SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Mutane 30 ne suka mutu yayin da daruruwa suka jikkata a makon jiya a kasar Mozambique a lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka dakile zanga-zangar kwanaki uku da aka yi kan karin kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na farashin biredi. A ranar Talata ne gwamnatin Mozambique ta sanar da cewa za ta sauya farashin biredi amma ta kara da cewa an tilasta mata kara farashin ne saboda tashin gwauron zabin alkama. Farashin alkama a duniya ya haura sama da kashi XNUMX cikin dari a cikin mako guda tun bayan da kasar Rasha, kasa ta uku a duniya wajen fitar da alkama, ta yanke shawarar haramta fitar da alkama zuwa kasashen waje, sakamakon fari da gobarar daji da ta yi kamari.
Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan hakkin abinci, Olivier De Schutter, ya yi gargadin cewa, ya kamata tashe-tashen hankulan da ake yi a Mozambik ya zama farkawa ga gwamnatocin da suka yi watsi da matsalar karancin abinci tun bayan rikicin abinci a duniya na shekara ta 2008, lokacin da kasashen duniya suka gana. zanga-zangar nuna bacin rai a kan tituna saboda tashin farashin kayayyakin abinci.
AMY GOODMAN: Hukumar samar da abinci da noma ta FAO ta yi kira da a gudanar da wani taron gaggawa a karshen wannan wata domin tattauna batun samar da abinci a duniya. Sai dai a ranar Talata, wani jami’in hukumar ya dora alhakin tarzomar da aka yi a Mozambique a kan “hargitsin kasuwa,” ba matsalar abinci ba.
To, don ƙarin bayani kan wannan labarin, yanzu za mu je San Francisco. Muna tare da marubuci kuma mai fafutuka Raj Patel. Littattafansa sun hada da Cushe da yunwa: Yaƙin Boye don Tsarin Abinci na Duniya da kuma Darajar Babu Komai: Yadda Za a Sake Siffata Al'ummar Kasuwa da Sake Kafa Dimokuradiyya. Sabon sa Labari ya bayyana a The Guardian na London; ana kiranta "Rikicin Abinci na Mozambique-Gaskiya Fuskar Dumamar Duniya."
Raj, barka da zuwa Democracy Now! Me ke faruwa a Mozambique?
Raj PATEL: To, a yanzu, hakika gwamnati ta sauya karin farashin kayan abinci da kashi 30 cikin 30. Amma gwamnati ta yi daidai da yin ishara da jita-jitar kudaden kasa da kasa. Tabbas, akwai batutuwan cikin gida, haka nan. Ba wai kawai farashin burodi ya haura da kashi XNUMX ba; Farashin kayan masarufi—ruwa da, kamar wutar lantarki—a cikin birane su ma sun yi tashin gwauron zabo. Kuma wannan shi ne abin da mutane suka yi tawaye da zanga-zangar. Amma gaskiya ne cewa Mozambik tana fama da wannan gagarumin sauyi a kasuwar alkama ta duniya. Kuma kamar yadda kuka ce, Rasha tana fuskantar fari da gobarar daji mai ban mamaki. Rasha ta fuskanci zafi mafi muni cikin fiye da karni guda.
Amma babu wani abu na halitta game da yadda waɗancan al'amuran yanayi ke yaɗuwa a duniya. Yadda muke fuskantar sauyin yanayi, yadda muke fuskantar ɗumamar yanayi, koyaushe ana yin sulhu. Kullum hulɗa ce tsakanin tsarin halitta da tsarin ɗan adam. Don haka, alal misali, a Rasha, yanayin zafi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa shirye-shiryen Rasha da na'urorin kashe gobara ba su da kyau sosai kuma shirye-shiryen yaƙi da gobarar ba su da kyau sosai. Sa'an nan kuma, ba shakka, a kan haka, Vladimir Putin ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a hana fitar da alkama zuwa kasuwannin duniya. Kuma abin da ya yi shi ne aika sakonni ga 'yan kasuwa da masu hasashe a cikin hatsi cewa, a gaskiya, za a sami ƙarancin alkama fiye da yadda suke tunani. Kuma an riga an damu game da yadda yanayin zai shafi girbin alkama a Argentina, alal misali. Kuma kwatsam sai ku sami kumfa mai hasashe.
Kuma kuma, wannan shine-babu wani abu na halitta game da waɗannan kumfa masu hasashe. An samo su sosai daga ɗan adam, musamman tun lokacin da aka yi watsi da doka a cikin 1991 sakamakon zaɓen da Goldman Sachs ya yi. Za ku ga ƙarin matakan hasashe a cikin abinci da man fetur, wanda ke haifar da waɗannan kumfa a farashin. Kuma wasu mutane kaɗan suna cin riba sosai. A cikin 2006, alal misali, Merrill Lynch ya kiyasta cewa hasashe yana haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki sama da kashi 50 bisa XNUMX idan aka kwatanta da wadata da buƙata kawai. Don haka akwai kudi da yawa a wadannan kasuwanni.
Sai dai sakamakon hakan shi ne gwamnatoci irin su Mozambik sun sami kansu a wani matsayi, idan farashin alkama ya yi tashin gwauron zabo, sai su shiga tsakanin dutse da wuri mai wuya, kuma suka yanke shawarar siyasa don ci gaba da wannan kashe-kashen. ga 'yan kasarsu. Kuma wannan shawarar ta siyasa ta kasance mai matukar talauci, domin jama’a a biranen sun yi zanga-zanga sosai. Kuma a sakamakon haka, kamar yadda ka ce, an kashe mutane goma sha uku. Da farko dai rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ana harba harsasan roba, amma akalla wani rahoto ya nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa ‘yan sandan suka sauya sheka zuwa harsashi mai rai shine saboda sun kare harsashin roba. Kuma kuma, babu wani abu na halitta game da waɗannan sakamakon. Waɗannan su ne duk tsarin ɗan adam da ke haɓakawa da haɓaka tasirin abubuwan ban mamaki na yanayi da muke fuskanta a duk duniya.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Kuma, Raj Patel, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce muna kan hanyar samun noman alkama mafi girma na uku. Ta yaya zai yiwu a sami wannan kuma kuma a sami adadin masu fama da yunwa a duniya?
Raj PATEL: To, ina tsammanin wannan shine batu mai ban sha'awa. Ina nufin, akwai tambayoyi da yawa a tsakanin masana game da ko a gaskiya mun dawo a 2008. Idan ka mayar da hankalinka, abin da muka gani a 2007, 2008 ya kasance rikodin tashin farashin abinci. Kuma, a zahiri, a cikin 2008 da 2009, mun sami girbi mai kyau. Amma inganci da yawan girbin ba su da mahimmanci kamar yadda mutane ke da damar samun wannan abincin. Kuma abin da muke gani tun daga 2007 da 2008 shi ne cewa akwai ƙarin ɗaruruwan miliyoyin mutane waɗanda a yanzu sun kasance matalauta kuma sun shiga cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki a duniya kuma ba su iya samun abinci. Idan kuma hanyar da ake raba abinci ta kasuwa ce, to babban abin da ke hana mu shiga ba wai yawan abincin da ake samu ba ne, sai talaucin mutanen da ba sa iya samunsa. Kuma shi ya sa, ga mutane da yawa, rikicin 2008 bai tsaya da gaske ba. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, a yanzu mun sami karin daruruwan miliyoyin mutane da ke fama da yunwa, ta yadda a yanzu adadin masu fama da yunwa a duniya, bisa kididdigar karshe a shekarar 2009, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 1.06 ne ke fama da yunwa. Don haka, a gaskiya, abubuwa, ga mutane da yawa, sun fi yadda aka yi a 2008, ba lallai ba ne don amfanin gona ya ragu, amma saboda mutane sun fi talauci.
AMY GOODMAN: Raj Patel, ya yi magana game da abin da ya faru a Pakistan, waɗannan munanan ambaliyar ruwa da tasirinsu ga abinci da noma a can.
Raj PATEL: To, kuma, abin da muke gani, ba shakka, munanan yanayi ne a Pakistan. Amma ambaliya ta tsananta saboda zaɓin manufofin cikin gida game da sare itatuwa, alal misali. Don haka, ta hanyar sare dazuzzuka, girman da tasirin wannan ambaliya ya yi muni sosai.
Kuma abin da muka sani shi ne—wani abu da muke gani a duniya shi ne, ƙungiyoyin da suka fi fama da irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi sauyin yanayi su ne suka fi fuskantar rauni, musamman mata. Ko a Pakistan ko a Mozambique, mun san cewa kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na mutanen da ke fama da yunwa a yau mata ne ko 'yan mata. Kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa a cikin kasashe da dama da aka yi rikodin bala'o'i masu yawa da kuma tasirin da suka faru, mun san cewa mata ne ke da alhakin irin wadannan abubuwan. Kuma mun san cewa a kasashe masu tasowa mata suna noma mafi yawan abincin da ake ci. Sabili da haka, abin da muke gani yana da tasiri mara kyau ga mutanen da ke samar da abincin ga yawancin mutane a kasashe masu tasowa su ci.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Shi kuma Raj Patel, yaya game da halin da ake ciki a Nijar? Mun yi—mun ga mugun fari a wurin, da ambaliya ta biyo baya. Menene ma'anar samar da abinci a can?
Raj PATEL: To, kuma, ina nufin, labari iri ɗaya ne akai-akai, cewa abin da muke gani shi ne-Ina nufin, muna ganin irin wannan bala'i na ambaliyar ruwa wanda ya shimfiɗa a kan dogon tarihin rashin zuba jari, tarihin dogon lokaci. munanan manufofin ci gaba, rashin zaɓi na gwamnati. Har ila yau, abin da muke gani shi ne zagayowar yanayi da nau'in girgizar kasa da muke gani akai-akai, saboda sauyin yanayi na anthropogenic, ya shimfiɗa a kan tsarin ɗan adam da ke kasawa, wanda ya ragu ta wata hanya ko wata. kuma hakan ya wuce kuma yana watsa waɗannan firgita na yanayi zuwa cikin mafi talauci al'ummomin duniya. Kuma a sa'an nan, ba shakka, ta hanyar ƙara wa waɗannan tsarin mutane abubuwa kamar hasashe a cikin hatsi, muna sa abubuwa da yawa, mafi muni.
AMY GOODMAN: Shin za ku iya magana game da sabon rahoto, Raj Patel, daga Bankin Duniya game da kwace filaye da kuma wannan mummunan yanayi na karfafa filaye, da wasu kasashen waje da kasashe ke saye su kawai suna sayen filayen noma?
Raj PATEL: Dama. Don haka, ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan tsarin ɗan adam yana da hannu a manufofin ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa. Ina nufin, daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa kasashe irin su Mozambik, alal misali, ke fuskantar irin wadannan matsaloli na kasa da kasa, shi ne, saboda an yi wa tattalin arzikinsu kwaskwarima, ta yadda za a hada su sosai da kasuwannin duniya. Daya daga cikin manufofin da kungiyoyi irin su Bankin Duniya suka bullo da shi shi ne manufar kwace filaye. Tabbas, ƙasar—a yi hakuri, Bankin Duniya ba ya kira ta da “ƙwaƙwalwar ƙasa”; ta kira shi "sha'awar duniya game da filin noma," saboda babu wata hanya mai kyau don kwatanta tsarin da masu zuba jari na kasashen waje za su zo su sayi filaye masu yawa, suna yin alkawarin samun riba mai yawa, amma a gaskiya suna kawo kadan.
Don haka, wannan rahoton bankin duniya da aka dade ana jira, wanda aka fitar da shi a lokacin bazara, wanda a yanzu bankin duniya ya fitar, ya ba da labarai guda biyu. Idan ka karanta sanarwar manema labarai kuma idan ka karanta nazarin da Bankin Duniya ya bayar, Bankin Duniya ya nuna cewa idan ka bar kasashen waje da masu zuba jari su shiga cikin kasashe mafi talauci a duniya, sakamakon zai iya zama mai kyau sosai. To, ba shakka, sakamakon zai iya zama mai kyau sosai. Amma, a hakikanin gaskiya, idan aka dubi sakamakon, idan aka duba bayanan da bankin duniya da kansa ya gabatar kan sakamakon wadannan da ake kira filaye, sakamakon ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Abin da bankin ke lura da shi shi ne cewa masu zuba jari na kasashen waje suna da sha'awar kasashen da ke da irin wannan tsarin mulki mai rauni. Kashi 25 cikin XNUMX na jarin da ake zubawa a kasashen waje a filaye ya faru ne a Afirka, kuma mafi yawan martanin da aka bayar—mafi yawan sakamakon da ake samu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya kasance bala'i. Bankin ya ce, babu daya daga cikin kasashen dake kudu da hamadar sahara da suka jawo hankalin masu zuba jari a baya-bayan nan da ya samu sama da kashi XNUMX cikin dari na ribar da aka yi alkawari. Kuma, a gaskiya al’amura sun yi muni sosai, wanda ita kanta Mozambique tana ƙoƙarin dawo da wasu daga cikin filayen da ta sayar wa masu zuba jari, domin gwamnati ta damu da cewa rabin ƙasar na zaune a banza, ba ta noman rake ko kuma wani amfanin gona da aka yi alkawari. ta masu zuba jari.
Amma tabbas daya daga cikin mafi muni shi ne, yana da kyau a samu masu hasashe su zauna su sayi fili ba su yi wani abu da shi ba, amma abin da ya fi haka shi ne masu hasashe su yi wani abu da kasar. Sannan kuma, abin da Bankin Duniya ya lura da shi shi ne, wadanda suka fi fama da rauni suna fama da wahala idan ana noman rake a kasashe masu tasowa, saboda rake amfanin gona ne mai tsananin kishirwa, kuma abin da masu zuba jari ke saya idan suka sayi filaye don yin rake shi ma yana samun damar amfani da shi. ruwa. Kuma abin da muka dade muna gani shi ne, matan da suke dibar ruwan, kuma suka dogara da wannan tarin abin dogaro da kai, yanzu an kulle su daga abin da za su ci, domin masu hasashe na kasashen waje su samu kudi. Kuma wannan, ba shakka, shi ne babban bala'i na wadannan filaye, shi ne cewa su ne - kuma, sun hada da na halitta - ba na dabi'a ba, rashin daidaito, rashin daidaiton ɗan adam wanda ya riga ya kasance a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma su ne madogara mara kyau. don saka hannun jari na gaske a cikin ci gaba da kuma ikon mallakar abinci a waɗannan ƙasashe.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Yanzu, shugabannin Afirka sun kammala wani taron noma a Ghana suna kira da a kara saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu a fannin noma a nahiyar. Tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan shi ne shugaban dandalin, da kuma kungiyar da aka fi sani da AGRA, ko Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa. Ga yadda Kofi Annan ya bayyana manufofin dandalin ga wani gidan yanar gizo na labarai.
KOFI ANNAN: Afirka, idan ta samu hadin kai, za ta iya ciyar da al'ummarta, ta kuma taimaka wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa sauran kasashen duniya. Don haka, ina ganin gwamnatoci da ‘yan kasuwa, ’yan kasuwa, suna sha’awar noma sosai. Kuma abin da kuke gani ke nan a wannan dandalin. Gwamnatoci a shirye suke su shigo da ingantattun tsare-tsare, wanda kuma ina fatan hakan yana nufin ababen more rayuwa da suka dace don taimakawa juyin juya halin Musulunci ya ci gaba.
SHARIF ABDEL KOUDDOUS: Tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan kenan. Raj Patel, yayi magana game da AGRA, wannan Alliance for Green Revolution a Afirka.
Raj PATEL: To, kawancen juyin juya halin koren Afirka a Afirka ya sa wasu mutane, musamman ma na kusa da shi, su yi nasara kadan, saboda koren juyin juya hali na da wasu illoli. Koren juyin juya hali shine tsarin samar da kayan amfanin gona iri-iri da kuma tilasta waɗancan, ƙarfafa girman gonaki, da dogaro da ƙishirwa mai matuƙar ƙishirwa da nau'ikan noman burbushin mai da taki don haɓaka amfanin gona. Ina zantawa da wani wakili daga gidauniyar Gates, gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates, wanda hakan ya kasance mai girman gaske wajen marawa kungiyar kawancen juyin juya hali ta Green Revolution a Afirka, har ma suna ta fadin hakan, da kyau, da suna da tasiri fiye da haka. Suna da a haƙiƙa, sunan "Green Juyin Juyin Halitta" mai yiwuwa ba zai kasance cikin wannan ƙawance ba. Amma duk da haka, abin da muke gani ta hanyar wannan ƙawancen shine sauyi zuwa ga-daga irin nau'in zuba jari da gwamnati ta ba da tallafi da kuma goyon baya wanda muka gani a baya zuwa wani nau'i na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don zuba jari a noma. . Kuma kun ji Kofi Annan a can yana magana game da sha'awar kamfanoni. To, kuma, kwace filaye—kamar yadda rahoton Bankin Duniya ya nuna, kwace filaye nuni ne na yadda duniya ke sha’awar filaye. Kuma da gaske abin da ake gani - AGRA alama ya zama dokin Trojan don shine mayar da aikin noma a Afirka.
Yanzu, Kofi Annan ya yi daidai, cewa da manufofin da suka dace, da zuba jarin gwamnati, da jarin da ya dace, zai iya yiwuwa Afirka ta ciyar da kanta. Kuma a haƙiƙa akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da yadda ikon mallakar abinci, game da yadda mulkin demokraɗiyya kan abinci da noma zai iya faruwa a Afirka. Hakan ya faru ne cewa AGRA tana da alama ta yi watsi da wasu ra'ayoyin da ke fitowa daga manoman Afirka, alal misali, da yawa tare da ra'ayoyin da ke fitowa daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma fitowa daga kungiyoyi irin su Monsanto. Kuma wannan, ina tsammanin, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan bala'o'in AGRA shine cewa tana tattara ra'ayoyin jama'a don tsara manufofin da tuni sun gaza sosai.
AMY GOODMAN: Raj, na gode kwarai da zuwanmu. Raj Patel, marubuci kuma mai fafutuka a San Francisco. Labarinsa na baya-bayan nan, "Rikicin Abinci na Mozambique-Gaskiya Fuskar Dumamar Duniya." Littattafansa sun hada da Darajar Babu Komai: Yadda Za a Sake Siffata Al'ummar Kasuwa da Sake Kafa Dimokuradiyya, ma Cushe da yunwa: Yaƙin Boye don Tsarin Abinci na Duniya.
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