A ranar 25 ga Mayu, ɗayanmu ya kwashe mintuna da yawa muna dariya ta waya tare da wani abokinmu, ɗan jaridar muhalli. Muna kallon shafin farko na gidan yanar gizon Independent - jaridar da ta yi ƙoƙari sosai don gabatar da kanta a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi don aiwatar da sauyin yanayi. Wani rahoto na ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, alal misali, an yi masa take: 'Greenhouse gas ya riga ya wuce iyakar da ke haifar da bala'i.' Wata talifi na ranar 4 ga Mayu ta karanta: 'Yawan ɗumamar yanayi ya fi sauri fiye da shekaru 20,000 - kuma laifin 'yan adam ne.'
Babban dalilin matsalar shine Michael McCarthy ya gano a cikin labarin Mayu 15: 'Tsarin tsayin daka ya ba da labari mara kyau ga yanayin.'
Gidan yanar gizon na Mayu 25 bai bambanta ba, gami da hanyar haɗi zuwa wani labarin mai ban tsoro: 'Greenhouse gas: Wanene ke samar da mafi?'
Abokinmu ya yi waya don nuna cewa babban jarumin muhalli na kafofin watsa labarai ya shirya wannan labari tsakanin labarai guda uku masu ban sha'awa a shafin sa na farko.
Na farko, sama da mahaɗin yanayi, shine bita na motar wasanni ta Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano - babban gudun mph 205 (0-60 a cikin daƙiƙa 3.7). Hukuncin The Independent: "Yana da kyau sosai."
Labari na biyu, nan da nan a ƙasa, karanta: "Lashe jiragen Amurka guda biyu zuwa New York." Kuma na uku, ƙasa da cewa: "10 saman wurare a rana" - wani labarin inganta dogon ja da karya karya cewa "fasa mummunan labari ga yanayi".
Ya zama kamar abin ban dariya a lokacin, amma idan muka waiwayi martaninmu ya kasance kusa da ciwon kai!
Tabbas Independent ba ita kaɗai ba ce a cikin schizophrenia na kamfani. Ko da kimiyyar da ake girmamawa a mako-mako, New Scientist, yana ƙoƙarin dinka da allura mai nuni biyu. Fitowar 25 ga Maris ta ƙunshi tallace-tallace masu cikakken shafi guda huɗu na motoci. Motocin sun hada da "guzzler gas" guda uku ( Mercedes mai lita 3.7, Subaru mai lita 3 da Range Rover mai nauyin lita 4.2) sai kuma mota "kore" guda daya kawai - Toyota Prius. Bayan 'yan makonni wani edita ya amsa damuwar masu karatu:
"Masu karatu da yawa sun lura da bambanci tsakanin layin editanmu kan sauyin yanayi da wasu tallace-tallacenmu. A New Scientist, akwai katangar kasar Sin tsakanin edita da tallace-tallace. Wannan yana aiki duka biyun. Duk da yake yana haifar da sabani a wasu lokuta, kuma yana tabbatar da hakan. 'Yancin edita na New Scientist daga la'akarin kasuwanci." ('Ads for gas guzzlers,' New Scientist, Afrilu 8, 2006; http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19025460.300.html)
Wannan da'awar ce da ke tashi a cikin fuskar shekaru da yawa na shaidar kafofin watsa labaru a natse suna tallafawa masu talla, ba ko kaɗan ta hanyar kunna labarai masu lalata ba. Masu tallafawa kamfanoni tabbas ba su da shakka game da yanayin dangantakar. Memo na 1985 daga kamfanin taba Philip Morris International ya lura:
"Kafofin watsa labarai suna son kudaden da suke samu daga tallace-tallacenmu kuma abokan tarayya ne da za mu iya kuma ya kamata mu yi amfani da su ... ya kamata mu yi ƙoƙari sosai a manyan kasuwanninmu don rinjayar kafofin watsa labaru don rubuta labarai ko edita masu kyau ga matsayi na masana'antu a kan daban-daban. abubuwan da ke haifar da takaddamar shan taba." (An Bayyana Taba, Aiki akan Shan Sigari da Lafiya, Yuni 25, 1998)
A cikin Afrilu 2005, Independent ta ruwaito cewa General Motors ya janye tallansa daga ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaridun Amurka, Los Angeles Times, bayan da ta yi kira ga a kori babban jami'in GM, Rick Wagoner. GM ta ce ta yanke shawarar dakatar da talla ne saboda "kurakurai na gaskiya da kuma bata suna". (Katherine Griffiths, 'Angry GM ya janye tallace-tallace daga LA Times,' The Independent, Afrilu 9, 2005)
A cikin Mayu 2005, giant ɗin kuɗi Morgan Stanley ya gaya wa mahimman wallafe-wallafen jagororin da ke buƙatar ja da tallan sa idan an buga labarai marasa kyau game da kamfanin. Wani mahimmin sashe na shirinsa na kari ga kwangilolin talla ya karanta:
"A yayin da aka shirya ɗaukar hoto mai ƙima, dole ne a sanar da hukuma saboda canji na ƙarshe na iya zama dole. Idan batun ya taso bayan sa'o'i ko kuma ba za a iya yin kira ba, nan da nan soke duk tallace-tallace na Morgan Stanley na akalla 48. hours." (Jon Fine, Cibiyoyin Morgan Stanley Sabuwar Manufofin Jatsa na "Jawo Ad" An Ƙirƙira don Amsa ga Rubutun Edita na "Mai Ƙarya",' AdAge.com, Mayu 18, 2005)
BP - Gaskiyar farfadowa
A cikin labarin da aka yi wa masana'antar sinadarai a baya a cikin 1989, James Lindheim, darektan harkokin jama'a a Burson-Marsteller - daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin hulda da jama'a a duniya - ya bayyana yadda manyan 'yan kasuwa za su iya rage fargabar jama'a game da barazanar masana'antu ga muhalli. Ya lura cewa lokacin da likitan hauka ke hulɗa da "marasa lafiya marasa hankali da damuwa" yakan amsa a matsayin mai sauraro mai tausayi:
"Duk lokacin da zuciyarsa ke gaya masa cewa yana da mahaukacin hauka a hannunsa, bakinsa zai gayawa majiyyaci cewa lalle matsalolinsa na da ban sha'awa, kuma shi likitan kwakwalwa yana mamakin yadda majinyacin ke fama da shi." idan aka yi la'akari da girman yanayin… Da zarar an kafa wannan haɗin gwiwar, ana iya fara jiyya ta gaskiya kuma ana iya watsa bayanan gaskiya." (An nakalto, Sharon Beder, Global Spin, Green Books, 1997, p.125)
Lindheim ya ba da shawarar cewa "dole ne masana'antu su gamsar da mutane cewa sun damu" a irin wannan hanya, ba ta hanyar ba su bayanai game da hatsarori da fa'idodin samfuran sinadarai na gaske ba, amma ta hanyar ƙirƙirar "ƙanƙance na warkewa". Dole ne masana'antu su kasance "kamar likitan hauka: a hankali gano yadda zai taimaka wa jama'a su sanya abubuwa cikin hangen nesa".
Lindheim ya watsar da ambaton ƙaramin bambanci - makasudin likitan ilimin likitancin shine don inganta lafiyar mai haƙuri; Manufar masana'antar 'masanin ilimin lissafi' ita ce inganta lafiyar asusun banki na kamfanoni.
Kyauta ga mafi kyawun "farfadowa" na kamfanoni na ƙoƙarin siyar da kamfanin kashe yanayi a matsayin abokin duniya tabbas yana zuwa ga BP da yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'bayan man fetur' (a fili ƙaramin ƙarami ya fi ƙarfafa jama'a). A watan da ya gabata, John Kenney, darektan kirkire-kirkire a wata hukumar talla, ya bayyana irin rawar da ya taka wajen sauya hoton BP a jaridar New York Times. Kenney ya bayyana cewa da farko ya sami wahayi ta wurin taƙaitaccen bayanin:
"Ku yi tunani game da shi. Zama fiye da man fetur. Mafi kyau kuma mafi haske, a kamfani wanda zai iya samar da albarkatu marasa iyaka, ƙoƙarin nemo sababbin, mafi wayo, hanyoyin tsabtace duniya."
Abin al'ajabi! Amma kash akwai matsala: "ba su wuce man fetur ba, man fetur ne."
Karshen Kenney:
"Ina tsammanin, kallonsa a yanzu, 'bayan man fetur' talla ne kawai. Ya zama tallace-tallace kawai - watakila ya kasance - a maimakon ƙoƙari na gaske na shigar da jama'a a cikin muhawara ko kuma kira ga kamfanoni don canza yanayin." (Kenney, 'bayan farfaganda,' The New York Times, Agusta 14, 2006)
Ba za ku san shi daga martanin kafofin watsa labarai ga sabuwar farfagandar BP ba. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, James Daley mai zaman kansa ya rubuta game da sabon kamfen na Targetneutral na BP:
"BP zai kara kaimi a yakin da ake yi masa kallon a matsayin kamfanin mai da ya fi dacewa da muhalli a yau, inda zai kaddamar da gidan yanar gizo wanda zai baiwa masu ababen hawa damar rage hayakin iskar Carbon da ke cikin motarsu ta hanyar ba da gudummawar kudi don bunkasa hanyoyin samar da makamashi." (Daley, 'BP ya kai hari ga masu amfani da kore tare da tsarin kashe kashe carbon don direbobi,' The Independent, Agusta 23, 2006)
The Independent ta jera notaries daban-daban don yabo kan wannan yunƙurin. Sir Jonathon Porritt, wanda ya kafa kungiyar agaji mai dorewa, Forum for the Future, ya ce kungiyarsa "tana matukar goyon bayan abin da BP ke yi ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki".
Peter Mather, shugaban BP na Birtaniya, an kuma ba shi damar ba wa kamfaninsa haɓaka: "Targetneutral mataki ne mai amfani kuma madaidaiciya wanda BP ke ɗauka don baiwa direbobi damar taimakawa yanayi."
Mai zaman kanta - babban mai karɓar tallan BP - ya haɗa da ba kalma ɗaya na rashin amincewa ba a cikin labarin (ko da yake shakku iri-iri ya bayyana a wani wuri - duba ƙasa).
Har ila yau, Times ta ba da rahoton shirin Targetneutral ba tare da suka ba. Wani labarin mai suna Guardian ya yi nasarar ambaton cewa "wasu 'yan jarida" sun mayar da martani da "shakku", amma ba a bayar da karin bayani ba. An ba wa mai fafutukar Greenpeace izinin yanke hukunci biyu na rashin yarda a cikin Financial Times. Gidan yanar gizo na Channel 4 ya ruwaito labarin, ba tare da suka ba, karkashin taken, 'BP ya ayyana yaki da dumamar yanayi' (http://www.channel4.com/4car/news/news-story.jsp?news_id=15086). An kwatanta wannan yanki da kyau tare da tallan BP don kamfen da tallan motocin Ford sama da ƙasa. Yahoo ya kuma bayar da rahoton shirin ba tare da daidaita mahawara ba. (http://uk.news.yahoo.com/23082006/344/motorists-urged-join-green-plan.html)
Muna da sha'awar sanin abin da ƙungiyar adalci ta zamantakewar muhalli PLATFORM (www.carbonweb.org) ta yi tunanin 'bayan man fetur'. Sun shaida mana cewa, duk da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa ya mamaye kaso mai tsoka na tallan kamfanin na BP, a haƙiƙanin gaskiya kamfanin yana zuba jarin kashi 3.5% na jarin sa ne kawai a cikin sabbin abubuwa, sauran kuma na cikin mai da iskar gas. Dangane da Targetneutral, Greg Muttitt, kwararre na PLATFORM a kan tasirin masana'antar mai, ya yi tsokaci:
"Don haka a yanzu muna da wani tsari na sauwaka laifin direbobi, yayin da suke ci gaba da tuki, da kuma karawa kamfanin BP suna, yayin da yake ci gaba da fadada samar da albarkatun mai. Kowa ya yi nasara - in ban da miliyoyin wadanda ke fama da sauyin yanayi. Idan BP ya yi nasara. suna da mahimmanci game da canjin yanayi zai tsara hanyar fita daga mai da iskar gas - har sai abin ya faru, wani bangare ne na matsalar, ba wani bangare na mafita ba." (Imel zuwa Lens Media, Agusta 23, 2006)
Jimlar Ƙarya - Prudhoe Bay
An ba da kyawawan dalilai na shakku game da sadaukarwar BP ga kare muhalli a cikin Guardian a ranar 22 ga Agusta da kuma a cikin Independent a ranar 30 ga Agusta. Terry Macalister ya ruwaito a cikin tsohon cewa BP da abokan aikinsa sun ba da takardar sammaci daga babban lauya na Alaska. su rike da kuma "tsare" takaddun da ke da alaƙa da lalata bututun a Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. An dauki matakin ne a daidai lokacin da manema labarai suka yi zargin cewa kamfanin na BP ya yi amfani da bayanan bincike don kaucewa maye gurbin wasu bututun. An musanta zargin magudin amma an ruwaito ma'aikatan BP a cikin Financial Times na cewa sun shaidawa masu bincike a Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka cewa kamfanin ya yi sakaci wajen kula da shi. (Macalister, 'BP yayi aiki tare da sammaci akan Prudhoe Bay,' The Guardian, Agusta 22, 2006)
Chuck Hamel, mai lura da masana'antar mai na dogon lokaci wanda ke aiki tare da masu gudanar da ayyukan mai da ke aiki a rukunin BP na Prudhoe Bay, ya shaidawa Democracy Now's Amy Goodman a watan da ya gabata:
"Na kasance ina bin diddigin tsarin kula da lalata da BP na tsawon dubban mil na layin kwarara da suke da shi. Sun kasance suna yanke shinge, matsalolin kasafin kudi. Kuma takarda ta farko da ta zo hannuna daga hannun ma'aikata ita ce a 1999, cewa sun yi aiki. Ina magana ne game da injiniyoyi, injiniyoyin BP, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun BP, waɗanda suka bar kamfanin saboda ba za su shiga cikin shirin lalatawarsu ba." ('Shin da gangan BP ya ƙyale bututun Alaska ya lalace domin ya rufe shi da haɓaka farashin mai?'; http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/08/10/1339232)
Hamel ya bayyana yadda mafi munin fashewar bututun mai da malalar a Prudhoe Bay ya faru a cikin 2005, lokacin da ganga 500 na "ruwa da aka samar" mai guba mai guba ya zubo a kan tundra. Hamel ya bayyana cewa BP ya yi amfani da bawul na hannu na biyu daga wani yadi. Watanni goma sha ɗaya bayan haka bawul ɗin ya fashe wanda ya haifar da zubewar. Hamel ya yi iƙirarin cewa rahoton BP na gaba wanda ya ƙaryata bawul ɗin ya fito ne daga wani yadi ya karya:
"Sun karyata rahoton. Da shafuka 72. Kuma gaba daya, karya duka."
An yi ta ambaton wasu daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa a cikin jaridu lokaci-lokaci. Amma daga cikin dozin labaran da ke ambaton yaƙin neman zaɓe na BP - ciki har da Sunday Mirror (Agusta 27), Daily Telegraph (Agusta 26), Scotsman (Agusta 24), Financial Times (Agusta 23), Rana (Agusta 23), Independent (Agusta 23), da Times (Agusta 23) - daya kawai aka ambata matsalolin BP a Alaska.
Wannan ya zo a cikin wata kasida ta Jeremy Warner a cikin Independent a rana guda ɓangaren goyon bayan James Daley ya bayyana. Targetneutral ya kasance "mai alƙawarin" kuma "mai ban sha'awa", Warner ya rubuta, kodayake "mai tsaurin ra'ayi" zai ce "ba aikin alheri ba ne ko kaɗan, amma ɗaya ne na sha'awar kai wanda ba a san shi ba. Ta hanyar ƙaddamar da tsaka-tsakin, BP na fatan inganta siffarsa. ko da Babban Man da ceton duniya ya zama kamar sabani a sharuddan”. (Warner, 'Masu 'yan tsirarun masu hannun jari na Matalan da Hargreaves suka matse su tsakanin dutse da wuri mai wuya,' The Independent, Agusta 23, 2006)
An bayyana badakalar a Prudhoe Bay a cikin jimla guda a matsayin "rashin magance lalata a kan lokaci" - jinkiri shine matsalar, to, maimakon cin hanci da rashawa da zamba, kamar yadda ake zargi. Warner na falsafa, ya bayyana Prudhoe Bay a matsayin wani ɓangare na "ɗaya daga cikin mummunan yanayi a cikin dangantakar jama'a ta [BP] a yanzu wanda lokaci zuwa lokaci ke addabar duk manyan kamfanonin mai".
Yayin da duniya ke gabatowa rugujewar yanayi wanda zai iya cinye miliyoyin rayuka, wannan yana wakiltar mafi munin martani ga sabuwar dabarar BP ta bayyana a ko'ina a cikin 'yan jaridu masu 'yanci'.
Idan aka yi la'akari da amincin masana'antar mai na greenwash, mutum na iya ganin ya dace da rubuce-rubucen tarihin sa na sadaukar da rayuwar ɗan adam ga riba. Mutum na iya bayyana irin rawar da take takawa wajen tallafawa mulkin kama-karya, wajen kifar da gwamnatoci masu kawo cikas, da murkushe yunkurin demokradiyya. Mutum na iya ma koma ga rashin gajiyawa, yunƙurinsa na tsattsauran ra'ayi na ƙaryata gaskiyar canjin yanayi. Amma ga kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun yakamata a tantance kowace sabuwar yaudara bisa cancantar ta, a ware daga tattalin arziki, siyasa, tarihi, da hankali mai sauƙi.
SHAWARA AIKI
Manufar Media Lens ita ce haɓaka hankali, tausayi da mutunta wasu. A cikin rubuta wasiƙu zuwa ga ’yan jarida, muna kira ga masu karatu da su kasance da ladabi, rashin fasikanci da rashin cin zarafi.
Rubuta zuwa ga 'yan jarida da kungiyoyi a kasa kuma ku tambaye su dalilin da yasa ba su sanya wani shakku ko sukar yakin neman zaben BP a cikin labaransu kan batun.
Rubuta zuwa James Daley Email: [email kariya]
Rubuta zuwa gidan yanar gizon Channel 4: Imel: [email kariya]
Rubuta zuwa Jim Gray, editan Labaran Channel 4: Imel: [email kariya]
Tambayi edita mai zaman kanta, Simon Kelner, ta yaya zai iya ba da hujjar haɓaka busasshen mai na rashin amfani tare da labaran labarai da ke ba da rahoton saurin lalata yanayi: Imel: [email kariya]
Da fatan za a kwafi duk imel zuwa gare mu: [email kariya]
Don Allah kar a ba da amsa ga adireshin imel ɗin da wannan faɗakarwar kafofin watsa labarai ta samo asali. Madadin haka, da fatan za a yi amfani da: [email kariya]
An sake buga sabon littafin Lens Media 'Masu Tsaro: Tatsuniyar Watsa Labarai na Liberal' na David Edwards da David Cromwell (Littattafan Pluto, London) kuma an sake bugawa. Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai, gami da sake dubawa, tambayoyi da tsattsauran ra'ayi, da fatan za a danna nan: http://www.medialens.org/bookshop/guardians_of_power.php
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