"Da alama a fagen zamantakewa, wani nau'in juyin juya hali yana faruwa a Indiya…. [a cikin wasu abubuwa] azuzuwan gatan mu suna gajiya da (da) ingantaccen aiki…”
- KR Narayanan, Shugaban Indiya, Jawabin Ranar Jamhuriya, Janairu 2000
Gabatarwa
Tsarin kabilanci a Indiya ya samo asali ne tun dubban shekaru kuma ya samo asali ne daga rubutun vedic na addinin Hindu. Tare da ’yan bogi da sauran manyan jiga-jigan da ke da rinjaye a kan galibin haƙƙoƙin addini, dukiya da zamantakewa, tsarin ƙabilanci ya zama bayi da kuma ƙasƙantar da yawancin al’ummomin ƙanana a matsayin “marasa taɓawa”. Ƙungiyoyin da aka zalunta sun faɗi daban-daban a ƙarƙashin tsarin tsarin mulki na BC (Backward Castes), SC (Scheduled Castes ko dalits), ST (Tsarin Ƙabilu) da OBC's (Sauran Ƙungiyoyin Baya). Tsarin Caste yana kwatanta tare da nau'o'i da yawa kamar rarrabuwa, da ɓata ɗan adam ga bautar da aka yi a Amurka, kodayake wannan babban ƙaƙƙarfan gama gari ne. Bayan haka, tsarin kabilanci ya ƙunshi ƴan tsiraru daga cikin jama'ar da ke mamaye da rinjaye (ba kamar tsarin bauta ba) sannan akwai kuma gaskiyar cewa tsarin ƙabilar ya wanzu tsawon dubban shekaru. An yi yunƙuri daban-daban don tabbatar da ɗagawa da haƙƙin ɗalita kuma wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali kan ƙoƙarin tabbatar da yancin ilimi na waɗannan azuzuwan da ake zalunta a cikin sassan cibiyoyin gwamnatin Indiya. Wani abin sha'awa shi ne yadda 'yan adawa suka yi a baya-bayan nan daga manyan sassan sassan duniya don hana samar da shirin ajiyar ga na OBC - matakin da aka jinkirta sama da shekaru sittin.
Rikicin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa
Yayin da jihar Indiya ke fama da tashin hankali, wani jami'in Ingila Elphinstone ya lura cewa "masu mishan sun sami mafi kyawun ɗalibai a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci" amma ra'ayinsa na sassaucin ra'ayi ya ɓace kafin fahimtar abin da babban ɗabi'a zai kasance lokacin da mutanen "" An zabo ’ya’yan da aka raina’ ne a matsayin aikin gwamnati bisa ga cancantar da aka samu ta hanyar sabbin nasarorin da suka samu na ilimi.1 Lokacin da aka kafa wasu makarantun firamare na ‘ya’yan ‘ya’yan ‘ya’yan da aka raina, an kai wa ‘ya’yansu hari tare da hana su ci gaba da karatunsu. An yi hakan ne tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da British Raj a Indiya kanta - Raj da kansa ya mamaye manyan 'yan majalisa. (A gefe guda, waɗanda suka rayu ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a a wannan ƙasa, na iya tunawa da yunƙurin tashin hankali a Massachusetts don hana ɓarna makarantu ta hanyar kai hari kan bas ɗin makaranta ɗauke da yara baƙi).
Shirin ajiyar kuɗi: Fata yana da haɗari!
Kamar yadda PS Krishnan ya yi nuni da cewa, a karkashin wadannan yanayi ne wasu ‘yan bangar siyasa (ta hanyar tashin hankali) suka yi nasarar ci gaba da rike madafun iko a kan cibiyoyin gwamnati ciki har da na ilimi, sun yi tunanin tanadin kayyade kaso na kujeru (yawanci daidai da yawan jama’a). rarraba kowace al'umma) ya sami nasara a larduna daban-daban na Indiya - godiya ga shekaru da yawa na gwagwarmaya.2 gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai da Birtaniya ya samo asali ne daga sadaukar da kai ga akidar 'yan adam ta addini da adawa da ra'ayi na kabilanci, don haka ya ba da 'yan kasa na kasa. hali ga shirin ajiyar kuɗi. A gaskiya ma, wani muhimmin al'amari ga ruhin "haɗin kai na kasa" ya samo asali ne a cikin sadaukar da kai ga yin gyare-gyare na daidaito kamar fadada ajiyar wuri ga al'ummomin da aka zalunta. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana yin kowane ƙoƙari na kawo cikas ga fatan samun 'yancin kai da kuma kawar da duk wani bege na cewa mummunan tarihin ƙanana na iya ɗaukar hanya ta daban (don aron jumlar da Noam Chomsky ya yi amfani da shi don kwatanta yakin ta'addanci na Amurka daidai a ciki). Nicaragua).
A cikin wannan labarin, Krishnan yana bin tarihin ajiyar kuɗi, ya lura cewa yayin da tanadin ajiyar OBC ya biyo baya daga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya da aka kirkira a 'yancin kai, an kawo cikas ga matsananciyar matsananciyar wannan matakin shekaru sittin yanzu.3 Ta'addanci da tashin hankali ga waɗanda aka zalunta. al'ummomi na ci gaba da jajircewa a mafi yawan sassan kasar.4 Ba wai kawai, irin ta'addancin da manyan al'ummomin ke yi (kamar zanga-zangar da suke yi na kin amincewa) da alama yana kara jajircewa yayin da lokaci ya wuce. A cikin wannan mahallin ne, dole ne mutum ya kalli adawar kwanan nan daga abin da ake kira hi-tech Indiya wanda ke samar da kasa da kashi 10% na kasar.
Quality… Quality ..: Amsar bramin ba shi da “inganci” mara kyau
Tashin hankali ga halin yanzu (ƙarfafawa) yana motsawa don ba da ajiyar kashi 27% ga OBC's a tsakiya (wanda ke gudana kamar yadda ake gudanar da jaha) cibiyoyin ilimi, cibiyoyi a kusa da "daidaitawar" kan "ingancin" ɗaliban da za a iya shigar da su.5 Hujja ya kara nuna damuwarsa kan makomar kasar idan irin wadannan dalibai marasa inganci daga kananan kabilu - ba a taba ambata ba shi ne cewa ba su da damar yin takara daidai da wadanda ke da'awar cewa suna da inganci - sun zama kwararru kamar su. Likitoci, kamar yadda a lokacin ayyukan jinya ga kasar za su sha wahala.
A cikin nazarin irin wannan iƙirari na kyawawan manufofi game da yadda da kuma wa suke yi wa ƙasar hidima, yana iya zama da ma'ana a tuna da wasu ƙima masu sauƙi: cewa yayin da akwai mutane waɗanda za su iya zama na musamman na musamman na ilimin ɗan adam - ya kasance a fannin likitanci, fasaha, injiniyanci ko injiniyanci. a ko'ina - ba ma'ana ba ne a yi iƙirarin cewa wata al'umma ta kowace hanya ta fi wani fifiko ko ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, za mu iya ƙarasa da cewa duk wanda ke da'awar irin wannan matsayi, ɗan wariyar launin fata ne wanda bai kamata a kula da shi ba. Wani kuma shi ne cewa mutum ba zai iya ƙidaya takamaiman matakan kamar makin da aka samu a jarrabawar shiga don auna haƙiƙanin mutum ba, ra'ayin da ba a fahimta sosai ba. Bugu da kari, sakamakon wadannan jarrabawa na neman shiga, abubuwa biyu ne ake amfani da su: daya bangaren da suka shafi wadannan jarrabawa da biyu, mamaye masana'antar jarrabawar shiga jami'o'in da ke da karfin tattalin arziki. Don haka, jarrabawar ba ta ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan da suka dace da galibin al'umma kamar aikin noma. Haka kuma jarabawar ba ta ta’allaka ne kan yadda ake aiki a ma’adanai ko kuma sana’o’in da kananan masana’antu ke kerawa a yankunan karkara. Babu wani dalili da zai sa irin wannan ilimin ba zai zama wani ɓangare na jarrabawar shiga jami'a ba - bayan duk waɗannan masana'antu za su iya cin gajiyar aikin injiniya da likitanci, wanda ake gudanar da jarrabawar. Amma da a ce haka lamarin ya kasance, mafi yawan ’yan majalisa za su bukaci a yi wa kansu tanadi! Amma a maimakon haka jarabawar shiga jami’o’i ta ta’allaka ne kan tambayoyi (waɗanda yawanci ake maimaita su daga jarrabawar shekarun farko) waɗanda suka haɗa da abin da mai rubuta takarda ke tunanin amsar ita ce ga saurin haske da sauran tambayoyin da ba su da amfani ga yawancin jama’a. Kuma tun da babban birnin kasar na karkashin ikon manyan jiga-jigan, yana kuma tabbatar da cewa 'ya'yansu (ba na sassan da ake zalunta ba) sun tabbatar da horarwa da horarwa don kara yawan maki a kan waɗannan gwaje-gwajen.
Amma maganar Brahmins na ingancin ƙila ba za ta kasance gaba ɗaya ba, kodayake ba a bayyana ba. Da farko, ba za su iya zama daidai ba wajen lura da cewa saka hannun jari a wannan samar da jinya ga 'yan ƙasar ya kamata ya zama babban fifiko. Don tantance gaskiyar hakan, mutum na iya duba abin da P Sainath, editan harkokin noma na wata babbar jarida za ta yi tsokaci: Yana bayyana yadda manufofin sa hannun jari - waɗanda ke bauta wa “masu inganci” suka wargaza “ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama’a. "Na kasar, ya lura da sakamakon karuwar basussukan yankunan karkara wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga karin manoma suna kawo karshen rayuwarsu cikin damuwa ta hanyar kashe kansu.6 Don haka, 21% na Indiyawa ba sa neman magani ga kowace cuta - "Likitoci? Jiyya? Komai ya yi tsada [a garemu]” kamar yadda tsofaffin mutanen wani gari na karkara, Shamrao da Anjamma Khatale suka furta. Ko menene matsayin mutum a kan ajiyar kuɗi, waɗanda a halin yanzu suna cin gajiyar tsarin ilimi (kuma suna adawa da ajiyar kuɗi) suna ganin suna yin aiki mara inganci a cikin sana'arsu. Kuma idan akwai wata hujja mai ƙarfi don tanadi ga waɗannan sassan waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan jama'a kuma don haka tabbas za su fi son yin hidima ga al'ummominsu maimakon ƴan ƙaramar ƙwararrun Brahminical, waɗanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da ajiyar! A nan ne ya kamata duk wani magana mai inganci ya ƙare.
Amma “ingancin” a nan kalmar lamba ce ba don samar da kiwon lafiya ba, amma don wadatar da aljihun mutum, kamar yadda Boston Globe ta sani. Ya ba da rahoto cikin farin ciki yadda abokansa da ke adawa da ajiyar kuɗi (amma ba a ambata ba), suna iya amintar da hanyoyin kwaskwarima don tsara sassan jikinsu daban-daban don dacewa da na Indiyawan anglophiles daban-daban kamar samfura da taurarin fim.7 Amma kada ku damu da lafiya. na yawancin Indiyawan - mu Amurkawa kuma za mu iya zuwa Indiya don samun aikin hanci don kawai $ 770 / - kuma lokacin warkarwa shine kawai makonni 2! Amma Pathology ba ya ƙare a nan. Wadannan laifuka na satar dukiyar jama'a zuwa manyan muradun jama'a suna tafiya tare da lalata gidajen mazaunan marasa galihu, suna tauye hakkin ma'aikata yayin da abokan Boston Globe guda ɗaya ke tuka motocin wasanni masu ban sha'awa da abubuwan sha.
Jaruman Software na Kai: ƙaura daga bincike zuwa murdiya ta gaskiya
Muhawarar wariyar launin fata tana buƙatar ƙaura daga bincike zuwa fagen ɓarna da ɓarna na gaskiya. Bayanin da ke fitowa daga masu zanga-zangar nuna kin amincewa da tanadin su ne tabbatar da hakan. Kamar yadda ake tsammani, ƙananan ɗaliban da aka ba da dama don ingantaccen ilimi suna yin amfani da shi mafi kyau kuma suna iya matsawa zuwa ayyukan da aka keɓe don manyan-biyu. Kamar yadda M Anandhakrishnan, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Anna, babbar jami'ar injiniya a kudancin Indiya ya ce, "Ajiyewa yana samuwa a cikin sanannun jami'o'i a Indiya, ciki har da na Tamil Nadu ... an ci nasara." 8 Amma kuma abokanmu da suka yi adawa da rejista sun ci gaba da da’awar akasin haka kuma suna da’awar cewa manufar yin tanadin “babban gazawa” ne duk da tabbataccen tabbaci na akasin haka. Bugu da ari, abokanmu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "shekaru 60 bayan fara rajistar gwamnati tana jin buƙatar tsawaita su". Wannan ba gaskiya bane. Matsalolin na OBC ya biyo baya kai tsaye daga ma'anar tsarin mulki na 'yan baya da kuma abin da ya kamata a yi a lokacin 'yancin kai an jinkirta shekaru 60. A haƙiƙa, gwamnati ba ta taɓa aiwatar da ruhin manufofin ajiyar ba da ke tauye haƙƙin waɗannan al'ummomin sama da rabin ƙarni. Kuma yunƙurin samar da haƙƙoƙin da aka hana, ba za a iya kiransa da “ƙara ajiyar ajiyar ba”.
Kamar yadda tsohon Firayim Ministan Indiya VP Singh ya faɗi daidai, ba kamar tsarin kabilanci ba "Mai tanadi ba abin da ya dace ba ne amma ƙoƙari ne na buɗe fa'ida" ta hanyar ba da dama ga membobin al'ummomin da ake zalunta, waɗanda in ba haka ba za su iya bincikar su. Haihuwar hazaka don sana'ar da suke so.9 Amma a lokacin da shugaban wani babban kamfanin software na Indiya kuma masoyiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, NR Narayana Murthy, ya ce shirin ajiyar wuri a matsayin "ƙararfafa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrunmu" mu sunkuyar da kawunanmu mu yarda.10 Fadi ko ma tunani akasin haka na nufin (ban da yarda da tunani mai hankali) sanin mutuntakar mutane Mr. Narayana Murthy ya gwammace ya murkushe karkashin takalmin jakinsa.
Kammalawa
Taimakon ajiyar ajiyar yana daidai da adawa da tsarin "komai a gare ni, ba komai a gare ku" na manufofin Washington na masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda ake tilastawa ga maƙogwaron mutanen Indiya. Brahmins sun ba da martani na al'ada wanda bazai yi mamakin masana ilimin ɗan adam ba. Mutane a Indiya suna da zaɓi: ko dai su tsaya kan Brahmins ko kuma su tsaya kan haƙƙin ilimi ga duk Indiyawan? Mu a Amurka muna da irin wannan zaɓi: ko don haɓaka gwamnatin da ke kula da mutane ko don haɓaka wacce ke amfana da ƴan ƙwararrun ƴan kasuwa na Amurka waɗanda (kamar fitattun Indiyawa) ke yin barna a cikin ƙasar - gami da wargaza hanyoyin tsaro na zamantakewa waɗanda ke amfana. miliyoyin jama'ar Amurkawa - da kuma inganta bambance-bambance masu yawa da aikata laifuka a kasashen waje.
Wannan sigar labarin ne da aka gyara wanda zai bayyana a fitowar fineprintzine mai zuwa (http://fineprintzine.com/ ) – mujallar gudanar da ɗalibi da matasa a Lowell, MA. Karthik Ramanathan a halin yanzu ma'aikaci ne a masana'antar hi-tech a Massachusetts kuma an haife shi a Chennai, Indiya. Gwamnatin Amurka tana kiransa a matsayin "ma'aikacin baƙon da ba ɗan gudun hijira ba" - kowanne ɗayan waɗannan kalmomin sabani mara hankali ne na ɗayan. Ana iya samun sa a [email kariya] .
References:
1. http://www.flonnet.com/fl2308/stories/20060505004001700.htm
PS Krishnan ya bibiyi tarihin ajiyar wuri kamar yadda ya taso daga ƙungiyoyin dalits da al'ummomin BC don ɗagawa, tun kafin lokacin samun yancin kai. Wani muhimmin mahimmanci, shine mahimmancin sake fasalin daidaito - gami da inganta rashin adalcin kabilanci - ga gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai.
2. [duba shafi na 1 a sama]
3. [duba shafi na 1 a sama]
4. "Tsoro a cikin hamlet" (http://www.flonnet.com/fl2319/stories/20061006002903900.htm ) – Kashe ta'addanci a kan Dalit a Haryana. "Kabilan Jadawalin suna fuskantar babbar matsala" ( http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/03/stories/2006100313160700.htm ) – nuna wariya a Tamil Nadu. Gabaɗayan fitowar Frontline, mujallar ƙasa, ta keɓe ga aikin ɓarna da hannu wanda aka tilasta wa ɗalita (duba. http://www.flonnet.com/fl2318/fl231800.htm ). Kawai wasu lokuta na ci gaba da laifukan kabilanci. Hakanan, duba Sainath's
http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090604211000.htm
5. http://youthforequality.blogspot.com/2006/04/youth-for-equality.html
Wadannan shafuka sun fito ne a lokacin zanga-zangar adawa da tanadi. Wasu ƴan tsirarun mutane ne suka shirya waɗannan zanga-zangar. Waɗannan zanga-zangar ta ƙungiyar likitocin (ta hanyar aiki mai ban mamaki) sun gurgunta tsarin kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar na tsawon makonni kuma sun hana dubunnan samun damar samun ko da taimakon likita na yau da kullun a cikin waɗannan makonni.
6. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070105241300.htm
Sainath ya bibiyi yanayin lafiya (ko ma dai rashin shi) a cikin al'ummomin karkara a matsayin wani bangare na jerin rahotannin sa game da rikicin noma - wanda ya samo asali ga sake fasalin sabon salo. Ya kasance yana ba da rahoton kisan kai wanda ya haifar da manyan sassan al'ummomin karkarar Indiya kusan kamar sabunta yanayin mako-mako: amma a fili bai damu da manyan mutane ba. Domin karanta rahotanninsa, duba tarinsa a http://www.indiatogether.org/opinions/psainath/waycrisis.htm
Kamfanonin Amurka irin su Monsanto sun taka rawar gani sosai wajen ta'azzara damuwar manoman Indiya.
7. Boston Globe, Oktoba 20 2006. "Ayyukan hanci, tummy tucks da fushi kamar yadda India jam'iyyun" Nita Valhalla.
Labarin ya ɓace gaba ɗaya yanayin yawancin Indiyawan waɗanda ke da nisan mil kaɗan daga cibiyoyin birni na dukiya da kayan masarufi, an kama su cikin zurfin rikicin noma ba su iya samun ko da mafi ƙarancin albashin rayuwa. A bayyane yake Boston Globe yana ganin kashi 5-10% na Indiyawan da suka kafa fitattun mutane: ƙa'ida ɗaya mai yiwuwa ta shafi Amurka.
8. http://www.flonnet.com/fl2308/stories/20060505006400800.htm
9. http://www.thehindu.com/2006/07/15/stories/2006071502981300.htm
Hira da VP Singh, tsohon Firayim Minista. VP Singh kwanan nan ya kafa Jan Morcha, kawancen zabe tare da ra'ayin siyasa na manoma.
10. http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/04/stories/2006080404841600.htm
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Bada Tallafi