Sai dai idan kun kasance kuna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin dutse a cikin 'yan watannin da suka gabata, babu shakka kuna sane da cewa daraktan da ya lashe lambar yabo Christopher Nolan ya fitar da wata sanarwa. sabon fim game da Robert Oppenheimer, wanda aka sani da "mahaifin bam din atomic" don jagorantar ƙungiyar masana kimiyya waɗanda suka ƙirƙira wannan makamin mai kisa a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Manhattan na yakin duniya na biyu na Amurka. Fim ɗin ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai, tare da ɗimbin jama'a suna shiga cikin abin da aka riga aka sani da "Barbieheimer” ta hanyar ganin fim ɗin da Greta Gerwig ta yi barbie da Nolan na tsawon awanni uku Oppenheimer a ranar nan.
Fim ɗin Nolan wani lamari ne mai ban mamaki na al'adu na jama'a saboda yana magana ne game da amfani da makaman nukiliya na Amurka, wanda ba a sani ba tun lokacin da ABC ta 1983 ta watsa shirye-shiryen. A rãnar Bayan game da sakamakon yakin nukiliya. (Wani na farko shine Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove, hotonsa na satirical na hauka na tseren makamin nukiliya na yakin cacar baka.)
Fim ɗin ya dogara ne akan Amurka Prometheus, da Pulitzer Kyauta-lashe 2005 tarihin Oppenheimer na Kai Bird da Martin Sherwin. Nolan ya sanya shi a wani bangare don karya garkuwar maganganun maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta, falsafar rashin jini, da rashin jin dadin jama'a wanda ya ba da damar irin wannan makamin na duniya ya ci gaba da dadewa bayan haka. Trinity, gwajin bam na nukiliya na farko, an gudanar da shi ne a hamadar New Mexico shekaru 78 da suka gabata a wannan watan.
Hankalin Nolan ya kasance kafe a farkon bayyanarsa ga yunkurin kwance damarar makaman nukiliya a Turai. Kamar yadda ya fada kwanan nan:
"Wani abu ne da ke kan radar na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Na kasance matashi a cikin 80s, farkon 80s a Ingila. Ya kasance kololuwar CND, Gangamin Kashe Makaman Nukiliya, Greenham Common [ zanga-zangar]; Barazanar yakin nukiliya shine lokacin da nake 12, 13, 14 - shine babban tsoro da muke da shi. Ina tsammanin na fara cin karo da Oppenheimer a… Waƙar Sting game da Rashawa waɗanda suka fito a lokacin kuma suna magana game da 'kayan wasa masu mutuwa' na Oppenheimer.
Fim ɗin fasalin da ke kan asalin makaman nukiliya ba zai iya buge ku a matsayin ɗan takara na fili don matsayin blockbuster na ofishin ba. Kamar yadda ɗan matashin Nolan ya ce lokacin da mahaifinsa ya gaya masa cewa yana tunanin yin irin wannan fim ɗin, “To, babu wanda ya ƙara damuwa da makaman nukiliya. Shin mutane za su yi sha'awar hakan? " Nolan ya amsa da cewa, idan aka yi la'akari da abin da ke cikin hadari, ya damuwa game da gamsuwa har ma da musantawa idan aka zo ga haɗarin duniya da makaman nukiliya ke haifarwa a wannan duniyar. "Kuna daidaita kashe dubunnan mutane. Kuna ƙirƙirar daidaitattun ɗabi'a, daidaitattun ƙarya tare da sauran nau'ikan rikice-rikice… [da haka] yarda, daidaitawa… haɗarin. ”
A kwanakin nan, da rashin alheri, kuna magana ne game da wani abu sai dai kawai dubun dubatar mutane da ke mutuwa a fuskar makaman nukiliya. A 2022 Rahoton by Ira Helfand da Likitocin kasa da kasa don Rigakafin Yakin Nukiliya sun kiyasta cewa "iyakance" yakin nukiliya tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan wanda yayi amfani da kusan kashi 3% na duniya. 12,000-da makaman nukiliya za su kashe “daruruwan miliyoyin, watakila ma biliyoyin” na mu. Wani cikakken yakin nukiliya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, binciken ya nuna, zai iya kashe mutane biliyan biyar (e, biyar!) a cikin shekaru biyu, da gaske yana kawo karshen rayuwa kamar yadda muka sani a wannan duniyar a cikin "makaman nukiliya. "
Babu shakka, da yawa daga cikinmu ba su fahimci abubuwan da ke tattare da rikicin nukiliya ba, godiya a wani bangare na "ciwon hauka", ra'ayi akai akai wanda Robert Jay Lifton, marubucin littafin Hiroshima a Amurka: Tarihin ƙaryatawa (wanda aka rubuta tare da Greg Mitchell), a tsakanin sauran littattafai. Lifton ya bayyana numbing na tabin hankali a matsayin "rauni mai ƙarfi ko sha'awar ji" ya haifar da "juyin da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba na wannan juyin juya halin a cikin lalata fasaha."
Ganin yadda fim ɗin Nolan ya mayar da hankali kan labarin Oppenheimer, wasu batutuwa masu mahimmanci da suka shafi matsalar nukiliyar duniya ana yin su ne kawai a taƙaice ko kuma an tsallake su gaba ɗaya.
The barna mai ban mamaki Sakamakon tashin bama-bamai na Hiroshima da Nagasaki ana ba da shawarar ne kawai a kaikaice ba tare da wata ƙwaƙƙwaran shaida na gani na mummunan sakamakon da ɗan adam ya yi na amfani da waɗannan makamai biyu ba. Har ila yau, ba a yi watsi da su ba su ne manyan muryoyin da aka yi watsi da su, wadanda suka yi jayayya cewa babu bukatar jefa bam, ba kasa da biyu ba, a kan wani Japan wanda yawancin garuruwan da suka rigaya sun lalata da gobarar da Amurka ta yi don kawo karshen yakin. Janar (kuma daga baya shugaban kasa) Dwight D. Eisenhower rubuta cewa, a lokacin da Sakataren Yaki Henry Stimson ya gaya masa shirin jefa bama-bamai na nukiliya a yankunan da jama’a ke da shi a Japan, “Na nuna masa bacin raina, da farko a kan imanina cewa an riga an ci Japan da jefa bam. gaba daya bai zama dole ba."
Fim din kuma ya kasa magance lafiya tasirin na bincike, gwaji, da samar da irin wadannan makamai, wanda har ya zuwa yau har yanzu haddasawa cuta da mutuwa, ko da ba a taɓa yin amfani da wani makamin nukiliya a yaƙi ba. Wadanda ke fama da ci gaban makaman nukiliya sun hada da mutanen da sakamakon gwajin makamin nukiliyar Amurka ya shafa a yammacin Amurka da kuma Marshall Islands a cikin Western Pacific, masu hakar uranium a ƙasar Navajo, da sauran su. Da yake magana game da gwajin nukiliya na farko a Los Alamos, New Mexico, Tina Cordova na Tularosa Basin Downwinders Consortium, wanda ke wakiltar mazauna jihar da suka kamu da cutar kansa da kuma yawan mace-macen jarirai da ke haifar da fashewar wannan fashewa, ya ce "Gaskiya ce da ba ta dace ba… Mutane ba sa son yin tunani a kan gaskiyar cewa an jefa bama-bamai ga 'yan Amurka a Triniti."
Wani lamari mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci bai sami kusan kulawa ba. Fim ɗin ko tattaunawar da ya taso ba ya bincika ɗaya daga cikin muhimman dalilai na ci gaba da wanzuwar makaman nukiliya - ribar da yake samu ga mahalarta a cikin babbar masana'antar nukiliyar Amurka.
Da zarar Oppenheimer da sauran masana kimiyya da suka damu da masu tsara manufofi gaza don shawo kan gwamnatin Truman don kawai rufe Los Alamos da kuma sanya makaman nukiliya da kayan da ake bukata don bunkasa su a karkashin ikon duniya - hanya guda, kamar yadda suka gani, don kashe tseren makaman nukiliya tare da Tarayyar Soviet - yunkurin fadadawa. hadafin makaman nukiliya ya kasance a kunne. Bincike da kera makaman kare dangi da makaman nukiliya, makamai masu linzami, da jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa da sauri sun zama babban kasuwanci, wanda masu cin gajiyar su suka yi aiki tukuru don iyakance duk wani ƙoƙari na rage ko kawar da makaman nukiliya.
Aikin Manhattan da Haihuwar Rukunin Masana'antar Nukiliya
The Manhattan Project Oppenheimer ya ba da umarnin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙoƙarin ayyukan jama'a da aka taɓa yi a tarihin Amurka. Ko da yake Oppenheimer Fim ya mayar da hankali kan Los Alamos, da sauri ya zo ya haɗa da wurare masu nisa a duk faɗin Amurka. A kololuwar sa, aikin zai yi aiki 130,000 ma'aikata - da yawa kamar yadda a cikin duka masana'antar kera motoci ta Amurka a lokacin.
A cewar masanin nukiliya Stephen Schwartz, marubucin Atomic Audit, aikin seminal kan bayar da kuɗin shirye-shiryen makaman nukiliya na Amurka, ta ƙarshen 1945 farashin aikin Manhattan. kusan dala biliyan 38 a cikin daloli na yau, yayin da yake taimakawa wajen haifar da wani kamfani wanda tun daga lokacin ya kashe masu biyan haraji kusan abin da ba a iya tsammani ba. $ 12 tiriliyan don makaman nukiliya da shirye-shirye masu alaƙa. Kuma farashin ba zai ƙare ba. Yakin Duniya da ya lashe kyautar Nobel don Kawar da Makaman Nukiliya (ICAN) ya ba da rahoton cewa Amurka ta kashe $ 43.7 biliyan kan makaman kare dangi a bara kadai, kuma wani sabon rahoton ofishin kasafin kudi na Majalisar ya nuna cewa wani $ 756 biliyan za su shiga cikin wadannan makamai masu kisa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.
'Yan kwangila masu zaman kansu yanzu suna gudanar da rukunin yaƙin nukiliya da kera motocin isar da makaman nukiliya. Su iyaka daga Raytheon, Janar Dynamics, da Lockheed Martin zuwa ƙananan sanannun kamfanoni kamar BWX Technologies da Jacobs Engineering, dukansu sun raba biliyoyin daloli a cikin kwangiloli daga Pentagon (don kera motocin isar da makaman nukiliya) da Ma'aikatar Makamashi (don makaman nukiliya). warheads). Don kiyaye jirgin ƙasa mai ɗorewa yana gudana - daidai, a cikin dindindin - waɗannan ƴan kwangilar kuma suna kashewa miliyoyin lobbying masu yanke shawara. Hatta jami'o'i sun shiga aikin. Duk Jami'ar California da Texas A&M suna cikin ɓangaren Kamfanin wanda ke gudanar da dakin gwaje-gwajen makamin nukiliya na Los Alamos.
Ƙungiyar yaƙin Amurka a babban kamfani tare da manyan wurare a California, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, South Carolina, Tennessee, da Texas. Da makaman nukiliya submarines, masu jefa bom, Da kuma da makamai masu linzami Ana samarwa ko tushen a California, Connecticut, Georgia, Louisiana, North Dakota, Montana, Virginia, jihar Washington, da Wyoming. Ƙara cikin masu kwangilar nukiliya kuma yawancin jihohi suna karɓar aƙalla wasu ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da makaman nukiliya.
Kuma irin wadannan masu cin gajiyar masana'antar kera makaman nukiliya ba su yi shuru ba wajen yin muhawara game da makomar kashe kudaden nukiliya da kuma tsara manufofi.
Masu Riba na Armageddon: Makamin Nukiliya
Cibiyoyi da kamfanonin da ke kera bama-bamai na nukiliya, makamai masu linzami, jiragen sama, da jiragen ruwa, tare da abokansu a Majalisa, sun taka rawar da ba ta dace ba wajen tsara manufofin nukiliyar Amurka da kashe kudi. Suna da yawanci tsayayya Amincewar Amurka na Yarjejeniyar Haramtacciyar Gwajin Nukiliya; saka m iyaka akan ikon Majalisa don rage ko dai kudade don ko tura makamai masu linzami na nahiyoyi (ICBMs); kuma tura don makami kamar wani makami mai linzamin nukiliya da aka yi niyya, harba makami mai linzami na teku wanda ko Pentagon bai nema ba, yayin da samar da kudade masu tunani wanda ke haɓaka ƙarfin makaman nukiliya mafi ƙarfi.
Wani lamari a cikin magana shi ne Majalisar Dattawa ICBM Coalition (wanda aka yiwa lakabi da part na "Dr. Strangelove Caucus” daga Daraktan Kungiyar Kula da Makamai Daryl Kimball da sauran masu sukar makaman nukiliya). Haɗin gwiwar ICBM kunshi Sanatoci daga jihohin da ke da manyan sansanonin ICBM ko bincike, kulawa, da wuraren samarwa na ICBM: Montana, North Dakota, Utah, da Wyoming. Dan Democrat kadai a cikin kungiyar, Jon Tester (D-MT), shine kujera na babban kwamiti na kasafin kuɗi na kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa, inda zai iya sa ido kan kashe kuɗin ICBM da bayar da shawarwari game da shi idan an buƙata.
Haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Dattijai ICBM ne ke da alhakin ɗaukar matakai da yawa da nufin kare duka kudade da tura irin waɗannan makamai masu linzami masu kisa. Bisa lafazin Tsohon Sakataren Tsaro William Perry, suna cikin "mafi hatsarin makamai da muke da su" saboda shugaban, idan aka yi gargadin yiwuwar harin nukiliya a wannan kasa, zai sami 'yan mintoci kaɗan don yanke shawara don kaddamar da su, tare da hadarin rikici na nukiliya bisa ga ƙararrawar ƙarya. Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin na Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙarfafawa na Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙarfafawa na Ƙoƙarin Ƙoƙarin Ƙarfafawa ya yi ne ta hanyar ci gaba da yin amfani da shi daga jerin kawancen gida na 'yan kasuwa da shugabannin siyasa a cikin jihohin ICBM. Yawancinsu suna aiki tare da Northrop Grumman, babban ɗan kwangilar sabon ICBM, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Sentinel kuma ana sa ran zai kudin aƙalla dala biliyan 264 don haɓakawa, ginawa, da kula da tsawon rayuwar sa wanda ake tsammanin zai wuce shekaru 60.
Tabbas, Northrop Grumman da ita 12 manyan ICBM subcontractors sun shagaltu da tura Sentinel shima. Suna ciyarwa dubban miliyoyin daloli akan gudunmawar yaƙin neman zaɓe da zaɓe a kowace shekara, yayin da aiki tsofaffin mambobin cibiyar nukiliyar gwamnati don gabatar da shari'ar su ga Majalisa da bangaren zartarwa. Kuma waɗancan ba su ne kawai ƙungiyoyi ko cibiyoyin sadarwa waɗanda ke sadaukar da kansu don ci gaba da tseren makaman nukiliya. Dole ne ku haɗa da Kungiyar Sojojin Sama da mai suna a boye Majalisar Masana'antu na Submarine, Da sauransu.
Babban mahimmin amfani da masana'antar kera makaman nukiliya da kuma sashin makamai da yawa akan Majalisa shine ayyuka. Abin ban mamaki sa'an nan cewa masana'antar kera makamai ta haifar da raguwar dawowar ayyuka tun ƙarshen Yaƙin Cacar. A cewar Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Tsaro ta ƙasa, yin aiki kai tsaye a cikin masana'antar makamai yana da kika aika daga miliyan 3.2 a tsakiyar 1980 zuwa kusan miliyan 1.1 a yau.
Ko da ɗan ƙaramin yanki na Pentagon da Ma'aikatar Makamashi na makamashin nukiliya na iya ƙirƙira ayyuka da yawa idan aka saka hannun jari a cikin makamashin kore, abubuwan more rayuwa mai dorewa, ilimi, ko lafiyar jama'a - ko'ina daga 9% zuwa 250% ƙarin ayyuka, ya danganta da adadin da aka kashe. Ganin cewa rikicin yanayi ya riga ya yi nisa, irin wannan sauyi ba wai kawai zai sa kasar nan ta samu ci gaba ba har ma a duniya baki daya ta hanyar rage saurin bala'o'i da yanayi ke haddasawa tare da ba da a kalla kariya daga munanan abubuwan da ke faruwa.
Wani sabon lissafin Nukiliya?
Yi la'akari da abu ɗaya: da kanta, fim ɗin da aka mayar da hankali kan asalin makaman nukiliya, komai ƙarfinsa, ba zai tilasta sabon ƙididdiga tare da farashi da sakamakon ci gaba da jarabar Amurka a gare su ba. Amma da dama iri-iri na zaman lafiya, sarrafa makamai, kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙungiyoyi masu mayar da hankali kan manufofin jama'a sun riga sun haɓaka kan hankalin da fim ɗin ya ɗauka don shiga yakin neman ilimi na jama'a da nufin farfado da motsi don sarrafawa da kuma kawar da hadarin nukiliya. .
Kwarewar da ta gabata - daga Yakin Kare Makaman Nukiliya wanda ya taimaka wajen shawo kan Christopher Nolan Oppenheimer zuwa ga “Haramta Bam"Kuma Daskarewar Nukiliya yakin da ya dakatar da gwajin makamin nukiliya a sama kuma ya taimaka wajen juya Shugaba Ronald Reagan game da batun nukiliya - yana nuna cewa, idan aka yi la'akari da matsin lamba na jama'a, za a iya samun ci gaba don ƙarfafa barazanar nukiliya. Ƙoƙarin ilmantar da jama'a da ke kewaye da fim ɗin Oppenheimer yana ɗauka ta ƙungiyoyi kamar Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Manhattan suka kafa; Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru kamar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Masana Kimiyya da Likitoci don Alhaki na zamantakewa; kungiyoyin yaki da yaki kamar Peace Action da Win Without War; Yakin Duniya da ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel don Kawar da Makaman Nukiliya; Ƙungiyoyin manufofin nukiliya kamar Global Zero da Ƙungiyar Kula da Makamai; masu ba da shawara ga 'yan tsibirin Marshall, "masu raguwa," da sauran wadanda ke fama da hadaddun makaman nukiliya; da ƙungiyoyin bangaskiya kamar Kwamitin Abokai akan Dokokin ƙasa. Ba'amurke ɗan ƙasar-Kungiyar da ke jagorantar kungiyar Tewa Women United ta kirkiro wani yanar, "Oppenheimer - da Sauran Bangaren Labari," wanda ke mayar da hankali kan "'yan asalin ƙasa da na ƙasa waɗanda aka yi hijira daga ƙasashenmu na asali, guba da gurɓata wurare masu tsarki da ruwaye da ke ci gaba har zuwa yau, da kuma ci gaba da lalacewa. tasirin mulkin mallaka na nukiliya a rayuwarmu da rayuwarmu."
A matakin duniya, shigar da 2021 ya fara aiki da yarjejeniyar hana nukiliya - wanda aka fi sani da shi a hukumance Yarjejeniyar kan haramtacciyar makaman nukiliya - alama ce ta bege, ko da har yanzu kasashen makaman nukiliya ba su shiga ba. Kasancewar irin wannan yerjejeniyar ba ta taimaka a kalla ba a haramta amfani da makamin nukiliya ba. Har ma ya jawo da dama na manyan cibiyoyin kudi don dakatar da saka hannun jari a masana'antar kera makaman nukiliya, a karkashin matsin lamba daga kamfen kamar Don ba Bank a kan Bomb.
A gaskiya, yanayin ba zai iya zama mafi sauƙi ba: muna buƙatar kawar da makaman nukiliya kafin su shafe mu. Da fatan, Oppenheimer zai taimaka shirya ƙasa don ci gaba a cikin wannan muhimmin aiki mai mahimmanci, farawa da tattaunawa ta gaskiya akan abin da ke cikin haɗari.
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
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