Lura: Ba zan ƙara yin tsokaci ba kan maƙalar Chris Hedges da aka buga a ko'ina, "Cancer da ke Ciki," 1 game da dabarun Occupy Oakland (kuma ta hanyar Occupy Wall Street) da kuma yin Allah wadai da dabarun da ya dangana ga Black Bloc. Amma bayan ya bayyana a ranar Mayu akan Dimokuradiyya Yanzu! kuma na sabunta waɗancan ikirari ba tare da yin la'akari da abin da mutanen da ke cikin Occupy ke cewa ba, Na yanke shawarar buga wannan a nan, kuma a cikin littafina mai zuwa, “Menene Aiki Kai tsaye? Darussa daga (da zuwa) Occupy Wall Street." Kuna iya samun ƙarin bayani game da littafin ta rubuta mini a adireshin imel da ke sama.
Chris Hedges yana da kuma ya ci gaba da yin sharhi mai mahimmanci kuma sau da yawa game da abin da ya kira "hanyar jari hujja," da kuma rawar da jam'iyyun Democrat da Republican suka taka wajen murkushe 'yancin walwala, samar da yaƙe-yaƙe na mulkin mallaka da lalata duniya a cikin sabis na kashi 1. . Aboki ne mai ban sha'awa (kuma, baƙon abu, "ba memba ba," a cikin kalmominsa) na ƙungiyar Occupy Wall Street. Amma ba shi da gogewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ko ma a cikin ƙungiyar alaƙa, kuma yana nunawa, musamman idan ana batun yadda za a magance bambance-bambancen ra'ayi da sauran damuwa a cikin motsi.
A haƙiƙa, Hedges yana nuna kyama ga ƙungiyoyin hagu waɗanda ba su dace da ƙa'idodinsa na ɗabi'a ba. Littafin nasa, Death of the Liberal Class, "yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin rashin karanta tarihi na wani mashahurin marubuci a Hagu wanda na taɓa gani," in ji Brian Tokar, tsohon ɗan takara a yaƙin neman zaɓe kai tsaye kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta zamantakewa da nazarin muhalli a Jami'ar Vermont. "Hedges da gaske ya yi imanin cewa Sabon Hagu bai cika komai ba, sai dai wasu manyan mutane da yake so, kamar Howard Zinn da Berrigans." A cikin wannan littafin, Hedges (abin mamaki, a gare ni) ya rubuta cewa Sabon Hagu ba shi da “hangen siyasa. Herman Hesse's Siddhartha, tare da mai ba da labari na neman wayewa, ya zama alama ta halin ɗabi'a na Sabon Hagu." Kuma ya ci gaba da cewa:
Zanga-zangar a cikin 1960s ta samo tushen akidar ta a cikin rabuwar da Beats suka yi a baya kamar su Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, da William Borroughs. Yunkurin ne wanda, yayin da ya haɗa da rashin mutunta hukuma, ya sake mai da hankali kan tsare-tsare masu son kai don kwanciyar hankali da cikawa. … Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, da mashahuran ƙwararru waɗanda suka jagorance su irin su shugabar Yippie Abbie Hoffman, sun nema tare da kula da matakin da kyamarori na talabijin suka tsara musu. Zanga-zangar da shari'ar kotu ta zama wasan kwaikwayo na titi. Rashin amincewa ya zama wani abin kallo na kafofin watsa labarai. Masu zanga-zangar adawa da yaki a Berkeley sun sauya daga rera waka "Solidarity Forever" zuwa "Submarine Yellow." 2
Hedges ya rasa cikakkiyar gudummawar gudummawar da mahalarta yaƙi da yaƙi, 'Yancin Mata, Baƙar fata & Gay, al'adu, adalci na zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli na shekaru 50 da suka gabata; ko ta yaya kuma ya rasa dabarun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don kawo sauyi a cikin al'umma wanda manyan sassan New Hagu suka fitar (da yawa daga cikin wadanda gwamnati ta murkushe ko ta yi hadin gwiwa). Nisanta daga dukkan al'amuran al'ummar jari hujja wanda ke da alamar Sabon Hagu ba a iya gani a cikin sukar Hedges. Hedges ya juya gwagwarmayar ƙarni na 60 na yaƙi da zaluncin mutum zuwa, a gare shi, rashin amincewa da sadaukar da kai a madadin “wasu”:
Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin farar hula, wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin ɗabi'a da addini na adalci da sadaukarwa, abin da Dwight Macdonald ya kira dabi'un da ba na tarihi ba, ya mamaye shi da son kai na New Hagu, musamman bayan kisan gillar Malcolm. X a cikin 1967 [sic – An kashe Malcom a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1965, ba 67 – MC ba] da Martin Luther King Jr. shekara guda bayan haka. Kuma da zarar yakin Vietnam ya ƙare, da zarar mazaje masu matsakaicin matsayi sun daina zuwa yaƙi, motsi ya wargaje. Rashin siyasa da halin ɗabi'a a cikin al'adun gargajiya na nufin sauƙaƙan sauyi daga kwalejin koleji zuwa memba na masu sassaucin ra'ayi.3
Hotunan Hedges na 'yancin farar hula ko ƙungiyoyin kwadago a matsayin "wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin kyawawan halaye da addini na adalci da sadaukar da kai" gaskiya ne kawai idan mutum ya bar dukan Baƙar fata da ke ƙoƙarin yin rajista don jefa ƙuri'a da kuma ma'aikata suna ƙoƙari su shirya cikin ƙungiyoyi. su kyautata nasu yanayin.
Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Hedges Na Ƙirƙirar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa
Duk da yake Hedges bai ja wani naushi ba a cikin haɓaka sassaucin ra'ayi a yau (kuma na yarda da shi a can), yana ba da zane mai ban dariya mai girman girman New Hagu. Hedges' na tushen kirista yana korar waɗanda suka zaɓi yin yaƙi don ƴancin kansu da ma wasu. Kuma yana raunana dabarun Hedges don aiwatar da sauyin al'umma. Har ila yau, ya bar shi mai wuyar dogaro da shi, abin ban mamaki, yana roƙon “aji” mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ba shi da shi (sashe ɗaya da ya shiga wani wuri) don ɗaukar manufar juyin juya hali.
Haɗari na gaske ga fitattun mutane ya fito ne daga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutane maza da mata waɗanda tsarin ƙididdiga ya hana su ci gaba. Masu zane-zane ba tare da ɗakunan karatu ko gidajen wasan kwaikwayo ba, malamai ba tare da azuzuwa ba, lauyoyi ba tare da abokan ciniki ba, likitoci ba tare da marasa lafiya ba da kuma 'yan jarida ba tare da jaridu ba suna sauka a tattalin arziki. Sun zama, yayin da suke cuɗanya da ƴan ƙasa, wata gada tsakanin duniyar manyan mutane da waɗanda ake zalunta. Kuma su ne masu tada zaune tsaye.4
Hedges yana ba da haske mai haske na farkon hujjar VI Lenin (daga baya aka gyara) a cikin Me Za a Yi? Inda Lenin ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar "ɓangarorin uku" don cike gibin tarihi - ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan juyin juya hali, da farko daga masu hankali, waɗanda manufarsu ta bayyana kanta ita ce ta kawo tambayoyin siyasa da amsoshin juyin juya hali a cikin ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata daga. 5. Ga Marx da Engels a daya bangaren, sani ba wani yanayi ne na wayewar kai da za a samu daga gwagwarmayar ma'aikata na waje a matsayin aji. Sanin aji wani ɓangare ne na wani tsari na haƙiƙa a ciki, ɗaure tare da fitowa daga waɗannan gwagwarmaya, yayin da sanin Hedges da "hukumar" suka fito daga wani wuri. A cikin gabatar da "aji mai sassaucin ra'ayi" sannan kuma ya zargi mutuwarsa a kan gazawarsa don zama mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi, Hedges ya ƙare aiki don cimma burin manufa ɗaya yayin da yawancin motsi na Occupy ke aiki don cika wani tsari daban-daban, yana buƙatar dabaru da dabaru daban-daban.
Hedges yana son Occupy ya shiga cikin wata alama ta rashin biyayya ta farar hula wanda, a cewarsa, za ta ba da izini ga jarin jari-hujja a idon isassun mutanen da za su yi abin da, daidai, don cimma burinsa na ƙarancin jari-hujja da ya kau da gwamnatin tarayya. ? Mafi kusancin da ya zo da bayanin yadda hakan zai faru shi ne a cikin rubutunsa mai suna “Me ya sa ’yan mamaya ke tsoratar da manyan kamfanoni”:
Ƙarshen waɗannan gwamnatocin yana zuwa ne lokacin da tsofaffin akidu suka mutu sannan sassan tsaro, musamman 'yan sanda da sojoji, suka watsar da manyan mutane, suka shiga cikin masu neman sauyi. Wannan haka yake a cikin kowane juyin juya hali mai nasara. Komai yadda na'urar tada zaune tsaye take. Da zarar wadanda ke amfani da kayan aikin danniya sun lalace, yanayin tsaro da sa ido ba su da ƙarfi. Tsarin mulki, idan sun mutu, kamar babban jirgin ruwa ne da ke nutsewa cikin mintuna a sararin sama. Kuma babu wanda, ciki har da shugabannin da ake zargin shugabanin 'yan adawa, da zai iya hasashen lokacin mutuwa. Juyin-juya hali na da ruhin rayuwa, karfin rayuwa mai ban mamaki wanda ya sabawa fahimta. Rayayyun halittu ne.
Har yanzu, kuma ba kamar Lenin (wanda ya ƙi ba), Hedges ba shi da wata hanyar da za ta maye gurbin tsarin da ya bayyana a matsayin jari-hujja na kamfanoni. Ya yi Allah-wadai da bangaren bakar fata a cikin kungiyar Occupy da duk wata dabara da ta hana ko kuma za ta iya yin illa ga rashin biyayya ta al'umma ta alama a matsayin motar don canjin zamantakewa. Ra'ayina, a matsayina na wanda ya shiga kuma aka kama shi a yawancin ayyukan rashin biyayya, shine CD wata dabara ce da ke da amfani a fili a cikin yanayi da yawa da kuma a wasu matakai - musamman don kiran hankalin jama'a ga wasu rashin adalci - amma na kanta. ba kuma ba ta taɓa zama abin hawa ba wanda ta hanyar canjin tsari a Amurka ke faruwa. (Na tattauna wannan sosai a ƙasa.) Akwai dis - haɗi tsakanin dabara da burin Hedges yana son cimmawa, cire haɗin da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam Dave Dellinger, na ɗaya (ba kamar Hedges ba, Dellinger ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan Black Panther Party) koyaushe yana ƙoƙarin warwarewa.
Shin an taɓa samun "aji" mai sassaucin ra'ayi?
Babban rubutun Hedges a cikin "Mutuwar 'Yancin Liberal" shine har zuwa yakin duniya na "aji" mai sassaucin ra'ayi ya kasance mai tasiri mai mahimmanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da kamfanonin Amurka, kuma bayan yakin duniya na farko wannan samfurin ya ɓace ba zato ba tsammani. Amma ya kasa bayar da ingantaccen nazari game da tasowa da faɗuwar ma'aikata da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a waɗannan lokutan. Domin yana da fahimtar tarihin ƙungiyoyin jama'a wanda zai iya yau da'awar kuskure cewa 'yanci ya kasance wani "tsamaki" mai kyau ta hanyar wasu mutane a madadin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa a farkon lokutan jari-hujja - lokacin da ya isa. ina son komawa. Zargin da ya yi yana kaiwa ga Jam'iyyar Demokrat ne saboda watsi da wannan rawar mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Hedges na kallon rashin biyayyar jama'a na alama a cikin wannan tsarin, a matsayin dabarun cin nasara kan masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda ba sa shiga cikin Occupy Wall Street, alal misali, amma waɗanda ke da yuwuwar tausayawa da tasiri. Daga nan za su yi tsammanin za su yi roƙo a madadin ingantattun iƙirarin ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa, kamar yadda (a cewar Hedges) da suka yi a baya.
Hatsarin da kamfanoni ke fuskanta bai fito daga talakawa ba. Talakawa, waɗanda Karl Marx aka kora a matsayin Lumpenproletariat, ba sa yin juyin-juya hali, ko da yake sun haɗa da su kuma sukan zama abincin gwangwani. … A cikin kowane yunkuri na juyin juya hali da na yi magana a Latin Amurka, Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, jagoranci ya fito ne daga masu ilimi. Shugabanni yawanci matasa ne ko masu matsakaicin shekaru, masu ilimi kuma koyaushe ba za su iya cimma burinsu na sana'a da na kansu ba. Ba su taɓa kasancewa cikin masu mulki ba, ko da yake sau da yawa iyayensu sun kasance. Sun kasance suna tattaunawa da harshen mulki da kuma harshen zalunci. Wannan shi ne gaban yawan masu ilimi na masana ilimin déclassé wanda ke sa Tarurrukan Spain, Egypt, Girka kuma a ƙarshe Amurka barazanar da ke barazanar Amurka a Goldman Sachs, exxonmobil da jpmorgobil bi. Dole ne su fuskanci abokan adawar da suka fahimta, ta hanyar da marasa ilimi sau da yawa ba su sani ba, karyar da masana'antar hulda da jama'a ke yadawa a madadin kamfanoni. Wadannan ilimin dabbobi na Déclassé, saboda suna tattaunawa ne a fagen tattalin arziki da ka'idar siyasa, ba manya suka ɗauka na ainihi ba amma matattarar masu laifi akan Wall Street.6
Amma sassaucin ra'ayi bai taba zama lardin wani yanki na daban ba wanda ya yi ceto a cikin Amurka (tabbatacce ko waninsa); a maimakon haka, akidar babbar hannun masu mulkin Amurka ita ce a lokacin dogon lokacin da jari hujja ta fadada. Ana tsammanin batutuwan "mai sassaucin ra'ayi" kamar ƙarshen bautar launin fata, halatta ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, da kuma amincewa da 'yancin mata da Baƙar fata na yin zabe sun yi amfani da muhimman ayyuka na tattalin arziki ga reshen Rockefeller-Roosevelt na masu mulki, wanda ya ba da damar wannan sashin ya sami nasara a kan. sauran sassan jari-hujja masu gasa. [Duba SideBar, a ƙasa, don cikakkun bayanai na tarihi.]
Nasarorin da aka samu na hakika sun zo ne ta hanyar tattara dimbin ma'aikata da ke daukar matakai kai tsaye a sassan tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci. Yajin aikin ma'aikata na tarihi da ayyukan Ford da General Motors a tsakiyar shekarun 1930 sun yi barazanar kawar da dukkanin applecart na jari-hujja, kuma sun sami nasara daga gwamnatin Roosevelt da haƙƙin da yawa (ba duka ba - ba ma'aikatan gona ko ma'aikatan gidan abinci ba) don haɗa kan doka. Amma a yau, yayin da tushen samar da kayayyaki a Amurka ke raguwa, akwai ƙarancin daki don cin nasarar gyare-gyare. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin sun yi ƙasa da ƙanƙanta da ƙuntatawa na waccan yarjejeniya ta zamantakewa ta 1935. Sabbin damar buɗewa; a gaskiya ma, wasu ƙungiyoyin sun fara bayyana haɗin kai tare da Occupy da sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, kuma har ma suna yin bincike, duk da haka, yiwuwar bunkasa muhalli, yaki da sauran batutuwan manufofin zamantakewa a karon farko cikin shekaru 60 ko 70.
Takaddama tare da Hedges kan ko, a tarihi, wani yanki mai sassaucin ra'ayi na ƙungiyoyin jama'a ya shiga tsakani tare da jihar a madadin ma'aikata (kamar yadda Hedges ya yi jayayya) ko kuma sake fasalin sassaucin ra'ayi na wurin aiki da kuma manufofin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma da aka ba da ita ta hanyar mai mulki kanta a matsayin mai mulki. al'amarin da ya shafi ajin tattalin arzikinsa, ba bambanci ba ne ba tare da bambanci ba. Cibiyoyin da suka samo asali daga abin da Hedges ke gani a matsayin nasara na masu sassaucin ra'ayi a zahiri an sanya su ne don rage tasirin gaske da sarrafa ƙungiyoyin masu aiki, ba taimaka musu ba. Fassarar Hedges na tarihi yana ba da labari, tunda kuskuren karatun nasa yana tasiri sosai akan manufa da dabarun da yake ba da shawara a yau.
Tambayar "Tashin hankali"
Babban fassarar Hedges na tarihin Hagu da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Amurka ya kai shi ga gabatar da manufofin da ba daidai ba da dabarun ciyar da su gaba. Anan, alal misali, shine yadda yake ganin abin da ya kira "rashin nasara" na Black Panthers da sauran kungiyoyi:
Black Panthers, the Nation of Islam, and Weather Underground Organisation, sun rabu da matsalolin yau da kullun na ma'aikata, sun kamu da sha'awar tashin hankali, neman tsaftar akida, gurgunta tunani, girman kai, da danniya a cikin gida kamar na’urorin gwamnati da suka bijirewa.7
Duk da yake babu wanda ke da hannu a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da zai yi iƙirarin cewa sun kasance ba tare da matsaloli masu tsanani da rikice-rikice na ciki ba, Hedges yana ba da irin wannan bargo (kuma mai dacewa!) Korarwa - balle wani tunanin Hollywood na wanda shine "ajin aiki" -
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi