A cikin shekarun 1930, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi zargin cewa Franklin Roosevelt ɗan gurguzu ne. A yau, Bernie Sanders ya ce sun yi gaskiya.
A cikin jawabin da aka dade ana jira wanda aka shelanta a matsayin bayar da ma'anarsa na " gurguzanci na dimokuradiyya," Sanatan Vermont kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat. ranar Alhamis da yamma ya gaya wa taron daliban Jami'ar Georgetown - wadanda akasarinsu sun jira sa'o'i a cikin ruwan sama mai yawa don su ji shi - cewa ta tsarin gurguzu na dimokuradiyya, yana nufin ka'idodin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da FDR ta shimfida, musamman a cikin Jawabinsa na Jiha na 1944. . A cikin wannan jawabin, Roosevelt ya yi shelar cewa al'umma na buƙatar na biyu, daftarin tattalin arziki. Sanders ya nakalto sashin da Roosevelt ya shimfida tushen falsafa na irin wannan fadada hakki: "'Yancin mutum na gaskiya," in ji Roosevelt, "ba zai iya zama ba tare da tsaro na tattalin arziki da 'yancin kai ba. Maza masu lazimta ba maza ne masu ’yanci ba.” Sanatan Vermont ya ba da jerin haƙƙoƙin da Roosevelt ya lissafta: kyakkyawan aiki a albashi mai kyau, lokacin hutu daga aiki, gida mai kyau, kula da lafiya, da kuma, ga kasuwanci, "yanayin da ba shi da gasa mara adalci da kuma mamayar ƴan cin gashin kai."
Wani adadi daya tilo Sanders da aka ambata a matsayin wanda ya tsara hangen nesansa na gurguzu shine Martin Luther King Jr. (Ba kamar FDR ba, hakika King ya bayyana kansa a matsayin dan gurguzu na dimokuradiyya, kamar yadda sauran manyan shugabannin kare hakkin jama'a kamar A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin, da James Farmer.Roosevelt ya kira kansa abubuwa daban-daban-mafi yawancin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma sau ɗaya, lokacin da aka tambaye shi falsafarsa, ya amsa cewa shi "Kirista ne kuma ɗan Democrat" - amma ba mai ra'ayin gurguzu ba.) King, in ji Sanders, ya bi sawun FDR. shelar bukatar tattalin arziki da kuma hakkin jama'a.
Da yake sauka ga cikakkun bayanai, Sanders ya ci gaba da cewa gurguzanci na dimokuradiyya yana nufin samar da tattalin arzikin da ke aiki ga kowa, tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya bisa ka'idar cewa kula da lafiya hakki ne, koyarwa kyauta a kwalejoji da jami'o'in jama'a (da mafi girma Pell Grants da ƙasa). Riba akan lamunin ɗalibai, wanda kuma zai sa kwalejoji masu zaman kansu su fi araha), sadaukarwar gwamnati don samun cikakken aikin yi, albashin rayuwa (tare da mafi ƙarancin albashin $15), biyan iyali da hutun likita, ƙarin haraji na ci gaba, da rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a ta atomatik. duk Amurkawa lokacin da suka cika shekaru 18.
Kamar yadda jam'iyyun gurguzu da dimokuradiyya a duk faɗin yammacin duniya suke yi tsawon shekaru 70, Sanders ya yi watsi da abin da watakila shi ne ma'anar tsarin gurguzu na dimokuradiyya kafin yakin duniya na biyu. "Ban yi imani ya kamata gwamnati ta mallaki kantin sayar da magunguna ko hanyoyin samarwa ba," in ji shi, "amma na yi imanin cewa matsakaici da iyalai masu aiki waɗanda ke samar da arzikin Amurka sun cancanci yarjejeniya ta gaskiya."
Lokacin da Roosevelt ya kasance shugaban kasa, tabbas, masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun yi imanin cewa yakamata gwamnati ta mallaki manyan masana'antu da yawa. Shugaban jam'iyyar Socialist a lokacin Roosevelt shine Norman Thomas, wanda ya lashe kusan kuri'u miliyan a zaben 1932 wanda Roosevelt ya kori Herbert Hoover. Ta hanyar kafa Tsaron Jama'a, ba wa ma'aikata 'yancin kafa ƙungiyoyi da yin ciniki tare, da kuma ɗaukar miliyoyin marasa aikin yi a kan ayyukan (musamman amma ba kawai gini ba) na Gwamnatin Tarayya da Gudanar da Ci gaban Ayyukan Ayyuka, duk da haka, FDR ta zaɓi wani rabo. na shirin masu ra'ayin gurguzu, wanda ya haifar da ginshiƙan goyon bayan jam'iyyar gurguzu kamar ƙungiyoyin ma'aikatan tufafi da tufafi don canza mubaya'arsu ga Roosevelt da Democratic Party. Haka ma yawancin waɗanda suka zaɓi Thomas a 1932. Marubuci Upton Sinclair, ɗan gwagwarmayar gurguzu, ya bi wannan hanya har zuwa ƙarshe na ma'ana: Ya yi takara kuma ya yi nasara a 1934 na Democrat na gwamnan California, kodayake yaƙin neman zaɓe. da 'yan Republican suka tabbatar da cewa ya fadi zaben gama gari a watan Nuwamba.
Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1950, da dama daga cikin masu ra'ayin gurguzu na demokraɗiyya na Amirka sun fara jayayya cewa ya kamata su shiga jam'iyyar Democrat ba tare da yin watsi da akidarsu ba. (Jimillar adadin masu ra'ayin gurguzu na dimokraɗiyya na Amurka a ƙarshen 1950, in ƙara da cewa, ya kusan ƙanƙanta fiye da taron jama'ar da suka taru a yau a ɗakin taro na Georgetown don sauraron Sanders.) Wannan hujja ta sami cikakkiyar magana daga Michael Harrington, magajin Thomas a matsayin Jagoran ƙungiyoyin gurguzu, wanda ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa na 1967 zuwa A Democratic Left, cewa yanayin siyasar Amurka da ba shi da ra'ayin gurguzu a zahiri yana tattare a cikin jam'iyyar Democratic abin da ya kira "dimokradiyyar zamantakewa ta ɓoye." Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi samun ci gaba na al'umma, masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, masu sassaucin ra'ayi na tsakiya (sannan masu zanga-zangar adawa da yakin Vietnam) - waɗannan su ne ƙungiyoyin da takwarorinsu na Turai suka haɗa da waɗannan jam'iyyun dimokuradiyya na zamantakewar al'umma. Don haka, Harrington ya kammala, ya kamata masu ra'ayin gurguzu na Amurka su shiga - a bainar jama'a, ba tare da kunya ba - Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya, wadanda ke boye gidan siyasar dimokiradiyya, inda za su iya yin aiki don irin sauye-sauyen zamantakewar da za a iya samu a siyasar yau da kullum yayin da suke fafutukar neman makomar dimokuradiyya. tattalin arziki da al'umma. A cikin 1973, ya kafa kungiya, Kwamitin Shirya Socialist Socialist (yanzu da ake kira Democratic Socialists of America), wanda yayi haka. (Cikakken bayani: Ni mataimakin shugaban DSA ne, ko da yake—kuma cikakken bayanin—Ban je taron DSA ba tsawon shekaru.)
Yayin da yake makarantar koleji a ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 190s, Sanders ya kasance cikin mafarin DSA, Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Socialist League, wanda babban aikinsa ke tallafawa ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam. Tun daga wannan lokacin, bai kasance memba na kowace kungiya ta gurguzu ba. Yayin da DSA ta bukaci masu ra'ayin gurguzu da su yi aiki a cikin jam'iyyar Democrat, ba tare da tauye hakkinsu na sukar kurakuran jam'iyyar ba, Sanders kuma ya yi watsi da jam'iyyar Democrat. A cikin batutuwan alaƙar siyasa, Bernie ba shi da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa. Da zarar ya isa Majalisa, duk da haka, sannan kuma Majalisar Dattijai, ya shiga kuma ya taka rawa a cikin kungiyoyin 'yan Democrat.
A wata ma'ana, abin da Sanders ya cim ma a yau shine ya nuna cewa sararin siyasa tsakanin ci gaban Amurka da dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa - aƙalla, kamar yadda ya ayyana su - ya ragu zuwa ga ƙima. A bayyane yake, ba koyaushe haka yake ba; an dauki tabarbarewar tsarin jari hujjar Amurka da ta taru a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata don tura masu ci gaba, kuma tare da su, tsakiyar jam'iyyar Democrat, zuwa hagu, ta hanyar tofa albarkacin bakinsu na wadanda suka kira kansu masu ra'ayin dimokradiyya, ko kuma a cikin Sanders's. al’amarin, ‘yan gurguzu na dimokuradiyya. Ta hanyar shafe Roosevelt ya zama uban su duka - masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin gurguzu duka - Sanders ya yi shelar kawo karshen irin wannan bambance-bambance. Don tabbatar da cewa, kiran Medicare ga Duk yana sanya shi a cikin tsarin dimokiradiyya na zamantakewa, amma sai, ya sanya Lyndon Johnson a can kuma.
Idan nasarar da Sanders ya samu (har ya zuwa yanzu) na gudanar da harkokin gurguzanci wani bangare ne na sanin yaɗuwar waɗancan tashe-tashen hankula na jari-hujja, hakanan wani ɓangare ne sakamakon rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet. Manyan shugabannin gurguzu na Amurka na ƙarni na 20—Eugene Debs, Thomas, da Harrington—dole ne su ci gaba da bayyana cewa alamar gurguzuwar dimokraɗiyya ba ta da wani abu da ya haɗa da gurguzuwar Soviet da zuriyarta, wanda kowannensu ya yi Allah wadai da shi. Sanders ba ya aiki a ƙarƙashin irin wannan naƙasa: Masu adawa da 'yan gurguzu da shugabannin masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda da gangan suka haɗa 'yancin kai na Rooseveltian tare da gurguzu na Stalinist (matashi Richard Nixon ya kasance gwani a wannan) an kore su daga aiki tare da rushewar bangon Berlin.
Yayin da shirye-shirye da manufofi na Sabon Yarjejeniyar suka samu gindin zama a kasar Amurka, wasu masu lura da al'amura a wasu lokuta na nuna cewa jam'iyyar Democrat ta Roosevelt ta aiwatar da tsarin gurguzu na Thomas. Da yake lura da gazawar New Deal liberalism ( ƙawancensa da masu son raba yankin Kudu da rashin aiwatar da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa), Thomas ya amsa da gunaguni, “Sun aiwatar da shi a kan shimfiɗa. Sanders ba zai yi hamayya da wannan hukunci ba, amma yayin da yake komawa ga Dokar Haƙƙin Tattalin Arzikin Tattalin Arziƙi na FDR na 1944, ya daidaita mafi kyawun ra'ayi na burin Rooseveltian liberalism tare da al'adun gurguzu na dimokuradiyya - ko kuma, mafi daidai, ya yi iƙirarin shi ne tushen tushen gurguzu na kansa. imani.
Wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na CBS/New York Times kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kashi 56 cikin 25 na masu kada kuri'a na Democrat suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da gurguzu - adadi wanda ya zarce matakin goyon bayan Sanders a zaben da kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX, wanda ke nufin cewa gungun masu goyon bayan Hillary Clinton sun rike. wannan kallon kuma. Abin da duk waɗannan 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat ke nufi da gurguzu shine tunanin kowa, amma ina zargin tunaninsu yana kusa da Sanders's: Alƙawarin adawa da tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya da daidaita al'ummar ƙasar; imani da haƙƙin tattalin arziki; da kuma jin cewa iyakoki tsakanin gurguzanci da sassaucin ra'ayi sun kasance aƙalla sosai. Cognoscenti na iya ganin kansu a matsayin 'ya'yan Thomas da Harrington, amma yawancin za su ga kansu a matsayin 'ya'yan Roosevelt da King. Sakon Sanders zuwa gare su duka shine: Suna da gaskiya.
Harold Meyerson shine babban editan The American Prospect kuma mawallafin jaridar Washington Post. Imel dinsa shine [email kariya]. Bi @HaroldMeyerson
ZNetwork ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karimcin masu karatun sa.
Bada Tallafi
5 comments
Myerson, kamar Sanders, da alama yana amfani da "mai ra'ayin gurguzu na dimokuradiyya" da "mai ra'ayin jama'a" a musanya. Misali, Myerson ya tara jagororin 'yancin jama'a da dama a matsayin 'yan gurguzu na dimokuradiyya lokacin da suka kasance, mafi kyawu, masu bin dimokuradiyya.
Dokta King wani abu ne kuma gabaɗaya: ɗan gwagwarmaya ne kuma ɗan juyin-juya-hali wanda gaskiya ne ke tafiyar da shi, ba akida ba.
A kowane hali, wannan sako-sako tare da harshe yana kawar da ma'ana kuma yana mayar da tattaunawa ba ta da mahimmanci - ɗaya daga cikin dalilai masu yawa da 'yan hagu a Amurka suka shiga cikin rashin dacewa.
Mahimman harshe. Har sai mun tabbatar da tsabta a cikin harshenmu wanda ya dace da ayyukanmu muna iya yin kamun kifi.
To Tom, ina tsammanin lokaci ya yi don kamun kifi ko yanke koto. Godiya ga kafofin watsa labaru kuma yanzu harshen intanet ya zama siyasa sosai cewa tsabta da ma'ana, kamar zamantakewa da dimokuradiyya sun zama marasa mahimmanci. Duk abin da Bernie ya samu; da gaske jBernays' - nasarar farfaganda akan harshe. Shin akwai wanda ya yarda cewa ko da an zabi Sanders a matsayin shugaban kasa, duk abin da ya ce zai faru a zahiri? Ba a kasar da stooges na kamfanoni, banki shills da oligarch lackeys mulki ga kuma a kan mu.
Ed:
Na fi son kifi maimakon yanke koto. Kuma kuyi aiki a lambuna. Kuma ina da diya mace, don haka ba ni da zabi sai dai in yi kokarin yin abin da zan iya a lokacin da zan iya. Dole ne mutum ya zauna tare da ita har zuwa ƙarshe.
Kun san abin da ya fi ban dariya a cikin wannan duka shi ne cewa 'Siyasa da Harshen Turanci' na Orwell yanzu ya zama wucewa. Ya kai hari ga ma'aikata da kuma lalata harshe daga hukumomi, gwamnatoci, da dai sauransu.
Amma ba zai iya yin mafarkin rashin daidaituwa da magana mai alaƙa da gaskiya tsakanin manyan mutane ba - ko rubutu da Facebook. (Ba zan iya samun kalmomin da zan kwatanta irin waɗannan abubuwan ba).
Kuma akwai kuma gaskiyar cewa mutane kaɗan ne ke karantawa da yawa - kuma kaɗan har yanzu suna karanta mafi inganci.
Na ci karo da waɗannan abubuwan da ke koyar da Ƙwararrun Rubuce-rubucen a daidai matakin babban matakin (ta na zamani) cibiyar ilimi na 'mafi girma'.
A kowane hali, Ina matukar godiya da juxtaposition na Bernays'/ Bernie. Yana da ban sha'awa sosai lokacin da wasu kalmomi suka yi aiki a zahiri.
Hadin kai,
Tom
Akalla ba za ku iya cewa babu wani abu mai kyau da zai fito daga Bernie yana neman shugaban kasa. Matsala ta ta gaskiya da Bernie ba shine mutumin ba, amma tsarin tsarin dimokuradiyya. Abin takaici, Bernie ya aikata babban ƙaryar cewa mutane ba tsarin ba ne matsalar.
P.S. Ina son yin aiki a lambuna kuma, kamar yadda Jim ya yi. Kuna iya jin daɗin wannan ɓangarorin daga littafin wani malami/marubuci: Plain Radical: Rayuwa, Ƙauna da Koyon barin Duniya da Alheri na Robert Jensen (Counterpoint Press, 2015) Source URL: http://www.alternet.org/books/humanitys-best-future-plan-leaving-planet-gracefully
Ra'ayin Mista Sanders shine cewa gurguzu shine tsarin zamantakewar da Otto von Bismarck ya kafa, wanda kuma ake kira 'The Welfare State'. Don haka an kawar da ainihin ra'ayin gurguzu, wanda ba gwamnati ce ta mallaki kantin magani ba amma ma'aikata sun mallaki da sarrafa hanyoyin samar da su.