Zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a Iran a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni ya sha suka a cikin gida da waje da cewa ba shi da sahihanci. A yayin zanga-zangar da jama'a suka yi, wasu mutane 30 ne dakarun gwamnati suka kashe tare da kame wasu daruruwa. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance ƙarƙashin bincike mai zurfi da ci gaba da binciken kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka-UK.
Har ila yau, a cikin watan Yuni, wani juyin mulkin soji ya hambarar da gwamnatin Honduras da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokradiyya. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni ne aka yi garkuwa da shugaba Manuel Zelaya tare da koro shi zuwa kasar Costa Rica. Rikicin farko tsakanin sojojin da ke biyayya ga masu yunkurin juyin mulkin da magoya bayan Zelaya ya yi sanadin mutuwar akalla mutum daya tare da jikkata 30. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, an kama mutane kusan 150, tare da jikkata wasu da dama, lokacin da sojoji da 'yan sanda suka far wa masu zanga-zangar da hayaki mai sa hawaye, da ruwan sha, kulake da kuma harbin bindiga. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka jikkata, malami mai shekaru 38, an bar shi yana fafutukar kare rayuwarsa bayan an harbe shi a kai. Haka kuma an kai wa 'yan jaridu da ke bayar da rahoto daga wurin harin. (Bill Van Auken, 'Gwamnatin juyin mulkin kasar Honduras ta kaddamar da mumunar murkushewa,' Agusta 1, 2009, Gidan Yanar Gizo na Socialist na Duniya; http://www.wsws.org/articles/2009/aug2009/hond-a01.shtml)
Mark Weisbrot, Co-Direkta na Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Siyasa, ya bayyana yadda al'ummar Honduras ke "katse rayukan su, suna fuskantar harsasai na sojoji, da duka, da kamawa da tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba". Kuma duk da haka kafofin watsa labaru na Amurka sun ba da rahoton wannan danniya "kawai kadan, tare da manyan kafafen yada labarai a wasu lokutan ma suna kasa ambaton sa ido a wurin". (Weisbrot, 'Yan Honduras Sun Hana Juyin Juyin Mulki, Zasu Bukaci Taimako Daga Wasu Kasashe,' ZNet, Yuli 9, 2009; https://znetwork.org/znet/viewArticle/21924)
Binciken bayanan kafofin watsa labarai na mu (Agusta 3) na editocin jaridu na Burtaniya da ke ambaton kalmar 'Iran' a cikin makonni biyar da suka gabata sun ba da sakamako 26. Binciken edita mai kunshe da kalmar 'Honduras' ya ba da sakamako 2. A zahiri an sami babban labarin guda ɗaya kan rikicin Honduras (a cikin Independent on Yuni 30 - duba ƙasa). A cikin wannan lokacin, binciken da aka yi na labaran jaridu na Burtaniya da ke ambaton 'Iran' ya ba da sakamako 848; ga sakamakon 'Honduras' 96. Wannan ba kimiyya ba ce mai wuyar gaske, amma yana nuna matakan kwatankwacin yadda kafafen yada labarai na Burtaniya suka yi magana game da batutuwan biyu.
Weisbrot ya lura cewa juyin mulkin Honduras "labari ne mai maimaitawa" a Latin Amurka, yana nuna "shugaban sake fasalin wanda kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin jama'a ke marawa baya a kan mafia-kamar masu shan muggan kwayoyi, gurbatattun jiga-jigan siyasa wadanda suka saba da zabi ba kawai ba. Kotun Koli da Majalisa, amma kuma shugaban kasa". (Weisbrot, 'Shin Amurka tana goyon bayan juyin mulkin Honduras?' The Guardian, Yuli 1, 2009; http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jul/01/honduras-zelaya-coup-obama)
Kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullun sun yi iƙirarin juyin mulkin ya nuna koma baya ga yanayin yankin a baya. A Yuli 23 BBC "Q&A" kan Honduras yayi sharhi:
"Tsarin juyin mulki da hargitsin siyasa sun kasance ruwan dare a Amurka ta tsakiya a cikin karni na 20, kuma har zuwa tsakiyar 1980 sojoji sun mamaye harkokin siyasa a Honduras. Korar Mista Zelaya ita ce ta farko a yankin tun 1993..." ('Q&A: Rikicin in Honduras,' Gidan yanar gizon BBC, Yuli 23, 2009; http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8124154.stm)
Wannan karya ne. A cikin watan Afrilun 2002, wani juyin mulkin soja da Amurka ke marawa baya ya hambarar da shugaban kasar Venezuela Hugo Chavez na wani dan lokaci har sai da zanga-zangar da aka yi ta mayar da shi kan karagar mulki. Wani labarin jaridar Guardian a wannan watan ya ba da rahoton cewa "Amurka ta 'ba da amincewa' ga juyin mulkin Venezuela." Makonni da yawa kafin yunkurin juyin mulkin, jami'an gwamnatin Amurka sun gana da shugabannin 'yan kasuwa da suka karbi mulki bayan da aka kama Chavez. Janar Rincon, babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin Venezuela, ya ziyarci ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon a watan Disamban da ya gabata inda ya gana da manyan jami'ai. (Julian Borger da Alex Bellos, 'Amurka ta ba da ra'ayi' ga juyin mulkin Venezuela,' The Guardian, Afrilu 17, 2002;
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/apr/17/usa.venezuela)
Juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekara ta 2004 ya tilastawa shugaban kasar Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide tserewa zuwa Afirka ta tsakiya. Aristide ya shaidawa kamfanin dillancin labaran Associated Press cewa sojojin Amurka sun tilasta masa barin Haiti. (Eliott C. McLaughlin, Associated Press, Maris 1, 2004) Jeffrey Sachs, farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Columbia, ya rubuta:
"Haiti, kuma, tana ci gaba da konewa… Kusan babu wanda, duk da haka, ya fahimci cewa hargitsin yau an yi shi ne a Washington - da gangan, da kunya, da tsayin daka." (Sachs, 'Ƙofar da hargitsin siyasa a Haiti,' The Nation, Fabrairu 28, 2004; http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0301-10.htm)
Tambaya da Amsa ta BBC ta lura da cewa: "Ayyukan da Amurka za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ce, domin ita ce babbar abokiyar kasuwanci ta Honduras."
Abin mamaki, labarin ya kasa ambaton cewa Amurka tana da sansanin soja na Amurka ta tsakiya kawai a Honduras. A gaskiya sojojin Honduras suna da makamai, horar da su da kuma ba da shawara daga Washington a cikin dangantaka mai zurfi kuma mai dorewa. Janar-janar guda biyu da suka jagoranci juyin mulkin dukkansu an horar da su ne a Makarantar Amurka ta Amurka (SOA) da ke Jojiya (SOA yanzu ana kiranta da Cibiyar Hadin Kan Tsaro ta Yamma, ko WHINSEC). Babban kwamanda Romeo Vasquez, shugaban sojojin Honduras, ya sami horo a SOA tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1984. Luis Javier Prince Suazo, shugaban sojojin sama, ya yi karatu a can a 1996. Kanar Herberth Bayardo Inestroza, lauyan sojojin Honduras wanda shi ma ya yi karatu. wanda ya samu horo a SOA, ya amince da haramcin sace Zelaya da sojoji suka yi. Ya shaida wa jaridar Miami Herald cewa: "Zai yi mana wahala, tare da horar da mu, mu kulla alaka da gwamnatin masu ra'ayin rikau. Hakan ba zai yiwu ba." (Weisbrot, ZNet, Yuli 9, op. cit)
Uba Roy Bourgeois, wanda ya kafa School of the Americas Watch, ya bayyana SOA a watan da ya gabata a matsayin "wannan makarantar makasa, wannan makarantar juyin mulki, wannan makaranta da jini a hannunta". ('Janar Waɗanda Suka Jagoranci Juyin Juyin Mulkin Soja Honduras An Horas da su a Makarantar Amirka,' Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!, Yuli 1, 2009; http://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/1/generals_who_led_honduras_military_coup)
Weisbrot ya lura cewa martanin da Washington ta mayar game da juyin mulkin Honduras yana gudana ne ta hanyar bukatu masu cin karo da juna: "Masu karfi irin su Lanny Davis da Bennett Ratcliff, wadanda ke kusa da [Hillary] Clinton kuma suna jagorantar dabarun gwamnatin juyin mulki; 'yancin Republican, ciki har da 'yan majalisa. wanda ya fito fili ya goyi bayan juyin mulkin, da kuma sabbin mayaka masu sanyi na bangarorin biyu a Majalisa, ma'aikatar gwamnati da fadar White House wadanda ke kallon Zelaya a matsayin barazana saboda hadin kan da ya yi da Hugo Chavez na Venezuela da sauran gwamnatocin da suka bar baya." (Weisbrot, 'Sasantanci tsakanin Amurka-Amurka ya gaza - Lokaci ya yi da Latin Amurka za ta ɗauki nauyi,' ZNet, Agusta 1, 2009; https://znetwork.org/znet/viewArticle/22185)
Wannan yana bayyana ra'ayin Washington na rashin tabbas. Kalaman farko na gwamnatin Obama ba su soki juyin mulkin ba, kuma ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar na ci gaba da kin bayyana shi a matsayin juyin mulki. Sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ta sha ki cewa ta maido da tsarin dimokuradiyya a Honduras na bukatar dawowar Zelaya. An dauki makonni uku Fadar White House ta yi barazanar katse agaji.
Roger Burbach, Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Amirka, ya rubuta:
"Kokarin da Amurka take yi na maido da Zelaya ya kasance mai zafi idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe. Yayin da aka janye jakadu da dama, babban jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka Hugo Llorens, wanda George W. Bush ya nada, yana nan a wurin. Kuma yayin da bankin duniya ya dakatar da bayar da tallafi, ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta yi gargadin cewa dala miliyan 180 na taimakon tattalin arzikin Amurka na cikin hadari. asusun banki da soke bizar shugabannin juyin mulkin, matakan da Zelaya da sauran gwamnatocin Latin Amurka suka bukaci Washington ta yi." (Burbach, 'Obama da Hillary Nix Canji a Honduras,' ZNet, Yuli 27, 2009;
https://znetwork.org/znet/viewArticle/22136)
Kwanan nan, mataimakin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Philip Crowley, yayi tsokaci:
"Tabbas muna tunanin cewa idan da muna zabar gwamnati abin koyi da jagora abin koyi ga kasashen yankin da za su yi koyi da shi, da cewa shugabancin da ake yi a Venezuela ba zai zama wani abin koyi na musamman ba. Idan wannan shi ne darasin da shugaba Zelaya ya koya daga wannan lamarin. , hakan zai zama darasi mai kyau." (James Suggett, 'Juyin mulkin Honduras,' ZNet, Yuli 28, 2009; https://znetwork.org/znet/viewArticle/22149)
Mai zaman kansa - Yin Dimokuradiyya Sabis
A cikin babban labarinsu na Yuni 30, editocin Independent, karkashin jagorancin editan yakin Iraki Roger Alton (wanda tsohon editan Observer), ya bude da wannan sakin layi na ban mamaki:
"Hambararren shugaban kasar Honduras Manuel Zelaya da sojojin kasar suka yi a karshen mako, da yawa daga cikin kasashen duniya sun yi Allah wadai da shi da cewa cin zarafi ne ga dimokuradiyya. Amma duk da rashin jin dadin duk wani juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi, akwai yuwuwar sojojin su yi hakan. a zahiri yi dimokiradiyyar Honduras hidima." (Babban labari, 'Bindigu da dimokuradiyya,' The Independent, Yuni 30, 2009; http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-guns-and-democracy-1724479.html)
Sabanin haka, ƙwararrun masu lura da al'amura da dama sun yi gargaɗin cewa juyin mulkin na wakiltar wata mummunar barazana ga ra'ayin demokraɗiyya a Honduras da yankin. The Independent ta bayyana dalilinta:
"Shugaba Zelaya na shirin kada kuri'ar raba gardama domin ba shi ikon sauya kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Sai dai sauye-sauyen da ake shirin yi na da matukar hadari, inda 'yan adawa ke zargin Mista Zelaya da son soke wa'adin mulkin shugaban kasa na shekaru hudu. Kotuna da Majalisun kasar sun kira kuri'ar. haramun.
"Wannan wani al'amari ne da aka saba da shi a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya masu tasowa: zababben shugaba, wanda ke fuskantar karshen wa'adinsa na mulki, ya yanke shawarar cewa kasar ba za ta iya yin hakan ba tare da shi ba, kuma ta dauki matakan da ba su dace ba don ci gaba da mulki." Shugaban Venezuela, Hugo Chavez. ya lashe zaben raba gardama a watan Fabrairu inda ya sauya kundin tsarin mulkin kasarsa tare da soke kayyade wa'adin mulki. Yanzu ya yi magana game da mulki fiye da 2030."
A wannan rana, a cikin wannan jarida, Heather Berkman, abokiyar hulɗar Latin Amurka a ƙungiyar tuntuɓar haɗarin siyasa ta duniya Eurasia Group, ta rubuta:
"Manuel Zelaya ya yi wasu sauye-sauye na bazata zuwa hagu a lokacin da yake rike da mukamin shugaban kasar Honduras, inda ya kauce daga ka'idojinta na siyasa. A wannan karon, da alama ya wuce gona da iri... Ana iya zargin Mista Zelaya da yunkurin juyin mulkin da ya yi." bi da bi, ya haifar da juyin mulki." (Berkman, 'Zelaya ta tura,' The Independent, Yuni 30, 2009; http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/heather-berkman-zelaya-pushed-1724469.html)
Ka tuna cewa waɗannan labaran sun bayyana a cikin Independent, wanda aka fi sani da su a gefen hagu na manyan kafofin watsa labaru.
Weisbrot ya bayar da hujjar cewa, a gaskiya babu yadda za a yi Zelaya ya tsawaita mulkinsa ko da an gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama kuma aka zartar:
"Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na ranar 28 ga watan Yuni ba wani abu ba ne illa kuri'ar da ba ta dace ba na al'ummar kasar, inda ake tambayar ko masu kada kuri'a na son sanya kuri'ar raba gardama kan kuri'ar watan Nuwamba don amincewa da sake fasalin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, idan har ya wuce, kuma idan Nuwamba An gudanar da kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a (wanda ba zai yuwu ba) sannan kuma an yi zabe, wannan kuri'a daya ce za ta zabi sabon shugaban kasa kuma Zelaya zai sauka a watan Janairu.Saboda haka, imani cewa Zelaya yana fafutukar tsawaita wa'adin mulki ba shi da wata hujja ta gaskiya. tushe – ko da yake galibin mutanen da ke bin wannan labari a jaridu suna ganin sun yarda da shi. Mafi yawan abin da za a iya cewa shi ne idan aka amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, mai yiwuwa Zelaya ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na biyu nan gaba. (Weisbrot, 'Yan Honduras Sun Hana Juyin Juyin Mulki, Zasu Bukaci Taimako Daga Wasu Kasashe,' ZNet, Yuli 9, 2009; https://znetwork.org/znet/viewArticle/21924)
Nikolas Kozloff, ɗan jarida kuma marubucin 'Juyin Juyin Halitta!: Kudancin Amirka da Tashi na Sabon Hagu,' ya bibiyi zurfin tushen adawa ga shugaban Honduras. Kusan 2007-2008, Zelaya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na farko ya fara rungumar "Madaidaicin Bolivarian na Amurka." Kozloff yayi bayani:
"Amsar Chavez ce ga yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin 'yanci da Amurka ta kakabawa yankin. Kuma Zelaya ya fito yana goyan bayan Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas. Don haka, wannan ya sa shi sabani da Amurka, kuma akwai tarihin rikici tsakanin Amurka da Zelaya wanda ya kai ga juyin mulkin." ('Mene ne Bayan Juyin Mulkin Honduras? Bibiyar Halin Zelaya,' Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!, Yuli 1, 2009; http://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/1/whats_behind_the_honduras_coup_tracing)
Kamar yadda edita mai zaman kanta ya bayyana a sarari, na yau da kullun yana ba da nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban. Kozloff yayi sharhi:
"Ina tsammanin idan kuna karanta rahotannin a kafafen yada labarai na yau da kullun, zaku iya tunanin cewa wannan juyin mulkin yana kusa da iyakacin wa'adi ne a Honduras kuma kawai rikici ne kan ko Zelaya zai iya tsawaita wa'adin mulkinsa na mutum hudu. wa'adin shekara."
BBC, alal misali, ta ruwaito cewa: "An aika Zelaya gudun hijira ne a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni a daidai lokacin da ake gwabza fada a kan shirinsa na sauya kundin tsarin mulki." ('Q&A: Rikici a Honduras,' op. cit)
The Times ya rubuta: "Abokan hamayyarsa sun ce yana so ya soke iyakokin wa'adi da kuma mika ikonsa kamar abokan kawance na yanki kamar Shugaba Chavez na Venezuela…" (Hannah Strange, 'Shugaban da aka tsige "ba zai taba dawowa ba", The Times, Yuli 3. , 2009)
Kozloff yayi sharhi: "Kuma abin da nake nufi shi ne cewa akwai wani bangare na akida a wannan juyin mulkin… na farko da aka yi wa 'yan kasar Honduras shi ne yunkurin da ya yi na kara mafi karancin albashi da kashi 60 cikin dari… shuke-shuke, da kuma manyan Honduras, a takaice, ba su ji dadin motsi ba."
A wani yanayi da ba a saba gani ba game da mummunan aikin jaridarsa, Johann Hari ya rubuta a cikin Independent na yadda Zelaya ya "kara mafi karancin albashi da kashi 60 cikin XNUMX, yana mai cewa shagunan gumi ba a yarda da su ba kuma 'masu kudi dole ne su biya nasu kason'.
"Ƙananan haziƙai a saman - waɗanda ke da kashi 45 cikin 9 na dukiyar ƙasar - sun firgita. Sun saba da samun Honduras ta tafiyar da su, a gare su." (Hari, 'Sauran 11/3 ya dawo ya mamaye Latin Amurka,' The Independent, Yuli 2009, XNUMX; http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johann-hari/johann-hari-a-coup-latin-america-didnt-need-1729429.html)
Kamar yadda Hari ya lura: "Koyaushe babu makawa mutanen da ke kan gaba za su yi yaƙi da su don kiyaye gata da ba su samu ba."
Kafin juyin mulkin, Chiquita na Amurka da yawa ya bayyana damuwarsa kan matakin mafi karancin albashi na Zelaya, wanda suka ce zai rage riba da kuma kara kudin da ake kashewa a waje. Chiquita ya yi kira ga Kungiyar Kasuwancin Honduras, wanda kuma ya yi adawa da tsarin mafi karancin albashi na Zelaya. Kozloff ya gaya wa gidan yanar gizon Democracy Yanzu!: "Abin da na samu mai ban sha'awa shi ne cewa Chiquita yana da alaƙa da wani kamfanin lauyoyi na Washington da ake kira Covington, wanda ke ba da shawara ga kamfanoni na duniya. Kuma wanene mataimakin shugaban Covington? Ba kowa ba face John Negroponte...". ('Daga Arbenz zuwa Zelaya: Chiquita a Latin Amurka,' Democracy Yanzu!, Yuli 21, 2009; http://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/21/from_arbenz_to_zelaya_chiquita_in)
Negroponte shi ne jakadan Amurka a Honduras daga 1981 zuwa 1985, lokacin da ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita hare-haren ta'addancin Amurka a Nicaragua ta hanyar "Contras", sojojin kawance. Negroponte yana da hannu dumu-dumu wajen take hakkin dan adam da sojojin Honduras suka aikata.
A cikin karni na ashirin, Chiquita, wanda aka fi sani da Kamfanin United Fruit, yana da alaƙa da "wasu daga cikin mafi koma baya, sojojin siyasa da na tattalin arziki a Amurka ta Tsakiya da kuma a waje da Amurka ta tsakiya a irin waɗannan ƙasashe kamar Colombia", in ji Kozloff. A cikin 1954, United Fruit ta taka rawar gani a juyin mulkin da Amurka ta goyi bayan hambarar da Jacobo Arbenz, shugaban kasar Guatemala da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokradiyya.
Kozloff ya bayar da rahoton cewa, babban mai shigar da kara na Amurka na yanzu, Eric Holder, shi ne mataimakin babban mai shigar da kara a karkashin Bill Clinton. Holder ya kare Chiquita da ayyukansa a Kolombiya lokacin da Chiquita ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kisa na hannun dama a cikin 1990s kuma an same shi da laifin biyan kuɗi. Holder shine jagoran jagorar Chiquita.
Mun binciki jaridun Burtaniya na kasa (Agusta 3) don samun labaran da ke dauke da kalmomin 'Honduras' da (na daban) 'Chiquita', 'John Negroponte' da 'Eric Holder' tun ranar 28 ga Yuni - duk binciken da aka yi bai haifar da sakamako ba.
SHAWARA AIKI
Manufar Media Lens ita ce haɓaka hankali, tausayi da mutunta wasu. Idan ka rubuta wa ’yan jarida, muna roƙonka mai ƙarfi da ka kiyaye salon magana mai ladabi, rashin fasikanci da rashin cin zarafi.
Rubuta zuwa Roger Alton, editan Independent
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Taya Johann Hari murna akan kyakkyawan labarinsa a cikin Independent
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Da fatan za a aiko mana da kwafin imel ɗinku
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