Source: Counterpunch
Canji daga mulkin kama-karya zuwa dimokiradiyya a Spain (1978) an gudanar da shi a karkashin yanayi mai matukar dacewa ga sojojin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya wadanda ke iko da kasar Spain da galibin kafafen yada labarai. Sojojin dimokuradiyya (jagorancin jam'iyyun hagu na boye) sun kasance masu rauni a hukumance. Gaskiya ne adawar da jama'a suka yi wa mulkin kama-karya ya kasance mai karfi a tsakanin ma'aikata, tushen wadannan jam'iyyun. Spain ce ta fi yawan yajin siyasa a Turai a lokacin mika mulki (1975-1979), wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tilasta kawo karshen mulkin danniya (ga duk wani kisan gilla na siyasa da mulkin kama-karya na Mussolini ya yi, gwamnatin Franco ta kashe mutane 10,000). ). A hukumance, duk da haka, rundunonin reshe na hagu sun kasance da rauni. Shugabanninsu suna kurkuku, ko kuma an yi gudun hijira a ƙasashen waje, kuma akwai rashin daidaituwar sojoji a kan teburin tattaunawa. A gefe guda, magada mulkin Fasistis sun mallaki kayan aikin gwamnati kuma suna da goyon bayan Sojoji, na Coci, da manyan muradun tattalin arziki da kudi a kasar. A daya bangaren kuma akwai dakarun dimokuradiyya da suka fito daga boye 'yan watanni kafin a fara mika mulki. Tattaunawar da jama'a suka yi na da matukar muhimmanci wajen ganin an kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya, amma bangaren siyasa na wadannan gangamin bai kai ga karya da mulkin kama-karya da ya gabata ba. A matsayin misali, Sarkin da mai mulkin kama-karya Franco ya nada a matsayin shugaban kasa, ya ci gaba da kasancewa shugaban sabuwar gwamnatin dimokaradiyya da kuma shugaban sojojin kasar, yana da iko mai girma wajen jagorantar tsarin mika mulki.
Manyan matsaloli guda uku da sauyin mulki bai warware ba: gibin dimokradiyya
Wannan mahallin rashin daidaituwa ya haifar da manyan gibi guda uku a cikin tsarin mulkin siyasa da aka kafa a lokacin mika mulki, wanda ya fashe a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Na daya shi ne gibin dimokuradiyya, bisa dokar zabe da ta nuna wariya da gangan ga yankunan ci gaba da na birane, watau inda ma'aikata ke zaune. Majalisar jam'iyyar Fasist (La Asamblea Nacional) ce ta tsara wannan doka a matsayin sharaɗin rugujewarsu: babban manufarta ita ce ta dakatar da hagu daga samun nasarar zaɓe. Sakamakon haka, manyan sassan Mutanen Espanya tare da matsayi na hagu ba a ba da su ba a cikin majalisa a lokacin mafi yawan lokacin mulkin demokraɗiyya (1978-present). Misali na baya-bayan nan na wannan shi ne zaben gama gari na karshe na majalisar dokokin Spain na 28th Afrilu Yayin da yawan kuri'u na hagu ya fi yawan kuri'u na dama (da rinjayen miliyan 1.2), yawan kujerun 'yan majalisa na hagu da dama ba su da bambanci sosai. Idan da tsarin zaben ya kasance daidai gwargwado, da yawan ‘yan majalisar na hagu ya fi yawa. Wannan banda jam'iyyar Socialist Party (PSOE), babbar jam'iyyar hagu a Spain, wanda ya riga ya amfana - kamar yadda babbar jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, Partido Popular (PP) ke yi - daga wata alama ta dokar zabe: cewa shi yana goyon bayan tsarin bangaranci. Manyan jam'iyyu sun sami karin kujeru, wanda ke baiwa jam'iyyu biyu masu rinjaye (jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta PP da PSOE ta hagu) su zama jam'iyyun mulki guda biyu da Spain ke da su har zuwa yanzu. A haƙiƙa, PSOE ta sami kashi ɗaya na ƙuri'un da aka jefa a wannan shekara idan aka kwatanta da baya a cikin 2011, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da sakamako mara kyau (tare da PP ta lashe mafi rinjayen gwamnati), yayin da a bana aka ɗauka a matsayin babban nasara. , wanda ya samo asali ne saboda koma bayan jam'iyyar PP da kuma rabon kuri'u na hannun dama zuwa jam'iyyu uku (PP, Ciudadanos, da Vox). Wani muhimmin al'amari shi ne karuwar shiga cikin zabukan 28th Afrilu, yana fitowa daga hagu na baya baya. Batun da ya kamata a nanata shi ne, a Spain, ba lallai ba ne sauye-sauyen da aka samu a majalisar dokokin kasar ya nuna irin sauye-sauyen ra'ayin siyasa na al'ummar kasar. Yawancin jaridun duniya sun yi watsi da wannan.
Sakamakon dimokuradiyya mai iyaka: al'umma marar daidaito
Wannan ragi na dimokuradiyya yana bayyana wani babban gibi: rashi na zamantakewa. Babban tasirin da sha'awar kuɗi (watau banki) ke da shi a cikin tattalin arzikin Sipaniya da cibiyoyin wakilci yana bayyana tsananin manufofin neoliberal waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokacin babban koma bayan tattalin arziki (2007-2018). Karkashin tasirin abin da aka sani a Spain a matsayin Troika (Babban Bankin Turai, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya), manufofin kuɗaɗen kuɗi suna da mummunar tasiri ga ƙasar jin daɗin Spain da ke fama da talauci. Kasar Spain tana kashewa sosai kan kashe kudaden jama'a wanda abin da yakamata ta kashe daidai da matakin ci gaban tattalin arzikinta. Yana daya daga cikin kasashe 15 na Tarayyar Turai (mafi ci gaban tattalin arziki na Tarayyar Turai) wanda ke kashe mafi ƙarancin ayyukan jama'a kamar kula da lafiya, ilimi, gidajen jama'a da kula da yara, da canja wurin kuɗi, kamar fansho. Dokokin haraji, yayin da ake ci gaba da ƙima, suna da koma baya sosai. Kuma kudaden shigar jama’a sun yi kadan. Sakamakon haka, Spain na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da mafi girman rashin daidaito a cikin EU15. Wannan polarization ya karu a lokacin wa'adin gwamnatin Rajoy (shugaban jam'iyyar PP a lokacin 2011-2018) a sakamakon sauye-sauyen kasuwannin aiki da nufin raunana aiki (wanda ya shafi babban ci gaban rashin tsaro da raguwar albashi); gyare-gyaren da gwamnatin PSOE da ta gabata ta fara farawa a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Zapatero (2004-2011). Spain ita ce, bayan Girka, ƙasa a cikin EU15 tare da rashin aikin yi da rashin aikin yi.
Bayyanar sabbin dakarun siyasa a sakamakon rikicin
Wannan ya haifar da gagarumar zanga-zanga, wanda aka fi sani da 'indignados' motsi ko 15M, wanda ya yi tir da kafa siyasa, wanda ake kira ajin siyasa (la clase politica). Ta zargi 'yan siyasar da rashin wakilcin muradun al'umma. Wani yunkuri ne na zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ya yi tasiri mai yawa, saboda ya zama sananne sosai. Taken ta"babu wakilci” (“ba sa wakiltar mu”) ya zama kukan da ya shahara. An kafa jam'iyyar Podemos, wadda ta samo asali daga wannan motsi na 15M. A cikin shekaru uku ya zama mafi girma na siyasa na uku a kasar. Abubuwa da yawa sun faru a cikin waɗannan shekaru, ciki har da murabus na Sarki Juan Carlos da tawaye na tushen jam'iyyar PSOE a kan na'urorin jam'iyyar (ma kusa da cibiyoyin kudi). Irin wannan matsin lamba kuma ya bayyana a tsakanin mayakan jam'iyyar gurguzu da kuma dakarun kawance (IU - Izquierda Unida) don canza shugabancinta, wadanda suka hada IU da Podemos, suka kafa Unidos Podemos (UP).
Bukatar dimokuradiyya da zanga-zangar zamantakewa ya haifar da zanga-zangar jama'a da yawa, ciki har da yunkurin mata na yanzu, wanda mata masu ra'ayin gurguzu ke jagoranta, wanda ya samo asali 8.th Zanga-zangar Maris, na neman a soke tsarin jari-hujja; tattakin ’yan fansho, wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da sauye-sauyen da jam’iyyar PP ta yi wanda ya yanke fensho sosai; da kuma matsugunan unguwanni na nuna adawa da korar gidaje. Irin wannan zanga-zangar dai ta kai ga korar jam’iyyar PP daga gwamnati, sakamakon kuri’ar da aka kada wanda ya tilasta musu yin murabus. Yunkurin jefar da PP daga gwamnati UP ne ya fara shi kuma ya biyo bayan masu kishin kasa na Catalan da Basque, da kuma PSOE.
Tambaya ta uku da ba a warware ta ba: tambayar kasa
Rashi na uku shi ne haifuwar hangen nesa na Spain a matsayin kasa ta kasa baki daya, irin ta sojojin monarchist, da ke adawa da hangen nesa na kasar Spain, yanayin tarihi na jam'iyyun hagu na jamhuriyar. A lokacin gwagwarmaya ta karkashin kasa na adawa da Fascist, dukkanin jam'iyyun jamhuriyar jamhuriyar reshen hagu na boye sun yi kira da a kafa wata kasa mai yawan jama'a ta tarayya, wacce ke da 'yancin cin gashin kanta ga dukkan kasashe daban-daban. PSOE ta yi watsi da wannan hangen nesa, duk da haka, a lokacin miƙa mulki, ta zama babban ginshiƙi na sarauta. Ko da yake an danne, wannan hangen nesa ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a Catalonia da Basque ƙasar. Kuma kawancen reshen hagu ne a yankin Kataloniya, karkashin jagorancin fitaccen shugaban gwamnatin Catalonia, mai ra'ayin gurguzu Pasqual Maragall, wanda ya gabatar da shawara (cikin wasu sauye-sauye) na neman a amince da yankin Kataloniya a matsayin kasa a cikin Spain. Wannan shawara, bayan da gwamnatin Catalan da majalisar dokokin Spain suka amince da ita (tare da sauye-sauye masu yawa), kuma sun amince da su a cikin kuri'ar raba gardama da mutanen Catalan suka yi, an yi watsi da su a wasu muhimman abubuwa ta Kotun Tsarin Mulki da ke karkashin ikon PP. Wannan shi ne tushen karfin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai a yankin Kataloniya: jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai wadanda a da suke samun kashi 10% na kuri'un Catalonia a baya sun samu kashi 46%. A haƙiƙa, taƙaddama da matakan danniya na gwamnatin PP shine dalili na farko na haɓaka goyon bayan zaɓe ga jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai a Catalonia. Wadannan jam'iyyun da suka sami 'yancin kai suna amfana daga zabuka daga mummunar dabi'a (a Catalonia) masu tayar da hankali na tsakiyar tsakiyar Spain na kishin kasa, wanda ke goyan bayan haɗin kai na al'ummar Spain, wanda ke ɗaure ko tilastawa shugabannin waɗannan jam'iyyun gudun hijira. A daya hannun kuma, jam'iyyun Spaniya na hannun dama kuma suna cin gajiyar zabe, daga tsattsauran ra'ayi na jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan 'yancin cin gashin kai (wadanda ba tare da wani bangare ba suka ayyana 'yancin yankin na Kataloniya a majalisar dokoki, ba tare da samun goyon baya da amincewar mafi yawan al'ummar Kataloniya ba). Wannan hali na rashin demokradiyya ya tattara goyon baya daga manyan sassa na al'ummar Spain don goyon bayan jam'iyyun dama na Spain, wanda aka sani da mafi yawan jam'iyyun adawa da 'yancin kai.
Yadda tambaya ta ƙasa ta kasance ta ɓoye tambayar zamantakewa
Masu kishin kasa guda biyu (masu gadon mulkin kama-karya a bangare daya da kuma kungiyoyin masu cin gashin kai a daya bangaren) sun mayar da kasar zuwa gida biyu, kuma dukkansu suna cin gajiyar wannan gurbacewar yanayi. Bangarorin biyu sun kasance karkashin jam'iyyun dama na Neoliberal: PP da sabuwar jam'iyyar neoliberal da ake kira Ciudadanos a bangaren Spain, da Convergencia a bangaren Catalan, sun aiwatar da manufofin neoliberal sosai (suna da'awar cewa ba su da wata hanya dabam) wadanda suka haifar da. ciwo mai yawa a tsakanin jama'a gabaɗaya, musamman ma'aikata. A bainar jama'a, duk sun yi yaƙi a kan tutoci (tutar mulkin mallaka na Spain da tutar 'yancin kai na Catalan) tare da jawabai na "ƙashin ƙasa", yayin da suke sanya hannu a cikin sirri (a cikin majalisar dokokin Spain) kasuwar ma'aikata iri ɗaya ta sake yin gyare-gyare da rage kashe kuɗi na zamantakewa. Hankalin dama na mafi yawan kafafen yada labarai ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa gaba dayan mahawarar zabe ta kasance kan tambaya ta kasa da kuma boye batun zamantakewar al’umma, watau babbar matsalar zamantakewa da jam’iyyun da ke jagorantar dakarun kishin kasa daga bangarorin biyu suka haifar.
A cikin wannan yanayin, Unidos Podemos da abokansa, irin su En Comú Podem a Catalonia da En Marea a Galicia, sun kare yanayin kasa na kasar Spain a cikin wani yanayi mai cike da rudani, inda matsananci na kowane bangare ke amfana daga wannan tashin hankali. . Daga bangaren dama na Mutanen Espanya, PP, wanda ministocin gwamnatin Fasisti ke ba da tallafi; Ciudadanos, ƙungiyar da cibiyoyin kuɗi da manyan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata suka ƙirƙira don dakatar da Unidos Podemos (Yana daga cikin Liberal International, wanda Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Amurka ta kasance mai sa ido); da kuma Vox, wadda sabuwar jam'iyyar fasisti ce, wadda ta taso daga jam'iyyar PP, masu adawa ne da jam'iyyar pluri-na kasa kuma manyan masu goyon bayan tsarin mulkin neoliberalism. Vox ita ce babbar jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, tana neman cikakken mai da kudaden fansho, kamar Pinochet ya yi a Chile. Ita ce jam'iyyar da ta fi kusa da layin Trump da Bolsonaro. Sannan kuma a bangaren na Kataloniya, akwai masu fafutukar neman ‘yancin kai da ke neman ballewa daga Spain, karkashin jagorancin wata jam’iyya mai ra’ayin rikau, Convergencia, tare da goyon bayan ERC, da kuma inganta manufofin neoliberal.
Manyan jam'iyyun biyu a fili suna amfani da tutoci don ɓoye alhakinsu na babban rikicin da jama'a ke fama da su. Unidos Podemos da abokansu su ne kawai rundunonin da ke adawa da tsarin mulkin neoliberal kuma suna kira a lokaci guda don samar da wata ƙasa mai yawan jama'a, jihar Spain ta tarayya. Suna kokarin sanya tambayar zamantakewa a tsakiyar muhawarar siyasa, a lokaci guda kuma suna yin tir da yadda ake amfani da tutoci don boye nauyin da ke wuyan bangarorin biyu wajen kafa wannan rikici. Ana amfani da manufofin asalin ƙasa a fili don ɓoye tambayar zamantakewa. Unidos Podemos ya sake fayyace ma'anar kishin kasa, yana mai jaddada cewa ya kamata a sanya mahimmanci ga rayuwar al'umma maimakon alamomin da ke wakiltar su.
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