Kodayake shahararren sabon fim din Netflix, Einstein da Bomb, wanda ake zargin yana ba da labarin dangantakar babban masanin kimiyyar lissafi da makaman nukiliya, ya yi watsi da muhimmiyar rawar da ya taka wajen hada kan duniya kan bala'in nukiliya.
Yaƙin da aka yi amfani da makaman nukiliya a watan Agustan 1945 don kawar da biranen Hiroshima da Nagasaki, Einstein ya jefa kansa cikin ƙoƙarin hana lalata makaman nukiliya a duniya. A watan Satumba, da yake mayar da martani ga wasika daga Robert Hutchins, shugaban jami'ar Chicago, game da makaman nukiliya. Einstein ya amsa cewa, "muddun al'ummomi suna buƙatar ikon mallaka mara iyaka, babu shakka za mu fuskanci yaƙe-yaƙe masu girma, yaƙi da manyan makamai masu girma da fasaha."
Don haka, "aiki mafi mahimmanci na masu hankali shi ne bayyana wannan a fili ga jama'a da kuma jaddada bukatar kafa gwamnatin duniya mai tsari."
Kwanaki huɗu bayan haka, ya ba da wannan batu ga wani mai yin hira, yana nanata cewa “ceto kaɗai ga wayewa da kuma ’yan Adam ya ta’allaka ne wajen kafa gwamnatin duniya, tare da tsaron al’ummai da aka kafa bisa doka.”
Da yake yunƙurin hana yaƙin nukiliyar, Einstein ya yi ta fama da bukatar maye gurbin rashin zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu aiki a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. A watan Oktoba 1945, tare da wasu fitattun Amurkawa (daga cikinsu akwai Sanata J. William Fulbright, da Alkalin Kotun Koli Owen Roberts, da marubuci Thomas Mann), Einstein ya yi kira "Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Duniya."
A watan Nuwamba, ya koma ga wannan jigon a wani hira buga a cikin Atlantic kowane wata. "Sakin makamashin atomic bai haifar da wata sabuwar matsala ba," in ji shi. "Ya kara sanya wajabcin warware wani abu da ya kasance cikin gaggawa. . . . Muddin akwai kasashe masu iko da ke da iko mai girma, yakin ba makawa ne." Kuma yaki, ba dade ko ba dade, zai zama yakin nukiliya.
Einstein ya inganta waɗannan ra'ayoyin ta hanyar haɓakar masana kimiyyar atomic wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikinsa. Don kawo cikakkiyar ma'anar bam ɗin atomic ga jama'a, sabuwar ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta Amurka ta haɗa takarda mai tsada, Duniya Daya Ko Babu, tare da daidaikun kasidu na fitattun Amurkawa. A cikin gudummawar da ya bayar ga littafin, Einstein ya rubuta cewa yana da yakinin cewa akwai mafita guda daya kawai kuma hakan ya wajabta samar da "kungiyoyin kasa da kasa" don "sa kasa kasa ta iya yin yaki." An sayar da wannan littafi mai wuyar gaske, wanda ya fara fitowa a farkon 1946 fiye da kwafi 100,000.
Ganin irin shaharar da Einstein ya yi da kuma kokarin da ya yi na kawar da kisan kare dangi, a watan Mayun 1946 ya zama shugaban sabuwar kafa. Kwamitin Gaggawa na Masana Kimiyyar Atom, hannun tattara kuɗi da tsara manufofi don ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar atomic. A cikin roko na farko na asusun na kwamitin, Einstein yayi gargadi cewa "ƙarfin zarra ya canza komai ya ceci yanayin tunaninmu, kuma ta haka ne muke drift zuwa bala'i mara misaltuwa."
Duk da haka, duk da cewa Einstein, kamar yawancin membobin ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar atomic na farko, suna ganin gwamnatin duniya a matsayin mafi kyawun girke-girke na rayuwa a zamanin nukiliya, da alama kyakkyawan dalili na yin la'akari da manufofin gajeren zango. Bayan haka, yakin cacar baki ya kunno kai kuma kasashe sun fara tsara manufofin nukiliya.
An farkon Atomic Scientists na Chicago sanarwa, wanda Eugene Rabinowitch ya shirya, editan littafin Bulletin na Atomic Scientists, ya jaddada la'akari mai amfani. "Tunda yake da wuya a cimma gwamnatin duniya cikin kankanin lokacin da ake da ita kafin gasar kera makaman nukiliya ta haifar da mummunan hatsarin rikici," in ji ta, "dole ne a dauki kafa tsarin kula da kasa da kasa a matsayin matsala cikin gaggawa." Sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙara yin aiki don tallafawa takamaiman sarrafa makaman nukiliya da matakan kwance damara.
A cikin yanayin yakin cacar baka, duk da haka, daukar matakai ko da takaitaccen matakai na gaba ya nuna ba zai yiwu ba. Gwamnatin Soviet ta ki amincewa da shirin Baruch na kula da makamashin nukiliya na duniya, a maimakon haka, ta samar da nata makaman nukiliya. Shi kuma shugaban kasar Amurka Harry Truman, a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1950, ya sanar da matakin da ya dauka na kera bam na hydrogen-makami mai karfin iko sau dubu kamar wanda ya gabace shi.
A zahiri, da Masana kimiyyar atomic sun damu matuka ta wannan hanyar zuwa ga bala'i. Da yake bayyana a talabijin, Einstein ya sake yin kira ga kafa gwamnatin "supra-national" a matsayin "hanyar fita daga cikin mawuyacin hali." Har sai lokacin, ya ayyana, "hallaka yana nuna."
Duk da rugujewar fatansa na daukar matakin kawo karshen barazanar nukiliyar bayan yakin. Einstein ya ba da goyon baya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa zuwa zaman lafiya, kawar da makaman nukiliya, da ayyukan gwamnatocin duniya.
The mafi mahimmanci daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan ya faru ne a cikin 1955, lokacin da Bertrand Russell, kamar Einstein, mai goyon bayan tarayyar duniya, ya ɗauki ra'ayin fitar da sanarwar jama'a ta wani ƙaramin rukuni na manyan masana kimiyya na duniya game da haɗarin makaman nukiliya da aka kawo a yakin zamani. Da Russell ya nemi goyon bayansa, Einstein ya yi farin cikin sanya hannu kan sanarwar kuma ya yi hakan a daya daga cikin ayyukansa na karshe kafin mutuwarsa a watan Afrilu.
A watan Yuli, Russell ya gabatar da wannan sanarwa ga wani babban taro da aka yi a Landan, cike da wakilan kafafen yada labarai na sadarwa. A cikin inuwar Bom. ya karanta, “Dole ne mu koyi yin tunani a sabuwar hanya. . . . Mu je . . . ku zabi mutuwa saboda ba za mu iya manta da rigimarmu ba? A matsayinmu na mutane muna kira ga ’yan Adam: Ku tuna da mutuntakar ku, ku manta da sauran.”
Wannan Manifesto na Russell-Einstein, kamar yadda aka sani, ya taimaka haifar da wani abin mamaki tashin hankalin duniya da makaman nukiliya a ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, wanda ya ƙare a cikin mahimman matakan sarrafa makaman nukiliya na farko a duniya.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekarun baya, ya ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka da shugabannin duniya. Daga cikinsu akwai Mikhail Gorbachev na Tarayyar Soviet, wanda "sabon tunani," wanda aka ƙirƙira akan Manifesto, ya kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Cold kuma ya haifar da ɓarna da makaman nukiliya.
Ta haka ne manifesto ya ba da kyakkyawan ƙarshe ga yaƙin neman zaɓe na Einstein na ceton duniya daga halakar nukiliya.
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