A wani mataki da bai baiwa mutane da yawa mamaki ba, John Kerry ya zabi Sanata John Edwards a matsayin abokin takararsa. Kerry ya sanar da zabinsa bayan ya dawo daga rangadin bas na tsakiyar Yamma wanda ya lakafta rangadin "Ruhun Amurka". Kuma wane irin mutane ne ke ɗauke da "Ruhun Amurka," a cewar Kerry? To, fararen fata, ba shakka! Hotunan tafiyar sun nuna haka. Manazarta suna hasashen karawar Edwards zai kara sha'awar tikitin zuwa yankunan karkara, tsakiyar aji, Midwestern, da Kudancin masu jefa kuri'a (fararen zabe, a wasu kalmomi). Daukar Edwards shine kawai babban mataki na gaba a cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar Jam'iyyar Democrat don zukata da tunanin Amurkawa farar fata.
Da farko dai Kerry yana da sha'awar halin da Amurkawa 'yan Afirka ke ciki. Har ma ya ce yana so ya zama “baƙar fata shugaban Amurka” na biyu. Wani tsohon jami'in Clinton (baƙar fata) ya amsa da cewa, "Hakan ba zai faru ba. Ba zai fita-Clinton Clinton ba, kuma idan ya yi ƙoƙari, zai yi kama da wariyar launin fata. " Da alama Kerry ya yarda, kuma ya yi watsi da mazabarsa na bakaken fata. A cikin jawabin da ya yi a taron kasa na bakar fata a watan Afrilu, Kerry ya kwashe lokacinsa yana magana ne kan yadda za a tabbatar da kamfanonin sinadarai na Amurka maimakon damuwar masu sauraro. Kusan dai ya cire bakar fata daga manyan mukamai a yakin neman zabensa, lamarin da ya fusata ’yan gwagwarmaya da dama.
Wannan ba shine karo na farko da Kerry ke samun matsala da bakar fata ba. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Dattawa a 1996 ya haifar da shakku iri ɗaya game da roƙonsa. A cewar wani labari na Boston Globe daga wannan shekarar, “Masu jefa ƙuri’a, wani tushe na gargajiya na goyon bayan ’yan takarar Demokraɗiyya, da alama suna buɗe zaɓensu a fafatawar tsakanin Sanata John F. Kerry na Democrat da Gwamnan Republican William F. Weld. Ya bambanta da tsananin biyayyar da Sen. Edward M. Kennedy ke ƙarfafawa a cikin al'ummar baƙar fata, hirarraki da shugabanni da manazarta baƙar fata sun nuna sanyin gwiwa game da takarar Kerry." Dalilan za su bayyana a fili cikin ɗan lokaci, amma a yanzu bari mu bincika yadda yaƙin neman zaɓe na Kerry/Edwards zai kai ga farar Amurka.
Ɗaya daga cikin jigogin da aka fi faɗi da John Edwards ya kawo kan tikitin shine jigon daidaita tazarar da ke tsakanin "Amurka biyu" - ɗaya na masu arziki da ɗaya na matalauta. Edwards ya yi wasa akan wannan jigo na rabe-raben aji sau da yawa a lokacin firamare. Koyaya, manufar kasancewar “Amurka biyu” tana nufin rarrabuwar kabilanci ta Amurka. Rahoton Kerner na 1968 ya bayyana cewa, "al'ummarmu tana tafiya zuwa ga al'ummomi biyu, daya baƙar fata, fari ɗaya - rabe da rashin daidaito." Hukumar ta Kerner ta shirya rahoton ne domin mayar da martani ga jerin tashe-tashen hankula na ghetto (" tarzoma ") da suka bazu ko'ina cikin kasar a cikin shekarun 1960. Ya dora laifin tashin hankalin a kan wariyar launin fata. "Farin wariyar launin fata shine ainihin alhakin hada bam din da ke taruwa a garuruwanmu tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu," in ji shi.
Watakila za ta zama rana mai sanyi a jahannama kafin John Edwards ya yi magana game da rarrabuwar kabilanci na Amurka a cikin irin wannan maganganun na gaskiya. Madadin haka, ya zaɓi tushen aji kuma mafi fararen abokantaka "Amurka biyu." Kerry ya raira waƙa irin wannan a cikin shekaru. A cikin 2000 ya rattaba hannu kan wata takarda yana mai cewa ya kamata mu “sanya fifikon dabarun aiwatarwa daga abubuwan da ake so na kungiya zuwa karfafa tattalin arzikin duk ‘yan kasa marasa galihu.” Irin wannan hanyar ta yi watsi da matsayi na musamman na mutane masu launin fata a Amurka, waɗanda ke fuskantar cikas fiye da sama da ƙetare na talakawa. Misali, farar fata da ke da dala 13,000 kacal a cikin shekara-shekara har yanzu suna da yuwuwar mallakar nasu gida fiye da baƙar fata masu samun kuɗin shiga na $48,000. Maza farare da ke da takardar shaidar kammala sakandare suna iya samun aikin yi kuma suna samun kuɗi kamar na maza baƙar fata masu digiri na kwaleji. Baƙar fata rashin aikin yi ya ninka yawan rashin aikin yi. Waɗannan rarrabuwa ne waɗanda Kerry da Edwards ba sa son yin magana.
Maganganun da rahoton Kerner ya amince da shi sun haɗa da gyare-gyaren da aka ƙera don inganta yanayin Amirkawa na Amirkawa a kusan kowane fanni na rayuwar Amirkawa, gami da haɓaka shirye-shiryen ayyuka masu ƙarfi. Duk da yake Kerry da Edwards sun yi iƙirarin goyon bayan tabbatar da matakin, dukkansu sun yi kalamai waɗanda ke nuna goyon bayansu ya yi tsami. Kerry ya kasance mai yin magana musamman a cikin ra'ayinsa, yana mai nuni da hakan a matsayin "bambancin wariya" a cikin jawabin 1992 a Jami'ar Yale. Ya tausaya wa farar fata da “suna jin an ware su ko kuma gwamnatinsu ta yi watsi da su” kuma sun kawo karshen tallafawa “tsari na iyalai masu jin dadi.” Dukansu Kerry da Edwards suna son yin alfahari game da fitar da abin da ya rage na jindadin Amurka a karkashin jagorancin Bill Clinton.
Ba a taɓa bin shawarwarin rahoton Kerner ba, saboda a wani ɓangare na Richard Nixon da aka zaɓe shi Shugaban ƙasa a 1968. Ta hanyar amfani da “Dabarun Kudu” nasa mai banƙyama, ya hau kan farar fata mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a zuwa mulki. Rikicin cikin gari da aka ambata a baya ya tsoratar da Amurka farar fata, waɗanda suke jin cewa ƙasarsu ta wargaje. Nixon ya taka rawa kan tsoron launin fata na yawancin fararen fata kuma ya sanya "doka da oda" daya daga cikin jigogin yakin neman zabe na farko. Tare da rugujewar tsarin Jim Crow mai zuwa, tsarin "doka da oda" zai zama sabuwar hanyar da aka mayar da baƙar fata zuwa matsayi na biyu a Amurka. Jim Crow ya biyo bayan bautar, kuma Jim Crow ya biyo bayan ɗaurin kurkuku da laifin aikata laifuka na mutane masu launi, musamman matasa, maza baƙar fata (in ba haka ba da aka sani da "kamfanin masana'antu na kurkuku"). Tsakanin 1972 zuwa 2000 yawan fursunoni na Amurka ya tashi daga 330,000 zuwa kusan miliyan 2. Haka nan kuma an samu koma-baya tsakanin fursunonin farare da wadanda ba fararen fata ba a wannan lokacin, inda a yanzu fursunonin da ba fararen fata ke da rinjaye ba.
Wariyar launin fata ta kasance a kowane mataki a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka: kamawa, gurfanar da su, tuhuma, shari'a, yanke hukunci, da yanke hukunci. Duk da kasancewar kashi 14% na masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, baƙar fata kashi 35% na waɗanda aka kama da mallaka. Akwai babban rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin hodar iblis (magungunan “baƙar fata”) da kuma cocaine mai ƙarfi (maganin “farar fata”). A wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a a New Jersey, kashi 26% na alkalai sun ce masu gabatar da kara sun fi dagewa kan tuhume-tuhume masu tsanani kan wadanda ake kara fiye da fararen fata kuma kashi 20% sun ce hukuncin da aka yanke wa 'yan tsiraru ya fi tsanani. Ko da a daidai "tashin hankali," masu kisan kai sau 4 suna iya samun hukuncin kisa idan wanda aka azabtar ya kasance fari. Ga maza baƙar fata, rikodin laifin aikata laifuka yana sa kusan ba zai yiwu a sami aiki ba, kamar dai ba shi da wahala sosai. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa farar fata da ke da rikodin aikata laifuka sun kasance masu yuwuwa za su sake kiran masu aiki fiye da baƙar fata waɗanda ba su da tarihin aikata laifuka. Baƙar fata masu rikodin aikata laifuka kawai ana kiran su da kashi 5% na lokacin.
An ɗauki ajanda na laifukan Kerry kai tsaye daga littafin wasan kwaikwayo na Richard Nixon. Ya ba da shawarar "doka da oda" su kasance a gaba a kan ci gaban tattalin arziki da ilimi game da al'ummomin birane. A cikin jawabinsa na Yale ya bayyana yankunan baƙar fata da cewa suna da "tashe-tashen hankula, masu shan muggan ƙwayoyi, gaskiyar bera… A fili ya fahimci yanayin wariyar launin fata na waɗannan maganganun kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya rufe jakarsa ta hanyar cewa, "ba za mu iya kwatanta tsoron aikata laifuka da wariyar launin fata ba," amma yawancin bincike sun rubuta gaskiyar cewa ra'ayoyin fararen fata na maza baƙar fata da kuma aikata laifuka gabaɗaya sun kasance hanya mafi kyau daga gare ta. taba da gaskiya. A cikin shekarun Clinton, Kerry da Edwards sun kada kuri'a don dala biliyan 22 na aikata laifuka wanda ya hada da tanadi don gina karin gidajen yari da kuma daukar karin 'yan sanda 100,000 duk da cewa yawan laifuka yana faduwa zuwa ga tarihi.
Sa'an nan kuma, babu wata hanya mafi sauƙi don samun maki na siyasa fiye da sa fararen fata suyi tunanin cewa kuna kare su daga matasa, baƙar fata "savage" a wani gefen gari. Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Kerry ya kasance yana tunatar da mutane cewa ya sanya mutane a kurkuku har tsawon rayuwarsu yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara (kuma sun ce Edwards shine lauya tare da abin tambaya a baya). Laifukan matasa bakar fata ya kasance siyasa ce mai kyau kuma gidajen yari sun zama kasuwanci mai kyau a wuraren da ake rufe sansanonin sojoji da kamfanoni ke rufe ayyukansu. Tabbas, Kerry yana da shirin dakatar da hakan kuma: ƙarin raguwar haraji ga masu hannu da shuni, fararen fata na kamfanonin Amurka.
A cikin wannan kamfen, Kerry ya ba da shawarar ci gaba da shirye-shiryen aikata laifuka na zamanin Clinton. Ya kuma kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin doka da ya baiwa lauyoyin Amurka damar gurfanar da yara 'yan shekaru 14 a matsayin manya. Wariyar launin fata ta yi kamari a tsarin shari'a na yara kuma, inda masu laifin bakaken fata sau shida za su iya zama gidan yari fiye da masu laifin farar fata. Abin ban mamaki, wannan tsarin na "tsauri kan aikata laifuka" na iya jawowa 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat asarar zaɓe a 2000, kuma yana iya sake kashe musu. Saboda manyan dokoki na cin zarafi, 13% na al'ummar bakaken fata ba su da 'yancin yin zabe. Wannan na iya isa ya kiyaye Gore daga cin nasara a Florida, duk da duk wani “mugun laifi” da ba a aikata ba daga jerin sunayen masu jefa kuri’a.
John Edwards babban mai goyon bayan hukuncin kisa na wariyar launin fata ne. Lokacin da Al Sharpton ya fuskanta game da bambancin launin fata na hukuncin kisa Edwards ya ce, "Jihohi na iya tantance ko tsarin nasu yana aiki." A matsayina na mazaunin Texas, ina matukar shakkar cewa jihata za ta yi duk wani bincike na rai nan gaba kadan dangane da manufofinta na hukuncin kisa. Ana daukar Kerry a matsayin daukar matakin sassaucin ra'ayi mai karfi kan hukuncin kisa. Ya yi daidai da cewa gwamnati ta kashe mutane da dama da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, kuma akwai yiwuwar wasu su zo, amma ya dan ja baya a yakin neman zaben, yana mai cewa mutanen da suka aikata munanan laifuka sun cancanci hukuncin kisa. Bayanansa sun nuna cewa ba shi da hukuncin kisa kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke tunani. Ya kada kuri'a kan wasu kudade da yawa wadanda ke kara yawan laifukan tarayya wadanda za a iya zartar da hukuncin kisa.
Duk abin da ake faɗi, zai yi wahala duk wani tikitin Demokraɗiyya ya yi hamayya da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu kishin Bush/Cheney. A gaskiya ma, tabbas suna da ƙuri'ar wariyar launin fata da aka nannade sosai, don haka watakila zai zama mafi kyawun dabarun idan Kerry ya dakatar da batun. Kwarewar zaɓen 2000 a Florida ya bayyana sarai cewa Jam'iyyar Democrat tana buƙatar baƙar fata. Lokaci yayi da Kerry/Edwards su fara aiki kamar yadda suka fahimci hakan.
Justin Felux marubuci ne kuma mai fafutuka da ke San Antonio, Texas. Ana iya samun sa a [email kariya]
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