Engxoxweni yokuqala kwezimbili nabahleli be-EUROPP uStuart A Brown noChris Gilson, Noam Chomsky ixoxa ngokubusa kwezobuchwepheshe e-Europe, ukuthi kungani izinqubomgomo ze-eurozone zokuncishiswa kwezimali zehluleka ukuxazulula le nkinga, kanye nokwanda kweqembu elikude kwesokudla emazweni anjengeGreece neFrance.
Ucabanga ukuthi kuthini ukusetshenziswa kohulumeni bezobuchwepheshe eYurophu ngentando yeningi yaseYurophu?
Kunezinkinga ezimbili ngayo. Okokuqala akufanele kwenzeke, okungenani uma ekhona okholelwa kuntando yeningi. Okwesibili, izinqubomgomo abazilandelayo zifaka iYurophu ezinkingeni ezijulile nezijulile. Umqondo wokubeka i-austerity ngesikhathi sokwehla komnotho awunangqondo nhlobo. Kunezinkinga, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseningizimu ye-Europe, kodwa eGreece izinkinga azidambi ngokuphoqa izwe ukuthi lehlise ukukhula kwalo ngoba isikweletu esihlobene ne-GDP sivele sikhuphuke, futhi yilokho okwenziwa yimigomo. Odabeni lwaseSpain, okuyicala elihlukile, izwe beliqhuba kahle kwaze kwaba yilapho kuphahlazeka ingozi: belinemali enqwabelene kwisabelomali. Kwakukhona izinkinga, kodwa kwakuyizinkinga ezibangelwa amabhange, hhayi uhulumeni, kuhlanganise namabhange aseJalimane, ayebolekisa ngendlela yozakwabo base-US ( subprime mortgages). Ngakho-ke uhlelo lwezezimali lwabhidlika kwase kubekwa umfutho eSpain, okuyinqubomgomo embi kakhulu. Kwandisa ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, kunciphisa ukukhula; iyasiza amabhange nabatshalizimali, kodwa lokho akufanele kube yinto ekhathaza kakhulu.
I-Europe idinga ugqozi - ngisho ne-IMF iza kuleso sikhundla - futhi maningi amandla okuvuselela. I-Europe iyindawo ecebile, kunezindawo eziningi zokugcina ezitholakala e-European Central Bank. I-Bundesbank ayiyithandi, abatshalizimali abayithandi, amabhange awayithandi, kodwa lezo yizinqubomgomo okufanele zilandelwe. Ngisho nababhali emaphephandabeni ebhizinisi aseMelika bayavumelana nalokho. Uma i-Europe ingashintshi inqubomgomo, izovele ingene ekuwohlokeni okujulile. I-European Commission isanda kukhipha umbiko wayo mayelana nokulindelwe ngonyaka ozayo, okuwukukhula okuphansi kakhulu kanye nokwanda kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, okuyinkinga enkulu. Kuyinkinga enkulu kakhulu: ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kucekela phansi isizukulwane, okungeyona into encane. Ibuye ihluke ngokwezomnotho. Uma abantu bephoqeleka ukuthi bangasebenzi, lokho akulimazi nje ngokwedlulele ngokombono womuntu - kubantu ngabanye - kodwa ngisho nangokombono wezomnotho. Kusho ukuthi kunezinsiza ezingasetshenzisiwe, ezingasetshenziswa ukukhulisa nokuthuthukisa.
Izinqubomgomo zaseYurophu zenza umqondo kuphela ekucabangeni okukodwa: ukuthi umgomo uwukuzama ukubukela phansi kanye nokuqaqa isimo senhlalakahle. Futhi lokho sekucishe kwashiwo. UMario Draghi, uMongameli we-European Central Bank, ube nengxoxo ne-Wall Street Journal lapho athi khona inkontileka yezenhlalo eYurophu ifile. Ubengakukhuthazi, ubekuchaza, kodwa yilokho okuholela kukho imigomo. Mhlawumbe hhayi 'abafile', lokho kuyihaba, kodwa ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa.
Ingabe ukukhuphuka kwamazwe anjengeGreece neFrance kumane nje kuwuphawu lwenkinga ye-eurozone?
Angeke kube khona ukungabaza. Ngisho eGreece kusobala, nakuba eFrance sekunesikhathi kuqhubeka. Isekelwe ku-anti-Islamic, anti-Muslim ubuhlanga. Eqinisweni kudlula lokho eFrance. Kunezinto, okumangazayo kimina, okungaxoxwa ngazo. Ake sithi iFrance namuhla yaqala ukuxosha amaJuda ezweni futhi iwayisa endaweni lapho ayezohlaselwa khona, acindezelwe, futhi aqhutshwe ebuphofini nasekuhluphekeni. Awukwazi ngisho nokuchaza isiphithiphithi esasizolandela, kodwa yilokho kanye iFrance ekwenzayo: hhayi kumaJuda, kodwa kumaRom, ayephathwa ngendlela efanayo ngamaNazi njengamaJuda. Babeyizisulu zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Baphoqeleka ukuthi baye eRomania naseHungary lapho benekusasa elibi phambi kwabo futhi akukho nezwi elishiwo ngalokhu. Futhi lokho akukona okukude kwesokudla, lokho kuyo yonke i-spectrum, okuyinto emangalisa kakhulu ngicabanga.
Kodwa intuthuko ye-far-right iyesabisa eYurophu. IGermany nayo ibhekene nento efanayo. Isibonelo nje kunamaqembu e-neo-Nazi eJalimane, nakuba engazibizi ngokuthi 'ama-neo-Nazi', manje ahlela ukugxeka ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-Dresden, ethi abantu abangu-250,000 babulawa: inani eliphindwe kashumi kunenombolo yangempela. Hhayi-ke, ngicabanga ukuthi ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eDresden kwakuwubugebengu ngempela - ubugebengu obukhulu - kodwa hhayi indlela amaqembu e-neo-Nazi ayisebenzisa ngayo. Uma uya kancane empumalanga, yithi eHungary, ngesonto eledlule isishayamthetho, uZsolt Barath ovela eqenjini elikude kwesokudla iJobbik, wenze inkulumo ehlazisayo lapho egxeka ubukhona bamaJuda ezikhundleni zokuthatha izinqumo: โthinaโ kufanele ngenze uhlu lwazo, zikhombe, ziqede lo mdlavuzaโ nokunye. Uyazi, ngimdala ngokwanele ukukhumbula lokho mathupha kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930, kodwa sonke siyazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini. Lokho kwenzeka ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zeYurophu - ikakhulukazi ngokucwasa okuphambene namaSulumane - futhi kuyinto esabekayo.
Esikhathini esifushane, ingabe uyayibona iYurophu ixazulula inkinga yayo?
Njengamanje i-eurozone iqeda nje izinkinga zayo - lokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'ukukhahlela ikani emgwaqeni' - ayikhulumi nazo. Kunezinkinga ezinkulu. I-eurozone, ngokubona kwami, iyintuthuko enhle ngokujwayelekile, kodwa iphathwa ngendlela ebukela phansi isithembiso okufanele sibe naso. Ngicabanga ukuthi kuvunyelwene kabanzi ngokuthi kumele kube nenyunyana yezepolitiki. Awukwazi ukuba nesistimu lapho amazwe engakwazi ukulawula izimali zawo futhi abe ne-austerity ebekwe kuwo, lapho engakwazi ukwenza izinyathelo ezingathathwa yinoma yiliphi elinye izwe ukube lisenkingeni yezomnotho. Leso yisimo esingenakwenzeka futhi kufanele kubhekwane naso.
Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi iYurophu ihlupheka ngezinga elithile kusukela ebuntwini bayo obuhlobene. Uma uqhathanisa i-Europe neNyakatho Melika, uhlobo lwemali olulodwa kwavunyelwana ngalo cishe ngesikhathi i-North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) isungulwa, kodwa zenziwa ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokuthi amazwe ampofu alethwe kulo msebenzi eYurophu kube nemizamo ebalulekile eyenziwe yokukhulisa amazinga azo ngezindlela eziningi, kusetshenziswa izinguquko, uxhaso nezinye izinyathelo. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi bangabukeli phansi izinga lokuqashwa kanye nempilo yabasebenzi emazweni ase-Europe athuthuke kakhulu. Leyo yindlela enobuntu yokuqhubekela phambili ekuhlanganiseni. E-United States, into efanayo yahlongozwa yinhlangano yezabasebenzi yaseMelika ngisho nayisikhungo socwaningo sase-US Congress, kodwa yachithwa ngaphandle kokuphawula. Esikhundleni salokho iMexico yahlanganiswa, ngendlela, ngendlela eyayiyingozi kubantu baseMexico kanye nakubasebenzi baseMelika naseCanada. IYurophu ihlushwa yilokho.
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Nikela