri mai nisa na iya ba kawai tasiri ga Amurka ba amma har zuwa zabuka a kasashen duniya.
Kafofin watsa labarai, gami da Forbes da kuma New Scientist, suna ba da rahoton cewa sabbin fasahohin dijital suna yin tasiri sosai kan shawarar da mutane suke yankewa. Ba wai kawai yanke shawara game da irin man goge baki ko kofi da za a saya ba, amma shawarar da ta shafi al'ummomi gaba daya - kamar zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka. Binciken ya kara jefa shakku kan hasashen cewa zabe ya gudana cikin 'yanci da adalci.
Ra'ayin gama-gari, mai kyakykyawan fata game da tsarin dimokuradiyya shi ne cewa zaɓin masu jefa ƙuri'a yana tabbatar da sakamakon zaɓe. A cikin kusantar juna, da kuma maslaha, ana iya maye gurbin dimokuradiyya ta hanyar jefar da tsabar kudi, kamar yadda ya faru. a cikin jam'iyyar Democrat ta Iowa tsakanin Hilary Clinton da Bernie Sanders a watan Fabrairun da ya gabata. Ra'ayi mara kyau shi ne tsarin zabe da ake da shi yana da kura-kurai da tsari. Mummunan 'kwamitocin ayyukan siyasa' (PACS da Super PACs) suna ba da damar ba da gudummawa na sirri mara iyaka ga 'yan takara, haifar da bangaranci ga muradun masu hannu da shuni. Ƙungiyoyin watsa labarai na iya amfani da injunan samar da ra'ayi don amfanin ƴan takarar da suka fi so.
Bincike na baya-bayan nan yana nuni ga sababbi - masu yuwuwa mafi ƙarfi kuma ba a iya ganewa sosai ba - masu tasiri. Robert Epstein, babban masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Cibiyar Nazarin Halaye da Fasaha ta Amurka kuma tsohon babban editan. Psychology yau, yayi kashedin ikon 'marasa ganuwa' na kafofin watsa labarun da injunan bincike don yanke shawarar sakamakon zabe. Idan "Google ya fifita dan takara daya a zabe, tasirinsa ga masu kada kuri'a da ba su yanke shawara ba zai iya tantance sakamakon zaben cikin sauki," Epstein ya ce wannan watan. An kiyasta cewa fiye da kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na al'ummar Amurka a yanzu suna samun labaransu ta hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani kamar Google, Facebook da Twitter. Isar da tasirin tasiri yana da yawa.
Epstein da abokin aikinsa Ronald E Robertson sun bayyana sakamakon bincikensu a cikin Aikace-aikace na National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) a watan Agusta 2015. Sun bayyana cewa Google search Algorithms suna samar, abin da suke kira, 'Search Engine Manipulation Effect' kuma masu binciken sunyi lissafi mai ban mamaki cewa 'Google yanzu yana da ikon juyawa sama. Kashi 25 na zabukan kasa a duniya ba tare da wanda ya san wannan yana faruwa ba.'
Ta yaya suka isa ga wannan abin mamaki? Sun gwada masu jefa kuri'a 4,556 da ba a tantance ba a Amurka da Indiya. Hanyar binciken su ta kasance mai tsauri, gami da binciken makafi biyu - dabarar da aka ƙera don kawar da son zuciya inda masu bincike ko batutuwan gwajin ba su san wanda ake gwadawa da gaske ba. Hakanan an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa bazuwar, waɗanda aka ƙera don tantancewa sosai idan akwai alaƙa da tasiri da tasiri ta hanyar keɓance batutuwa a ƙarƙashin gwaje-gwajen. Gwajin nasu ya gano cewa:
- Matsayin injunan bincike na son zuciya na iya canza zaɓin zaɓe na masu jefa ƙuri'a da ba su yanke shawara da kashi 20 cikin ɗari ko fiye;
- canjin zai iya zama mafi girma a wasu rukunin alƙaluma; kuma
- Ana iya rufe son zuciya ta yadda mutane ba su da masaniya game da magudin.
Epstein ya yi kiyasin cewa, tare da ko ba tare da shiri na gangan ba daga bangaren shugabannin kamfanoni, martabar binciken Google na yin tasiri ga zabuka tsawon shekaru kuma tasirin yana karuwa.
Al'adar juya zaɓe ba sabon abu ba ne. Edward Bernays - ɗan'uwan majagaba na psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud kuma mahaifin 'dangantakar jama'a' (wanda aka sani da 'farfaganda' a lokacinsa) - ya yi aiki tare da United Fruit da CIA don haifar da ra'ayin jama'a a duniya a kan Shugaban Guatemalan Jacobo Árbenz, yana shirya kasa don juyin mulkin soji a kansa a 1954. A karkashin tsarin 'inganta dimokuradiyya', Amurka ta kuma yi amfani da dabaru da dabaru masu sassaucin ra'ayi don murkushe dimokuradiyya da tallafawa mulkin kama-karya a Nicaragua, Philippines, Ukraine da Haiti.
Idan binciken Epstein game da ƙarfin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun fasaha don rinjayar 'dimokuradiyya' a cikin babban ma'auni ya kasance daidai daidai, bincikensa ya nuna cewa sabbin masarautun dijital suna da ikon aiwatar da ingantattun nau'ikan 'ƙarni mai laushi' na ƙarni na 20. Wannan sabon juzu'in mai taushin wuta yana da sauƙin daidaitawa zuwa babba ko ƙarami kuma yana ɓoyewa a bayan 'inganta injin bincike'. Inda masarautun gargajiya suka yi amfani da ƙungiyoyin farar hula da na siyasa (a matsayin madadin, ko kafin, 'ƙarfin ƙarfi' na tsoma bakin soja) don jujjuya sakamakon zaɓe, sabbin sarakunan dijital na iya jujjuya sakamakon zaɓe don dacewa. nasu bukatun nisa fiye da kai tsaye kuma a ɓoye.
Ƙaddamar da kyakkyawar rawar intanet a cikin al'umma Eric Schmidt na Google da Jared Cohen sun yi iƙirari, a cikin littafinsu na 2013. Sabon Zaman Dijital, cewa ƙirƙirar da amfani da abun ciki na dijital a cikin duniyar kan layi na biliyoyin mutane shine gwaji mafi girma a cikin 'yanci. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa intanet 'ba a ɗaure shi da gaske da dokokin ƙasa' don haka ba kawai 'sararin samaniya mafi girma a duniya ba' amma kuma 'gwajin mafi girma da ke tattare da rikici a tarihi'.
Binciken Google yana ba da bayyanar sahihanci kuma buɗaɗɗen sakamako - na abubuwan da aka tattara cikin 'yanci. A zahiri, yana samar da sakamakon 'sanarwa' waɗanda a zahiri zaɓaɓɓu ne don mutane su yi zaɓi daga cikin ƙayyadaddun zaɓuɓɓuka. Masanin ilimin harshe kuma masanin falsafa Noam Chomsky ya rubuta a cikin 1989 cewa a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya 'dole ne a sanya rudani' game da 'yanci da iko' a cikin tunanin jama'a ta hanya mafi dabara.' 'Ma'anar dabara' a yau tana cikin 'Big Data' da hadadden algorithms.
Rubuta a cikin New York Times, Editan WikiLeaks Julian Assange ya ba da ra'ayi daban-daban. Assange ya bayar da hujjar cewa 'ci gaban fasahar bayanai da Google ya kware yana shelanta mutuwar sirri ga yawancin mutane kuma yana karkata duniya zuwa ga mulkin kama karya.' A cewar Assange rugujewar sirrin mutum da daidaitaccen tsarin mulki yana sa 'cin zarafi ya zama makawa' kuma yana matsar da al'ummomin 'mai kyau' kusa da 'marasa kyau'.
An dai san cewa jiga-jigan ‘yan siyasa na Silicon Valley na goyon bayan Hillary Clinton a yakin neman zabenta na jam’iyyar Democrat ta tsayar da shi takarar shugabancin Amurka. Google yana da kamfanoni guda biyu waɗanda ke taimaka mata dabarun yaƙin neman zaɓe, The Groundwork da Civis Analytics. Goyon bayan da Google ke baiwa Clinton ya sa Assange ya ce a shekarar da ta gabata Google ne ‘makamin sirri’ na Clinton.
Tasirin ya kai ga sauran manyan gwanayen fasaha na Yammacin Tekun Yamma. Kowace rana daruruwan miliyoyin mutane suna son raba bayanan sirri game da kansu, danginsu da abokansu a shafukan sada zumunta. Ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka tana da yayi karatu sosai yadda ake yin tasiri ga waɗannan masu amfani. Da kuma Facebook a rigima nema ya koya yadda ake sarrafa motsin zuciyar mai amfani ta hanyar sarrafa labaran sa. Sabuwar ikon da aka samu na kafofin watsa labarun da injunan bincike suna aiki ba tare da gani ba kuma akan sikelin da, a cewar Epstein, 'ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a tarihin ɗan adam'.
A shekarar 2010 Facebook gudanar da wani gwaji suna neman masu amfani da Amurka miliyan 61 da su kada kuri'a a zaben tsakiyar wa'adi na majalisar wakilai. Kamfanin ya ba da damar hanyar haɗin yanar gizon da ta taimaka wa masu amfani da su sami wurin jefa kuri'a na kusa da maɓalli don danna lokacin da suka yi zabe. Daidai da yakin da yake yi na hulda da jama'a don nuna kansa a matsayin mai haɗin kai na al'umma, ya kara da hotunan abokai da suka yi haka. Sakamakon ya kasance mai ban mamaki. A cikin abin da masu binciken suka yi wa lakabi da gwaji a cikin 'tasirin zamantakewa da hada kai na siyasa' sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙarin ƙarin mutane 340,000 ne suka fito don kada kuri'a. saboda wannan yakin Facebook guda daya.
Yin bitar illolin haɗari na wannan don makomar 'dijital gerrymandering', Darakta a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard Law School's Berkman Center for Internet & Society Jonathan Zittrain, saka a gaba gwajin tunani. Ka yi tunanin zaɓe mai zafi da za a yi nan gaba inda shugaban zartarwa na Facebook Mark Zuckerberg da kansa ya fifita ɗan takarar da ba ka so. Ya shirya wani hanzarin kada kuri'a ya bayyana a cikin labaran miliyoyin masu amfani da Facebook duk da haka yana amfani da gaskiyar cewa 'likes' na Facebook na iya yin hasashen ra'ayin siyasa da alaƙar jam'iyya. Da wannan ilimin Zuckerberg ya zaɓi kada ya jawo masu amfani waɗanda ba su da tausayi ga zaɓaɓɓen ɗan takararsa. Irin wannan magudin, Zittrain yayi hasashe, zai karkatar da sakamakon zaben da muke zato.
Don hana magudi na gaba na irin wannan nau'in Zittrain ya haɓaka manufar ƙirƙirar 'fiduciaries'. Tunanin ya ba da shawarar cewa kamfanonin da aka ba wa amanar bayanan sirri da abubuwan da ake so su yi aiki daidai da yadda lauyoyi da likitoci ke yi lokacin da suka sami mahimman bayanai game da abokan cinikinsu da majinyata. Musamman, ba a yarda su yi amfani da wannan ilimin don dalilai na waje ba. Wannan matsayi ya yi nisa daga halin da muke ciki a yanzu, inda ainihin ribar da kamfanonin fasaha kamar Google da Facebook suke samu daga fassarar bayananmu da sayar da su.
Farfesa Lawrence Lessig, Farfesa Law Harvard, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar Democrat a watan Nuwambar bara, ya gano yadda intanet ke zama wani wuri mai tsari fiye da shekaru goma da suka wuce. Da yake karin haske kan hujjar cewa 'lambar doka ce', Lessig ya bayyana cewa ko dai za a iya amfani da lambar don gina duniyar dijital don kare dabi'un da muka yi imani suna da mahimmanci ko kuma za mu iya yin lamba don barin waɗannan dabi'u su ɓace. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda ana ɗaukar intanet a matsayin sarari kyauta inda babban barazanar shine ka'idojin gwamnati da mamaye sirri.
Amma da alama abubuwa sun canza tun farkon lokacin intanet. Kamar yadda ƙarfin sabbin masarautun dijital don jujjuya zaɓe ya misalta, duniyar kama-da-wane na iya sarrafa ainihin duniyar da ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da lambar a yanzu ko dai a yi amfani da ita don ciyar da ƙirƙirar dimokuradiyya mai ilimi da haɗin kai ko kuma ana iya amfani da ita don ɓacewa ko sarrafa bayyanar bayanai a ƙarƙashin manyan bayanan bayanai da hadaddun algorithms. Ƙarfin sabbin masarautun dijital kamar Google, Amazon da Facebook da alama suna nuna cewa mun riga mun yi tafiya mai nisa zuwa ƙarshen hanya, ba tare da lura ba.
Chris Spannos Editan Dijital a Sabon dan wasan duniya.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi
1 Comment
Batun daidaita lambar da tasirin sa bai taɓa yin ƙarfi ba.
Fatan irin wannan ka'ida na ganin hasken rana a cikin wannan majalisa ya rage shekaru masu haske.