Rashin raunin dabarun da ya danganci mafi ƙasƙanci na gama gari ya kasance cikakkiyar fure a lokacin harin bam na 1991 na Iraki, wanda aka sake tattara shi azaman "Yaƙin Gulf." "Ku Taimakawa Sojojinmu, Ba Yakin ba!" Ya nace da yakin neman zaman lafiya na kasa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ya girma daga tsohon Kwamitin Tattaunawa na Kasa don Ƙarshen Yaƙi a Vietnam kuma daga baya zai shiga United for Peace and Justice - siyasa iri ɗaya, dogaro iri ɗaya ga mafi ƙasƙanci-na kowa. Gina haɗin gwiwa, irin wannan adawa mai aminci ga tsarin jam'iyyu 2, kuma, a zahiri. mutane iri daya. Zato mai tushe: Taimakawa sojojin "mu" don mulkin mallaka amma a'a nasu (lura da motsi: ba mu magana game da "mutane," yanzu, amma "runduna"). Kuma duk abin da kuke yi, kada ku ce wani abu game da Falasdinu ko Isra'ila!
A duk faɗin ƙasar - hakika, a duk faɗin duniya - masu zaman kansu, masu zanga-zangar antiwar sun fusata, gami da adadin sojojin AWOL da ma'aikatan ruwa daga wasu ƙasashe, sun yi kai tsaye don tsayayya da yaƙin. Sun toshe ko kuma zagon kasa da jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Tekun Fasha. A wani lamari da ya faru, wani jirgin ruwan kwantena mallakar Jamus mai suna Eagle Nova, ma’aikatan jami’an Jamus da ma’aikatan jirgin daga Philippines, sun ki kai kayayyakin soji zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Dammam na Saudiyya da ke gabar Tekun Fasha.[1] A wani yanayin kuma, ma'aikatan jirgin musulmi 27 a cikin jirgin Banglar Mamata, wani jirgin ruwa na Bangladesh, ya tsallake rijiya da baya a Oakland, California, maimakon ci gaba da kai kayan nasu harsashi ga sojojin Amurka.[2] Jami'an hadin gwiwa na Japan da ma'aikatan jirgin da ke cikin jiragen ruwa na kwantena da tankokin da Amurka ta yi hayar su ma sun ki jigilar kayan sojan Amurka zuwa yankin yaki. Ayyukan kungiyoyin ma'aikata na kasa da kasa kai tsaye game da haɓakar yaƙi sun kasance, a zahiri, sun yaɗu sosai cewa jami'ai sun damu da cewa "karkatar da kayayyaki na iya zama akai-akai don shafar ikon yin yaƙi na Amurka a cikin dogon yaƙi."[3]
Tsakanin Agusta 2, 1990 zuwa Maris na shekara ta gaba, fiye da sojojin Amurka 13,000 sun yi tsayayya da bugu na yakin kai tsaye. An ɗaure ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwan kurkuku, kuma dubun dubatar wasu sun tafi AWOL - yawancinsu Baƙi ko Latino - mafi girman rabo fiye da lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam. A cikin wani lamarin, membobin National Guard 67 daga Louisiana sun tafi AWOL a matsayin rukuni daga Fort Hood, Texas, a farkon watan Fabrairu don nuna adawa da rashin isassun horo, manufofin barin rashin adalci da wariyar launin fata, a cikin inuwar yaki. Tod Ensign, ma'aikacin Sojan Jama'a, ya kira shi "aiki mafi girma da aka sani na juriya na soja" a lokacin yakin Gulf.[4]
A ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1990, wani tsohon sojan Vietnam, Tim Brown - wanda Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya bayyana a matsayin "mutum mai girman kai wanda ya zauna shi kadai a kan kwale-kwalen gida kuma da wuya ya tattauna batun siyasa" - ya mutu bayan ya cinna wa kansa wuta a Isleton, California. zanga-zangar da sojojin Amurka suka yi a yankin Gulf. A cikin takardun da ya sanya a kan gilashin mota da ke kusa, ya rubuta: “Ni, Tim Brown, tsohon sojan Vietnam, na ayyana cewa aikin da na yi na kona kai wani zanga-zanga ne kai tsaye na manufofin yakin Amurka a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Amurka, kar a je yaki. Amurka, kar a maimaita kuskuren Vietnam. Kar a jira a fara yakin sannan a yi zanga-zanga. Yi zanga-zangar yanzu alhali da sauran lokaci." A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1991, a daidai lokacin da Amurka ta kai harin bam a Iraki, Gregory Levey, tsohon dalibin UMASS kuma malamin ilimi na musamman, ya cinna wa kansa wuta yayin da yake dauke da alamar zaman lafiya. Ya mutu a Amherst Commons da ke Massachusetts, don nuna adawa da harin bama-bamai da Amurka ta yi da kisan fararen hula a can. "Babu Jinin Mai!" da "A'a, ba za mu tafi ba, ba za mu mutu don Texaco ba!" ya zama kukan yaki na gwagwarmayar yaki da yaki da ta kunno kai.
Ba kamar kona kansu na mabiya addinin Buddah ba a lokacin yakin Vietnam, waɗannan ayyukan jajircewa da raɗaɗin zuciya sun sami kusan babu talla a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun. Takardu ɗaya ko biyu ne kawai suka ɗauki labarin AP akan aikin Tim Brown. Amma namu kafofin watsa labarai, gami da rediyon WBAI a NYC da cibiyar sadarwar Pacifica a duk faɗin Amurka, The Guardian, da sabbin kungiyoyi kamar Hannu ya tafi! (duba ƙasa) ya sami kalmar kuma ya taimaka wajen tayar da tashin hankali a cikin sojoji. Masu bijirewa sojoji sun fara bayyana a ko'ina, a ciki da waje, suna nuna adawa da yakin duk da barazanar da kotun soji ta yi da dauri.
Yayin da ake tsare da shi a Iraki a matsayin fursunan yaki bayan an harbo jirginsa, Laftanar Jeffrey Zaun na New Jersey ya kasance gwarzon yada labarai, kamar Jessica Lynch shekaru goma bayan haka. Talabijin da jaridu sun lika hotonsa a duk shafukansu. Amma wannan bautar jarumin ta ci gaba har sai da ya dawo, kuma Zaun ya ba da ra'ayinsa game da abubuwan da ya faru a Gulf: "Kasar nan ba ta ga tsadar yakin ba. na yi Jama'a suna zaton mun shiga can ne muka harba jaki; amma ba su ga an kashe uwayen Iraqi ba. Ba na son in sake kashe kowa.” Manema labarai sun binne bayanan nasa, yayin da sojojin Amurka suka yi amfani da buldoza wajen binne dubun dubatan ma'aikatan Iraki da ba su da makami a cikin yashi na hamada.
Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan ƴan uwansu na National Guard membobin su bijirewa an ɗauke su a matsayin “shugabanni” da kotun soji. Sgt. Robert Pete ya samu hukuncin daurin shekaru shida a gidan yari yayin da Dwayne Black da Derrick Guidry suka samu shekara guda. Dukkansu ukun kuma sun sami sallamar rashin mutunci.[5] Kuma da yawa daga cikin kusan sojojin Amurka 2,500 da suka shigar da kara a matsayin ƙin yarda da imaninsu a lokacin, ana tuhumar su da tuhume-tuhume mai tsanani na “rashin haji”; sun fuskanci zaman kurkuku na tsawon lokaci saboda su jama'a anti-yaki matsayi.
Baya ga waɗanda kotun soji a nan gida, sama da ɗari GI na yaƙi da yaƙi a Jamus har yanzu suna hannun hukumomin soji a ƙarshen Maris, 1991, ko kuma an tilasta musu su shiga ɓoye. Sojojin da suka dawo daga Saudiyya sun ba da rahoton wasu daruruwan GI da ake tsare da su a can.[6]
A cikin wani ɗakin shari'a mai cike da tururi a sansanin Marine Corps a Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, shari'ar kotu na soja a kan yawancin Marines da suka yi tsayayya da yakin Gulf ya ci gaba a duk lokacin bazara, tare da nary kalma a cikin manema labaru na kamfanoni.
Kyaftin Yolanda Huet-Vaughn, likitan Sojoji, ya ki ba da umarnin tura shi zuwa Tekun Fasha. A lokacin da Huet-Vaughn ya yi Allah wadai da yakin da aka yi a gidan talabijin na Sally Jessy Raphael mai kawancen kasa da kasa, ya kuma bayyana cewa wasu makaman gubar Saddam Hussein na wasu kamfanonin Amurka ne, Sally Jessy ta rasa shi. Ta zo ta haye likitan, ta dago fuskarta kamar inci bakwai daga gare ta ta yi ihu: “Fita! Ku tashi daga wasan kwaikwayo na!,” in ji Amy Goodman ta WBAI, wacce ita ma baƙo ce a faifan. Huet-Vaughn ta yi iƙirarin cewa, a matsayinta na likita, horon da ta yi shi ne ta warkar da mutane, ba don ta kashe su ba. A Fort Leonard Wood da ke Missouri, Kyaftin Huet-Vaughn, Ba’amurke Ba’amurke, an killace shi a ginin sa’o’i 24 a rana, an tilasta masa kiran inda take a kowane sa’o’i 4, kuma ya hana ta ganin ‘ya’yanta a asirce (sun yi amfani da shi. su kasance a waje a duk lokacin da suka ziyarce ta). Magoya bayanta 60 zuwa XNUMX ne suka cika dukkan jawaban nata, inda suka ki yarda a boye makarkashiyar gwamnati a bayan kofa.
Sam Lwin dalibi ne a New School for Social Research in New York City. Dan shekara ashirin da daya kacal, ya fuskanci shekaru bakwai a gidan yari saboda shirya rukunin ajiyar sa na Marine Corps, Fox Company, a Fort Schuyler a Bronx don yin tsayayya. Ya gabatar da takardar neman matsayin Conscientious Objector kafin a kunna naúrar a watan Nuwamba, 1990. Lwin, tare da wasu COs guda bakwai daga sashinsa, sun ƙi kiran. Sam ya fuskanci zaman gidan yari na shekaru 7, rashin mutunci, da kuma asarar duk wata fa'ida da suka hada da kula da lafiya da fansho saboda kin kisa. Abokan karatunsa a New School ne suka kafa kungiyar Hannu Kashe Sam!, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya ɗauki shari'ar sauran masu adawa, ya tafi ƙasa, kuma ya zama, a sauƙaƙe. Hannu ya tafi! (Lwin ya ƙare watanni 4 a gidan yari, yanke hukuncin da ya dace godiya ga yawan tallafin da ’yan uwansa ɗalibai suka shirya.)
Ronald Jean-Baptiste yana daya daga cikin na farko na masu adawa da yakin Gulf. Ya yi magana a bainar jama’a a taron yaƙi na farko a matsayin Ba’amurke ɗan Haiti, yana mai cewa: “Ba za su ƙyale in ba da gudummawar jinina don in taimaka wa mutane ba domin ni ɗan Haiti ne, amma suna so in zubar musu da shi kuma in kashe mutane. . Ba zan yi ba.”
An gurfanar da Stephanie Atkinson na Illinois daga cikin Rundunar Soja saboda ƙin yin yaƙi a Gulf. Bayan barin aikin soja, ta zama mai sukar kai tsaye kuma ta tafi aiki tare da War Resisters League tana kare sauran masu adawa.
Me ya sa ba za mu tuna da sunayensu ba, waɗannan ’yan adawa, waɗannan jarumai kai tsaye na ɗan adam, waɗanda suka fuskanci irin wannan mummunan sakamako na sirri amma har yanzu sun ƙi kisa saboda mulkin mallaka na Amurka? Me yasa aka rubuta abubuwan da suka yi daga asusun juriyar da sojojin suka yi a yakin Gulf? Wadannan ‘yan adawa ne wadanda suka ki zama ‘yan amshin shata suna kashe sauran talakawa don neman mai, riba da daula. Sun yi da gaba gaɗi sosai, suna cewa: “Wannan shi ne daidai, wannan shi ne abin da ba shi ba, babu wani iko a duniya da zai iya motsa ni daga nan.” Kuma kada mu manta abin da suke gaba da su, waɗannan yaran - don abin da yawancinsu suka kasance ke nan. An jefar da su daga aikin soja aka jefa su kurkuku, sun rasa guraben karatu, ayyukansu, wani lokacin iyalai da abokansu. Sau da yawa mukan ji nawa ake bin tsoffin sojojin da suka yi yakin kasar nan. Amma muna binta fiye da haka ga waɗanda suka yi ya ki su yi yaki, wadanda suka yi yaki da yaki, don sanya jikinsu a kan tagar injin yaki da sa ta rage gudu, wani lokacin kuma ta tsaya.
Ka tuna Kevin Sparrock, dalibi a Makarantar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin (New York City's School of Visual Arts); Erik Larsen, dalibi a Chabot Community College a California; da, Tahan Jones. Sun kasance daga cikin wadanda aka fi gani a cikin masu adawa da shi saboda sun taimaka wajen shirya zanga-zangar adawa da yaki a fadin kasar. An zarge su da yin gudun hijira a lokacin yaki. Gwamnati ta shigar da kara a kansu suna kira ga hukuncin kisa.
Ka tuna Eric Hayes. Shi ne shugaban kungiyar Ɗaliban Baƙar fata a Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois, kuma mai ajiyar Marine Corps. An fitar da Eric daga dakin kwanansa a tsakiyar dare a cikin Disamba, 1990, 'yan sanda na soja suka daure shi da hannu kuma aka kai shi ga brig a Camp Lejeune mai nisan mil dubu saboda ya kasa bayar da rahoto lokacin da aka kunna sashinsa na Illinois. (An yanke wa Eric hukuncin daurin watanni 8 a gidan yari.)
Ka tuna Marine Corps Cpl. Jeff Paterson. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1990, ya ki amincewa da umarnin shiga jirgin jigilar sojoji domin aikewa da shi Saudiyya. Lokacin da sajan ma'aikatansa suka yi ƙoƙari su tura shi cikin jirgin, Jeff ya zauna a cikin rataye ya ƙi motsawa. (Jeff ya zama jagoran gwagwarmayar yaki, kuma yayi aiki tare da Ƙi ku Tsaya!)
Ka tuna Demetrio Perez da James Summers, dukansu dalibai a Santa Fe Community College a Florida, da John Isaac III, dalibi a City College of New York. An tuhume su da "Hamada tare da niyyar yin shirka mai haɗari" da "Bace Motsi" saboda kin umarnin yin jigilar kaya zuwa Tekun Fasha; kotun soja ta gurfanar da su kuma aka same su da laifi. (An yanke wa Perez hukuncin watanni 15, Summers zuwa watanni 14, da Ishaku zuwa watanni 8 a aiki mai wahala.)
Yayin da ya bayyana cewa, karin jami'an soji ba su da sha'awar yin gwagwarmaya don neman Masarautar da kuma fadada daular man fetur ta Amurka, sojojin Amurka sun fara yin garkuwa da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da tilasta su a kan jiragen da suka nufi Gulf. A cikin wani hali, Sgt. Derrick Jones, wani likita ne, ya shigar da takarda a matsayin wanda ya ki yarda da imaninsa kuma ya bar sashinsa na kwanaki da yawa. Ta bakin lauyansa, ya tattauna da kwamandansa, Capt. Cloy, domin komawa sashinsa, kuma an yi masa alkawarin cewa ba za a tuhume shi da laifin bacewar motsi ba yayin da yake jiran a aiwatar da da'awar CO nasa. Amma da Jones ya koma sashinsa a Jamus, nan take aka tsare shi, aka daure shi da hannu, aka ja shi cikin jirgi aka tafi da shi Saudiyya ba tare da son ransa ba.
Irin wannan abu ya faru da David Owen Carson, Robert Chandler da wasu da dama na sauran masu adawa da sojoji. Bryan Centa, wani likita da ke zaune a Lee Barracks a Mainz, Jamus, shi ma ya shigar da takardar neman a sallame wanda ya ki saboda imaninsa. An daure Centa a hannu kuma an sanya shi da karfen kafa kuma an aika da shi zuwa Saudi Arabia. Babban mai shigar da kara na Amurka ya kasa gabatar da koke ko daya kan sojoji a cikin daya daga cikin dimbin sace-sacen da aka yi, ko kuma amincewa da wariyar launin fata da ke tattare da yawancin abubuwan da suka faru.
Wannan kasancewar Amurka, ta yaya za a iya wariyar launin fata ba sun taka rawar gani sosai a halin gwamnati game da masu adawa? Wani lokaci yakan fito ne cikin wauta amma rashin lahani, kamar fashewar wani babban soja a lokacin da wata fararriyar 'yar jarida mai suna Judith Weiner, ta rungumi Sam Lwin, ɗan ƙasar Burma, ta kuma sumbace shi, a lokacin hutu a ɗaya daga cikin shari'arsa. Sajan Richmond, wani bature kuma mai kula da runduna ta Lwin, ya umurci Sam zuwa cikin zauren kuma ya yi masa kururuwa: "Bai kamata ka nuna soyayya ba yayin da kake cikin rigar." Tun lokacin da aka ga sojoji a duk fadin kasar a gidan talabijin na kasar suna zuwa gida suna runguma da sumbata yayin da suke cikin kakin kakin, fashewar Richmond ta fito fili ta dalilin da ya sa.
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Bada Tallafi