Hare-Haren Gwamnati Akan BBC Yana Nuna Daukar Mulkin Gwamnati Ba Tsagera Ba BBC
Rashin Furores
A bayyane yake cewa hare-haren da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta kai wa BBC wani yunkuri ne da gangan don kawar da hankalin jama'a daga a) gazawar da aka yi wajen gano ko wane irin makaman kare dangi a Iraki, b) kasancewar gwamnati ta yi wa majalisar dokoki da kasar karya a fili. barazanar da wadannan WMD na tatsuniyoyi ke yi, da c) yadda kafafen yada labarai da dama ke ta yada jita-jitar cewa gwamnati ta yi karya domin ta shawo kan kasar ta shiga yaki.
BBC ba ta da wani zabi illa ta kare mutuncinta, musamman bayyanar da ta samu 'yancin kai, tare da kwazo. Wannan fifiko ya kawar da dangantakar dake tsakanin manyan gudanarwa da gwamnati. Sabon Labour ne ya nada shugaban BBC Gavyn Davies a shekara ta 2001. Dukansu Davies da babban darakta Greg Dyke, ba magoya bayan Labour ba ne kawai amma duk sun ba jam’iyyar kudi. A cikin yanayin Davies, hanyoyin haɗin sun fi kusanci - Matar Davies tana gudanar da ofishin Gordon Brown. 'Ya'yansa sun yi aiki a matsayin pageboy da amarya a bikin auren Brown kuma Tony Blair ya zauna a gidansa na hutu. "A wasu kalmomi," Richard Ingrams ya rubuta a cikin Observer a cikin 2001, "zai yi wuya a sami mafi kyawun misalin Tony crony." (Ingrams, the Observer, Satumba 23, 2001)
Tambayar da kafofin watsa labarai na baya-bayan nan suka yi game da manufofin gwamnati tabbas ba su dace da tsarin ba. A cikin 1999, Amurka da Burtaniya sun kai harin bam a Serbia na kwanaki 78, tun daga ranar 24 ga Maris, a matsayin mayar da martani ga zargin "kisan kare dangi" da aka yi a Kosovo. Bayan yakin, kafafen yada labarai sun tada wasu 'yan tambayoyi game da rashin shaidar "kisan kare dangi" da aka tattauna akai. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2000, Kotun Hukunta Laifukan Yaƙi ta Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa an gano gawarwakin mutane 2,788 da suka haɗa da Sabiyawa, Roma da kuma mayaka. Babu wani furuci a cikin manema labarai da ke tunatar da masu karatu cewa a wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Yunin 2000, George Robertson, sakataren tsaron Burtaniya a lokacin tashin bam, ya ce:
“Mun fuskanci halin da ake ciki inda aka yi wannan kashe-kashe, wannan tsaftar da ake yi - irin wanzar da kabilanci da muke tunanin ya bace bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kana ganin mutane a can suna shigowa cikin jiragen kasa, jiragen shanu, tare da ‘yan gudun hijira. sake." (Jonathan Dimbleby, ITV, Yuni 11, 2000)
Sakataren tsaron Amurka, William Cohen, ya ce a lokacin yakin:
"Yanzu mun ga kimanin mutane 100,000 da suka tsufa sojoji sun bace… Wataƙila an kashe su." (An nakalto, Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa, Kafofin watsa labaru da Rikicin Kosovo, editan Philip Hammond da Edward S. Herman, Pluto Press, 2000, shafi 139)
Cewa waɗannan misalai ne na abin da Clare Short zai iya bayyana a matsayin "ya'yan itace mai daraja" da "rashin hankali" ba a tattauna ba - babu wani babban matakin murabus da zai tilasta wa manema labarai haskakawa tsakanin zance mai kyau da gaskiya.
Ba a taso da tambayoyi game da gaskiyar cewa Robertson ya ce:
"Ka yi tunanin da a ce an kori kusan 'yan gudun hijira miliyan biyu daga Kosovo kuma suna cikin kasashen da ke kewaye da kuma warwatse ko'ina cikin Turai. Ka yi tunanin ko Milosevic ya yi nasara da wannan kabilanci."
A hakikanin gaskiya, kamar yadda Robertson ya sani, ambaliyar 'yan gudun hijira ta fara nan da nan + bayan+ Nato ta kaddamar da harin. Kafin tashin bom din, da kuma kwanaki biyu masu zuwa, Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) ta ba da rahoton cewa ba ta da wani bayani kan 'yan gudun hijirar. A ranar 27 ga Maris, kwanaki uku da tashin bam din, UNHCR ta bayar da rahoton cewa, 4,000 sun tsere daga Kosovo zuwa kasashe makwabta na Albania da Macedonia. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito "fiye da 350,000 sun bar Kosovo tun daga ranar 24 ga Maris" (Duba Noam Chomsky, The New Military Humanism, Pluto Press, 1999). Robertson yana nufin cewa Nato ta mayar da martani ga wani dalili da ya faru bayan tasirin - rashin hankali.
Bayan harin da aka kai Serbia, an nada Robertson Sakatare Janar na Nato a watan Agusta 1999. Editan Guardian yayi sharhi game da Robertson da nadinsa:
"Yana da wuya a yi tsayayya da girman kai cewa an ɗauki ɗan Biritaniya ya cancanci shugabanci a babban tebur… Ko da George Robertson ya kasance tauraro mai haskakawa na gwamnati maimakon ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ne wanda al'amuran suka gwada kuma suka gano yana da abubuwan da suka dace, asararsa. zai zama ƙaramin farashi don sake fasalin Nato." ('Brit for Nato? Robertson yana da abubuwa da yawa da suka dace', Jagora, Mai gadi, Agusta 2, 1999)
Kowace jaridar Burtaniya ban da Independent ranar Lahadi ta dauki layin yaki a cikin sashin edita. Dangane da BBC kuwa, tsohon mai yada labarai na kamfanin, John Simpson, ya mayar da martani ga ikirarin cewa ya kasance mai magana da yawun gwamnatin Belgrade, yana mai cewa:
"Me ya sa... ra'ayin jama'a ya tsaya tsayin daka kan harin bam, duk da kura-kuran Nato? Domin sun san yakin ya yi daidai. Wane ne ya ba su bayanan? Kafofin watsa labarai." (Hammond da Herman, op., cit, shafi na 126)
Babu wani hasashe da kafofin watsa labarai suka yi dangane da irin ra'ayin da Philip Hammond na Jami'ar Bankin Kudu ta London ya yi:
"Wataƙila ba za mu taɓa sanin ainihin adadin mutanen da aka kashe ba. Amma da alama yana da kyau mu kammala cewa yayin da mutane suka mutu a arangamar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin KLA da Yugoslavia… hoton da ƙungiyar tsaro ta Nato ta zana - na wani shiri na kisan kare dangi irin na Nazi da Sabiyawa suka yi. - ƙirƙira ce mai tsafta." (Hammond da Herman, op. cit., shafi na 129)
Ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira, kamar barazanar minti 45 da tatsuniyar WMD ta Iraki ta haifar. Amma duk da haka, a cikin salon al'ada, Blair ya bayyana tsoma bakin Nato a matsayin "yaki tsakanin nagarta da mugunta: tsakanin wayewa da dabbanci; tsakanin dimokuradiyya da mulkin kama-karya" (ibid, shafi na 123). Wannan, yayin da Nato bama-bamai ya fado a cikin asibitoci 33, makarantu 344, manyan masana'antu 144, da otal-otal, dakunan karatu, gidaje, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen tarihi, gonaki (daidaita filayen), masallaci a Djakovica, Basilica a Nis, coci a cikin Prokuplje, jiragen kasa, tarakta, tashoshin wuta, da sauransu. A cewar hukumomin Yugoslavia, hare-haren farar hula sun kunshi kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na jimillar bama-baman da Nato ya rutsa da su.
Amnesty International ta yi iƙirarin cewa yayin harin bam ɗin: "Rundunar NATO… sun aikata mummunar keta dokokin yaƙi da ke haifar da kashe-kashen fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba." ('Dole ne a binciki laifukan da NATO ta keta dokokin yaki a lokacin Operation Allied Force', Rahoton 'yan jaridu na Amnesty International, Yuni 7, 2000)
Amnesty ta mayar da hankali musamman kan harin bam da aka kai a hedkwatar gidan rediyo da talabijin na kasar Sabiya a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar fararen hula 16, inda ta bayyana shi a matsayin "harin da gangan kan wani abu na farar hula", wanda ya zama laifin yaki. Rahoton ya kuma yi nuni da cewa, bukatar jiragen saman Nato su tashi sama da kafa 15,000 don samar da kariya ga jiragen sama da matukan jirgi "ya sanya cikakken bin dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa da ba zai taba yiwuwa ba".
Don wasu dalilai, gaskiyar cewa wannan kisan gilla ya dogara ne akan tsarin karya - karya ce mai ban tsoro kamar wadanda a yanzu ake fallasa - ba kome ba ne a cikin 1999. Ba abin mamaki ba Blair ya kasance da kwarin gwiwa wajen yin karya a hanyarsa ta yaki. Iraki.
Hakazalika, a shekara ta 2001, gwamnatocin Amurka da Birtaniya da sane sun jefa rayukan mutane miliyan 7.5 da ke fama da yunwa a Afganistan, yayin da lokacin sanyi ke gabatowa, kuma ayarin motocin agaji suka tsaya domin mayar da martani ga barazanar tashin bam. Kafafen yada labarai sun yi watsi da gargadin da hukumar ba da agaji ta yi na yiwuwar mutuwar jama'a, bayan da Kabul ya fadi kuma Osama bin Laden ya zame masa raga. Tambayoyi kadan ne aka taso game da ɗabi'a na matakin - kafofin watsa labaru ba su damu da tabbatar da adadin fararen hula da suka mutu a cikin dusar ƙanƙara ba, kodayake Guardian ta yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 20,000. Kate Stearman, shugabar harkokin sadarwa a reshen Birtaniya na Care International, ta ce:
"Bayan 11 ga Satumba, an yi tashin hankali a Afganistan tare da tashin gwauron zabin abinci da kuma tashin gwauron zabi daga biranen... Tashin bama-bamai da tabarbarewar yanayin tsaro na nufin sauye-sauyen jama'a da yawa da ba a bayyana ba. ita kanta ta damu, domin ya nuna cewa da yawa sun makale a cikin Afghanistan, ba a san halin da suke ciki ba." (Jonathan Steele, 'Waɗanda aka manta da su - Ba za a taɓa sanin cikakken kuɗin ɗan adam na hare-haren jiragen sama na Amurka ba, amma da yawa sun mutu fiye da waɗanda bama-bamai suka kashe kai tsaye', Guardian, Mayu 20, 2002)
Hadiye Layin Gwamnati
Harin da New Labour ta kai wa BBC a fili yake ba da hankali ba - an yi irin wannan ikirarin na cin zarafin gwamnati a ko'ina cikin kafafen yada labarai. Haka kuma, ra'ayin cewa BBC na bin wani ajandar "kare yaki" - kamar yadda daraktan sadarwa na gwamnati, Alastair Campbell, ya yi iƙirari - wani ƙarin misali ne na "ƙirƙirar kirki".
A gaskiya BBC ta yi amanna da farfagandar gwamnati a gaban yakin, da ma fiye da haka a lokacin yakin. Batun da ake ta tafkawa a yanzu ya kare ko BBC ba ta nuna son kai ko yaki. Tasirin wannan muhawara ta karya ya kai har ma da 'yan adawa. A cikin labarin da aka buga akan ZNet, Danny Schechter na MediaChannel ya rubuta:
"BBC tana alfahari, sau da yawa tare da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin BBC, BBC ta kan yi alfahari da nuna son kai ga ɗaukar labarai." (Schechter, 'Bayan Blair vs The Beeb War na gaba na BBC - Me yasa wukake ke fita don Aunty', www.zmag.org, Yuli 23, 2003)
Wannan abin mamaki ne. Kamar yadda Schechter da kansa ya yarda, wani rahoto na Jami'ar Cardiff ya gano cewa BBC "sun nuna mafi yawan ajandar 'pro-yaki' na kowane mai watsa shirye-shirye" (Matt Wells, 'Nazari ya magance da'awar nuna son kai a cikin labaran BBC', Guardian , Yuli 4, 2003). A cikin makonni uku na rikici, kashi 11% na majiyoyin da BBC ta nakalto sun fito ne daga gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ko kuma na soja, mafi girman kaso na dukkan manyan gidajen talabijin.
BBC ba ta da yuwuwa fiye da Sky, ITV ko Channel 4 News don amfani da majiyoyi masu zaman kansu, wanda kuma ya kasance mafi yawan shakku. BBC ta kuma ba da muhimmanci sosai kan irin asarar rayukan da aka yi a Iraki, wanda aka ambata a cikin kashi 22 cikin XNUMX na labaran da ta shafi al'ummar Iraki, kuma ba za ta iya ba da rahoto kan adawar Irakin kan mamayar ba.
Yana da sauƙi a zaɓi misalan bazuwar da ke nuna yadda BBC ta haɗiye sannan ta sake farfagandar gwamnati. Wakiliyar BBC Jane Corbin ta bayyana a Panorama cewa an jefar da masu binciken makamai na Unscom a cikin 1998… kuma kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya raba gari ya bar Saddam ya yi nasara. (Panorama, The Case Against Saddam, BBC1, Satumba 23, 2002) A cikin Labaran Lunchtime na BBC, James Robbins ya ba da rahoton cewa "an nemi sufeto" su tafi "bayan dangantaka da Iraki ta lalace. (BBC1, Satumba 17, 2002) A haƙiƙa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta janye jami'an sufeto bayan da gwamnatin Iraqi ta ba da haɗin kai wajen kai kashi 90-95% na kwance damarar makamai na WMD.
A cikin Nuwamba 2002, BBC ta watsa wani shirin Panorama: 'Saddam: Gargaɗi Daga Tarihi' (BBC1, Nuwamba 3, 2002). An yi nufin taken a fili don dacewa da na wani jerin shirye-shiryen BBC na farko: ‘Nazis – Gargaɗi Daga Tarihi.’ Kwatanta da kwatanta daidaici da wannan magana daga Blair a cikin wata hira da ITN:
"Menene tarihinmu gaba daya ya koya mana, ina nufin tarihin Birtaniya musamman? Cewa idan har lokacin da kuke fuskantar barazana kun yanke shawarar kaucewa fuskantar ta cikin kankanin lokaci, to duk abin da ke faruwa shi ne a cikin dogon lokaci dole ne ku yi. ku tunkare shi kuma ku tunkare shi da wani nau'i mai kisa." (Labaran ITN a 6:30, Janairu 31, 2003)
Wakilin BBC Guto Hari ya kasance irin na 'yan jaridun BBC wajen bayyana cewa ya gamsu cewa Blair na neman sulhu cikin lumana, ko da kuwa dubban daruruwan sojoji ne suka kwarara cikin Tekun Fasha, tare da "hadin gwiwar" a fili ta jahannama kan yaki. A cikin sulhu, Hari ya ce:
"Hakika wannan shine zabin da ya fi so (Blair). Ya ci gaba da cewa zabin da ya fi so ne. Amma ba zai yi mulki ba (yakin) idan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, watakila, ba za ta amince da shi ba, kuma yana jin cewa yaki ya zama ruwan dare. Ya zama dole, ba zai kawar da shi a matsayin matakin karshe ba.Me ya sa?To, 'yan majalisar Labour na sirri - wadanda ke kwadayin yin hakan - ana gaya musu cewa ba zai iya yin hakan ba saboda dalilai na dabara, domin yin hakan zai kasance ya bayar. alama ce ga Saddam Hussein cewa kasashen duniya na tafiya cikin sauki.
Kamar yadda al'amura ke tafiya, Saddam Hussein ya bar tunanin cewa zai iya taka leda a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya amma ba zai iya dakile harin daga Amurka da Birtaniya ba. Idan haka ne yake tunanin zai iya shiga ciki kuma abin da Tony Blair ke so ya faru ke nan." (Guto Hari, Labaran BBC1 a Ɗaya, Janairu 23, 2003)
Wannan duk yana da ma'ana da hankali. Kaito, tun daga lokacin da masu kula da majalisar ministocin suka bayyana cewa tun da dadewa Blair ya amince da Bush ya tafi yaki don hambarar da Saddam Hussein - Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 'diflomasiyya' wani kyakkyawan aiki ne na PR.
Andrew Bergin, jami'in yada labarai na kungiyar Stop The War Coalition, ya shaida wa BBC cewa:
"An gayyaci wakilan gamayyar kungiyoyin da su fito a kowane gidan talabijin in ban da BBC. BBC ta dauki matakin da ya dace na fitar da jama'ar kungiyar hadin kan yaki a cikin shirye-shiryensu, duk da cewa kowa ya san mu ne jigon shirya gagarumin yaki da 'yan ta'adda. Ƙungiyar yaƙi ce ta Oxbridge wanda ba ta fahimci cewa miliyoyin maza da mata a wannan ƙasa suna da fahimtar haƙiƙanin hujjojin da aka gabatar don yaƙi ba - kuma sun ƙi su." (Imel zuwa Media Lens, Maris 14, da The Mirror, Fabrairu 10, 2003, 'Fury at BBC gag on war zanga-zangar', Gary Jones da Justine Smith)
Abin kunya, editan siyasa na BBC, Andrew Marr ya ce game da Blair yayin da Baghdad ya fadi:
"...zai zama rashin alheri gaba ɗaya, har ma ga masu sukarsa, kar su yarda cewa a daren yau ya tsaya a matsayin babban mutum kuma firayim minista mai ƙarfi a sakamakon haka." (Marr, BBC 1, Labarai At Ten, Afrilu 9, 2003)
Binciken labaran BBC na kan layi na ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2002 - 31 ga Disamba, 2002 ya ambaci waɗannan abubuwan:
George Bush Iraq, 1,022. Tony Blair Iraq, 651. Dick Cheney Iraq, 102. Donald Rumsfeld, 302. Donald Rumsfeld, 164. Richard Perle Iraq, 6. George Galloway Iraq, 42. Tony Benn Iraq, 14. Noam Chomsky Iraq, 1. Denis Halliday, 0.
Wannan ba kimiyya ba ce, amma yana ba da ra'ayi game da yadda ake baiwa masu magana da yawun jami'ai manyan matakan yada labarai yayin da ba a cire muryoyin da ba a saba ba.
Dabarun Taɓa
Duk da wannan, yana da kyau a yi jayayya cewa babban adawa na kasa da na duniya (ciki har da kafa) adawa da matakin soja na bai-daya ba tare da wani kuduri na biyu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, hade da ambaliya ta imel, korafe-korafe daga jama'a, ya yi tasiri. BBC. Har ila yau, darektan Labaran BBC, Richard Sambrook, da alama ya kasance mai gaskiya da gaske wajen neman wasu kamanceceniya da rahotanni na gaskiya.
Mai yiyuwa ne waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗu don ɗaga matakin aikin BBC, ko da yake a ɗan ɗan lokaci, sama da matakin hidimar da ta saba. Domin ba sabon abu ba ne, wannan ingantaccen aikin na iya taimakawa wajen jawo rashin daidaituwar matakin ƙiyayya daga masu tunani na kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati waɗanda, bisa la'akari da gogewarsu a lokacin hare-haren Serbia da Afganistan, da fahimta sun ɗauki tallafin kafofin watsa labarai a banza. Amma, kamar yadda aka tattauna, babban dalilin kai wa BBC hari tabbas shine ya sake nuna shakku ga gwamnati a matsayin wata matsala da aka fi sani da ita wacce ta samo asali daga ‘rashin hankali’ na BBC na yaki da yaki.
Ba zai yiwu a iya hasashen sakamako na ƙarshe na cin zarafi na gwamnati na kafofin watsa labarai ba, dangane da abubuwan da ba a sani ba, wahayi da sakamako. Idan 'yan jarida da ma manyan manajoji a cikin BBC za su yi murabus, ko shakka babu zai yi tasiri a kafafen yada labarai gaba daya. Ladan biyayya da hukunce-hukuncen rashin amincewa sun riga sun zama ainihin gaske kuma suna jin daɗi sosai -
zai dauki kadan a karfafa ‘yan jarida su kasance masu ‘ko da hannu’ wajen gabatar da tsarin gwamnati. A gefe guda kuma, manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnati, da/ko kuma raguwa mai ɗorewa a cikin sa'ar siyasar gwamnatin Bush da Blair, na iya ƙarfafa 'yan jarida masu gaskiya da hankali waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin faɗin gaskiya a cikin al'ada.