Izinsimbi ze-alamu ziyakhala. Ukuphikwa kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwabaphathi bakaTrump, okuhambisana nomgomo wabo wokukhulisa ukukhishwa kukaphethiloli kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo zonke izindleko, kuhlanganisa, ngokusho kukaNoam Chomsky, "cishe ukufa kwezinhlobo zabantu." Njengoba isazi sesimo sezulu esiphawuliwe uMichael E. Mann sisho, โNginovalo lokuthi lokhu kungase kudlule esimweni sezulu.โ2
Imiphumela yokwehluleka ukunciphisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke ngeke ize kanye kanye, futhi ngeke ithinte zonke izifunda nabantu ngokulinganayo. Kodwa iminyaka embalwa nje yokungasebenzi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ingase ivale ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu okuyingozi okungenakuhlehliswa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ezayo.3 Kwesatshwa ukuthi uma isimo sezulu esingeke sabuyaโesivame ukubonakala njengokwenyuka ngo-2ยฐC kwezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi emhlabeni wonkeโsekufinyelelwe kuso, kuzoqalwa izindlela zokunikeza impendulo eqondile, okusheshisa ukuthambekela kokufudumala nokuhola, ngokusho kukaJames Hansen, wangaphambili. umqondisi we-NASA i-Goddard Institute for Space Studies kanye nososayensi ovelele wesimo sezulu wase-U.S., โesimeni esiguquguqukayo esingalawuleki [umuntu],โ siqhubekisela umhlaba ekusaseni elingu-4ยฐC (noma ngisho nangaphezulu) okucatshangwa ososayensi ukuthi bonisa ukuphela kwempucuko, ngomqondo womphakathi wesintu ohleliwe.4
Nakuba i-United States okwamanje inikela cishe ngamaphesenti angu-15 kuphela okukhishwa kwekhabhoni-dioxide emhlabeni wonke, ukwehluleka kwayo ukuthatha isinyathelo sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuyocindezela umhlaba ngokujule kakhulu ufinyelele endaweni yokufikela ku-2ยฐC.5 Ngaphezu kwalokho, esimeni esibonakala singenzeka lapho i-principal per-capita global emitter kanye namandla amakhulu omhlaba ekhetha ukukhothama, noma yimuphi umzamo womhlaba wonke wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni uzoba sengozini enkulu. Ngalesi sizathu, ososayensi besimo sezulu baya ngokuya bephenduka besuka e-United States baye eChina njengethemba elikhulu lobuholi ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.6
Kulesi sikhathi esibucayi emlandweni, imibuzo emithathu idinga ukuphendulwa: Yini ubufakazi bamuva besayensi obusitshela yona mayelana nendlela inhlekelele yesimo sezulu esisondela ngayo? Ngabe ubungxiwankulu bezezimali obubodwa-noDonald Trump njengommeleli wabo wangempela-banesandla kanjani kule nhlekelele yeplanethi ezayo? Futhi yimaphi amathuba asele esintwini ukuze agweme inhlekelele yesistimu yoMhlaba?
Mayelana "nokungalingani Okubulalayo"
Ubufakazi bakamuva bokushintsha kwesimo sezulu bushiya umhlathi. Ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuNovemba, 2016, usuku lokhetho lwase-U.S., i-World Meteorological Organization yabika ukuthi amazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke akhuphukele cishe ku-1.2ยฐC ngaphezu kwamazinga angaphambi kwemboni (eseduze kakhulu nomngcele wokuqala ongu-1.5ยฐC owabekwa yiSivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu saseParis sika-2015) , njengoba u-2016 unyaka oshisa kakhulu emlandweni, wedlula u-2015 no-2014, kokubili okuyiminyaka ephula irekhodi.7
Yonyaka Ikhadi Lombiko We-Arctic ye-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ekhishwe ngo-December 2016, ibonise ukuthi amazinga okushisa e-Arctic akhuphuka ngamanani aphindwe kabili kunesilinganiso somhlaba wonke, ngokunyuka kwesilinganiso esingu-3.5ยฐC kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Iqhwa lasolwandle i-Arctic libalulekile ekuzinzeni kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yomphumela we-albedo, lapho iqhwa elimhlophe libonisa imisebe yelanga. Ukunyamalala kweqhwa olwandle futhi esikhundleni salo โulwandle olumnyamaโ olumunca ukushisa kumelela impendulo enkulu yesimo sezulu. NgoSepthemba 2016, iqhwa lasolwandle i-Arctic lehla lafika ezingeni lesibili eliphansi kunawo wonke angakaze aqoshwe. Iqhwa laseGreenland, ngakolunye uhlangothi, liyaqhubeka nokuncipha kwalo ngokushesha okukhulu, okuba negalelo nakakhulu ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lolwandle. I Umbiko Wokuqina Kwe-Arctic, eyanyatheliswa ngoNovemba 2016 yi-Stockholm Environment Institute, yagcizelela ukuthi amazinga okushisa ase-Arctic afinyelele cishe ku-20 ยฐ C ngokushisa okwejwayelekile ngaleso sikhathi sonyaka, futhi waxwayisa ngamaphuzu ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye aseduze athinta ukuzinza kwesifunda sase-Arctic, ezinye zazo ezingase โthiphaโ sonke isimo sezulu somhlaba, kuhlanganise nokukhishwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-methaneโigesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla kakhulu kune-carbon dioxideโngenxa yokuncibilika kwe-tundra.8
Eminyakeni emibili edlule, umphakathi wesayensi ucishe waphinda kabili ukuqagela kwawo kokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle phakathi naleli khulu leminyaka. Kakade isikhuphuke ngama-intshi angu-8, imiphakathi yeziqhingi esongelayo nezindawo ezisogwini eziphansi emhlabeni wonke. Ulwandle lungakhuphuka cishe ngamamitha amabili (ngaphezu kwamafidi ayisithupha) ngo-2100, kuyilapho, emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka, ukwanda kungafinyelela kumamitha ayisithupha (amafidi angamashumi amabili). Ngo-2500, ngokusho kocwaningo oluthile ku Nature, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle kungase kube amamitha angu-15 (ngaphezu kwamafidi angu-49).9
I-Trillionthtonne.org, iwebhusayithi ehlola isimo sezulu ehlotshaniswa nososayensi eNyuvesi yase-Oxford, okwamanje ikhombisa ukuthi uma izitayela zamanje ziqhubeka zingahloliwe, umhlaba uzofinyelela uphawu lwe-trillionth-metric-ton ekukhishweni okuphelele kwekhabhoniโokungukuthi, inani lengqikithi. ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okucatshangwa ukuthi kuzokhiqiza u-450 ppm ekugxilweni kwekhabhoni yomhlaba wonke, kanye nokwenyuka ngo-2ยฐC kumazinga okushisa embulunga yonkeโngaphezudlwana nje kweminyaka engamashumi amabili. Ngaphezulu kwama-gigatons angu-600 (izigidigidi zamathani ama-metric) ekhabhoni akhishelwe emkhathini kuze kube manje. Lapho umhlaba usondela ku-trillionth metric ton, kuba mkhulu kakhulu umzamo odingekayo ukuze kugwenywe ukwephula isabelomali seplanethi ye-carbon. Okwamanje, lokhu kuzodinga ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni embulungeni yonke cishe ngamaphesenti amathathu ngonyaka, futhi inani eliphindwe kathathu lelo nani emazweni acebile, aphezulu nge-capita ngayinye akhipha isikhutha, ahlanganisa ingxenye yesine yomhlaba. ukukhishwa kwegesi okukhona manje kanye nenani elikhulu lezinto ezikhishwayo ezingokomlandoโfuthi umcebo wazo ubanikeza izindlela ezibonakalayo ezanele zokubhekana nale nkinga.10
NjengoMann, owaziwa kakhulu ngokwakha ishadi elidumile elithi "hockey-stick" elibonisa ukwenyuka okubukhali kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi komhlaba, uchaza kafushane encwadini yakhe ka-2016. I-Madhouse Effect:
Iphuzu lokuphawula liyiphuzu lokungabuyi. Esimeni sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, kungasho ukuthi siyifudumeze ngokwanele iplanethi ukuze siqalise inqubo engenakuvinjwa. Eqinisweni, alikho iphuzu elilodwa lokuqondisa esimisweni sezulu; kuningi. Futhi lapho siqhubeka sihamba ngothelawayeka wezimbiwa phansi, yilapho sizowela khona amaphuzu amaningi. Izingqapheli eziningi ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi ukufudumala kweplanethi engu-3.6ยฐF (2ยฐC) uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga angaphambi kwemboni (into engenzeka uma sivumela i-CO.2 amazinga ukukhuphukela ku-450 ppm nje) cishe ngokuqinisekile kuzodala izinguquko eziyingozi, ezingase zikwazi ukuhlehliswa esimweni sezulu sethu. Njengesikhumbuzi, sesivele sifudumale cishe ngo-1.5ยฐF (1ยฐC), kanti omunye u-0.9ยฐF (0.5ยฐC) cishe usendleleni. Elinye ishumi leminyaka lokukhishwa kukaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi zebhizinisi njengenjwayelo lingasibophezela kulowo mngcele ongu-3.6ยฐF (2ยฐC) โwokufudumala okuyingoziโโฆ.
Ngesilinganiso samanje samagigatons angu-30 ngonyaka, sizoshisa isabelomali sethu [sekhabhoni] cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu. Ukuze sihlale ngaphakathi kwesabelomali, kufanele sehlise ukungcola ngamaphesenti ambalwa ngonyaka, ukuze sehlisele kumaphesenti angama-33 wamazinga amanje phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili. Leso isilinganiso se-carbon footprint yomhlaba wonke efana naleyo ekhona emazweni asathuthuka. Maphakathi nekhulu, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kufanele kufinyelele kuziro. Yilokho umthambeka omnyama wedayimane eliphindwe kabili.
Ukuhlaziya okunye kwakamuva kunqume ukuthi ukufeza lokhu kuncipha kuyodinga ukuthi amaphesenti angu-33 azo zonke izinqolobane zikawoyela eziqinisekisiwe, amaphesenti angu-50 ayo yonke igesi yemvelo, namaphesenti angu-80 azo zonke izinqolobane zamalahle kufanele ahlale phansi. Lokho kusho ukuthi kufanele sikhiphe amalahle futhi sishiye iningi uma kungezona zonke izihlabathi zetiyela laseCanada emhlabathini (okungukuthi, alikho ipayipi le-Keystone XL).11
Indaba ephambi kwethu, njengoba uMann egcizelela, ayiyona into encane. Kuyindaba "yokungalingani okubulalayo" ebudlelwaneni bomuntu neplanethi: inkinga ye-Anthropocene.12
I-Capitalism ngokumelene nesimo sezulu
Uma isayensi yemvelo isifundise ukuthi ijubane elisheshayo lokuguquka kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic lisongela ukubhubhisa iplanethi njengekhaya lesintu, khona-ke kufanele siphendukele kwisayensi yezenhlalakahle ukuze siqonde izimbangela zangempela zomphakathi zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nezixazululo ezidingekayo. Kodwa-ke, njengomthetho, isayensi yezenhlalo isengozini kusukela ekuqaleni. Njengoba kuboniswa ikakhulukazi isiyalo sezomnotho, baphoqelekile ngokomqondo ukuthi baphendule zonke izindaba ezibambekayo ngokwemibandela ebekwe yi-capitalism, ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umbono obekela inselele kakhulu leyo nqubo noma imingcele yayo. Ngakho ososayensi bezenhlalakahle abadangele ekungabazeniโnoma ngisho nokuqamba amagamaโizakhiwo eziyisisekelo nokusebenza kwesimiso somlando esiphila kuso.
Lokhu kulandela ukuthi iminikelo yezenhlalo nesayensi ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu izimbangela kanye nezimfuneko zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kwavela ngaphandle komkhakha wesayensi yezenhlalo yezemfundo, ekuhlaziyeni okubucayi konxiwankulu.13 Inkinga, njengoba amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo ekhombisile, ukuhlukana phakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimfuno ezikhulayo ezibekwe endaweni ezungezile ngenqubo yokuqongelela imali ehlala ikhula, egxilile ekilasini, ukuncintisana, nokungalingani, futhi ngakolunye. , amandla emvelo okumelana nalokhu kuhlaselwa.14 Ingcindezi ekhulayo yesimo sezulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, okwamanje ithatha uhlobo olunzima kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthembela kakhulu kwalolu hlelo ekukhiqizeni amafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi njengenjini efakazelwe yokuqongelela imali emhlabeni wonkeโkanye nezithakazelo zengcebo namandla ezivimba noma yiluphi ushintsho. ezinhlotsheni zamandla avuselelekayo.
Ngokwamagama anengqondo ngokomlando, i-capitalism iwuhlelo lokuqongelela imali, i-juggernaut lapho izinga ngalinye elisha lokukhula komnotho liba yindlela nje yokuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula, isikhangiso se-ad. Phakathi nomlando wayo, inhloko-dolobha ikwazile โukushintshaโ imifantu eyenzile kumetabolism yemvelo, iwasusa kwenye indawo, ngokuvamile ngokubeka izinto zangaphandle ezinjalo kubantu abasengozini kakhulu. Uhlelo lokuqongelela imali, nokho, manje selunwebekile ukusebenza kwalo ukuze luhlanganise iplanethi yonke, luphazamise izinqubo ze-biogeochemical zohlelo loMhlaba ngokwalo, ngendlela emangazayo kakhulu ngendlela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Noma ngabe ukuguqulelwa kumandla avuselelekayo kungacatshangwa ngaphakathi kohlelo, isidingo semali senzuzo yesikhathi esifushane, intshiseko yayo yokuncintisana, izintshisekelo zayo ezinikezwe yona, kanye nokungakwazi kwayo ukuhlela izidingo zesikhathi eside konke kuphikisa izixazululo zamandla anengqondo.15
Izimfuneko zokuqongelela imali, njengoba kuhlaziywe ocwaningweni olukhulu lwesayensi yezenhlalo phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule nesigamu (kusukela ngo-1867 ngokushicilelwa kwencwadi kaKarl Marx's. Capital), zenziwa inkimbinkimbi ngokufika, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwe-monopoly-finance capital. Kulesi sigaba uhlelo lubonakala ngamazinga aphezulu okugxilwa komnotho womhlaba wonke, umbuso wokuqongelela obuswa ukunqwabelana kwempahla yezimali kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kokukhiqiza, kanye nokuhleleka kwezombusazwe kwe-neoliberalโokubangela, kwezinye izimo, ku-neo-fascism. Ngokwesakhiwo esihlobene nalokhu, njengembangela eyisisekelo, ukuntengantenga kokunqwabelana kweminotho ethuthukile yonxiwankulu, kanye nomnotho womhlaba wonke.16 Ngaphansi kwalobungxiwankulu obusha obunezimali, izinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal ziye zafuna ukususa yonke imithetho yokuhamba ngokukhululeka kanye nokuqongelela ingcebo, kuholele emalini eningi engenayo emkhakheni wezezimali, nokudala uhlelo lwe-arbitrage yezemisebenzi yomhlaba wonke noma ukuhwebelana ngokungalingani emhlabeni wonke, okwakamuva. isigaba se-imperialism.17
Konke lokhu kuxhunywe ekuhlanganeni komlando kwamanje nokwehla kwamandla e-United States, ukukhula kweShayina, kanye nemizamo yokugcina ukulawulwa kombuso nge-triad yase-United States, i-Europe, ne-Japan. Izingxenye zesigaba esibusayo saseMelika-ezenziwe samuntu uTrump kanye nabeluleki bakhe-kanye nabathathu bebonke balwela kulezi zimo ukuvusa amandla kazwelonke nawombuso ngokusebenzisa izibaso ezimbiwa phansi (namandla enuzi), ukwakhiwa kwezempi, ukulawulwa kwezimali, kanye ukucindezelwa kwabokufika kanye โnabanyeโ abachazwa ngokwebalaโukungena kule phrojekthi yombuso entsha kodwa ehlehlayo ezingxenyeni zesigaba sabasebenzi abamhlophe abahlehlayo nabaphelelwe ithemba.
Lokhu kusabela okuphikisayo kwesimiso esisengozini kubonisa imingcele yezinguquko kule nkinga yesikhathi esidluleโkokubili kwezomnotho kanye nemveloโlapho umhlaba uboshelwe khona. Uguquko lukhona njalo ngaphansi kombuso wemali ngendlela yokuthi alusondeli ekusongelani izimo ezibalulekile ezilawula ukuqoqwana okupheleleโfuthi ngaphambi nje kokuba kufinyelelwe kulelo phuzu, izithakazelo ezinikezwayo ngokuvamile ziyangenela ukuze kumiswe izinguquko ezinkulu.18 Uguquko lwezenhlalo olufunwa namuhla yiqiniso lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu (kanye nokuntengantenga komnotho) lusezingeni futhi lubaluleke kangangokuthi izingxenye ezinkulu zalezi zintshisekelo ezigxilile zibona izinguquko ezidingekayo njengengozi hhayi kuphela emandleni aseduze okunqwabelana, kanye izikhundla zabo zamandla, kodwa futhi nokuba khona konxiwankuluโokubaluleka kwabo, ekubalweni kwabo, kudlula lokho kwesimo ngokwaso.19
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, izinguquko zemvelo zivame ukuba nomkhawulo kakhulu ukufeza izinhloso zazo, futhi nalapho zibhekana nokuphikiswa okungapheli okuvela ezinkampanini zamafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi kanye nabatshalizimali bazo kanye nabalingani bazoโisigaba esihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yesigaba esibusayo emhlabeni. Khonamanjalo, cishe ukwehluleka okuphelele kwamaqembu kanye nohulumeni bama-centrist-liberal, kanye nozakwabo esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme, ukususa izimpumputhe zabo abazibekela zona futhi babone ubuqiniso bempi yonxiwankulu emhlabeni kukhombisa ukwehluleka okukhulu kokuziphatha kanye nemibono yokusungulwa kwesayensi yezenhlalo. . Umphumela uba izinqubomgomo zesimo sezulu ezibonakale zingasebenzi kakhulu, futhi ukuqaliswa kwazo kumelele okungaphezulu kancane kokulahlekelwa isikhathi esibalulekile phakathi kwesimo esiphuthumayo esikhula ngokushesha seplanethi.
Kungenxa yalokhu kwehluleka kwenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu lapho uNaomi Klein, ekhipha ucingo lokuvusa abanxele, wamemezela ngokudumile ukuthi, okungenani kulolu daba olubalulekile, "ilungelo lilungile." Okungukuthi, ilungelo lilungile ekukholweni ukuthi lokhu kuyindaba โyobunxiwankulu ngokumelene nesimo sezuluโโnakuba kungalungile ekukhetheni owokuqala esikhundleni sokugcina. Kuze kube manje, empini yakhe nesimo sezulu, uKlein uyavuma, โubunxiwankulu buyanqoba.โ20 Uhlelo alubonisi uphawu lokufaka amabhuleki njengoba isitimela esibalekayo sohlelo lwenzuzo silimaza sibheke eweni. Abantu bomhlaba abakulezi zimo bamane bangabathunjwaโngaphandle kwalapho kufanele bakhethe ukuhlubuka.
Ukwehluleka Kwezinguquko Zekhabhoni
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, inhloso enkulu yokusungula inqubomgomo yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kube ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kwe-capitalism-kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwemingcele ehlala ivumela ukuqoqwa kwezimali. Le ndlela imelwe ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe yiSivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu saseParis, lapho amazwe angu-193 ahlangana khona ukuze asayine โuhleloโ lokubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okuthi, uma kulinganiswa nesimo esiphuthumayo samanje somhlaba wonke, alifanele neze lelo phepha elikulo. kubhaliwe. Izibopho ezenziwa yizizwe ngazinye zingezokuzithandela futhi azibophezeli, ngakho-ke mancane amathuba okuba zifezeke, uma kubhekwa ukuthi ayikho indlela ephelele yokuqaliswa futhi akukho zinhlawulo zomhlaba wonkeโfuthi noma kunjalo, uma kwenziwa, lezi zibopho zikazwelonke ezizimele zingasiqhubezela phambili isimo sezulu. Isithiyo esingu-2ยฐC, singene emhlabeni olahlwe ukwenyuka okungango-3.7ยฐC kwezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lomhlaba wonke.21
Ingqikithi yenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu yabaphathi baka-Obama, eyakha isisekelo somnikelo wase-U.S. esivumelwaneni saseParis, kwakuwuHlelo Lwamandla Ahlanzekile (CPP). Yize lolu hlelo luvalelwe ezinkantolo njengamanje, abasekeli balo bathi luklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yase-U.S ngamaphesenti angama-26-28 kusukela kumazinga ka-2005 ngo-2025. ukulawulwa kokuphuma kwe-carbon dioxide ezimbonini zamandla kagesi, okuzoqaliswa yi-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Noma ngabe iziphi izifiso zayo, uhlelo luka-Obama lwesimo sezulu lusilela kakhulu ekwehliseni ukungcola okuzodingeka ukuthi amazwe acebile abethule uma isintu besigcina ubuhlobo obuphephile nobuvikelekile nesimo sezulu. Unyaka ka-2005 wakhethwa njengesisekelo sokuncishiswa kokungcola ngenxa yokuthi ubumele izinga eliphakeme lokukhishwa kwekhabhoni yase-U.S. Njengoba uMark Hertsgaard eshilo ku Nation, ukuncishiswa okubekiwe kokukhishwa kwe-carbon-dioxide yase-U.S., nakuba ngokusobala kudlula amaphesenti angu-25 ngokwesisekelo sango-2005 ngo-2025, noma kunjalo kungaba ngamaphesenti angu-7 kuphela uma kulinganiswa nesisekelo sokuqala sango-1990 se-Kyoto Protocol. Isivumelwano sokugcina sagunyaza ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-carbon-dioxide yase-U.S. kufanele kwehle ngamaphesenti angu-7 by 2012. Lokhu okuhlosiwe kwasekuqaleni kokunciphisa, i-United States okwakufanele ikwenze ngaphansi kwe-Kyoto Protocol kodwa yagcina isiyekile, yaqalwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990 njengesinyathelo sokuqala sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ukwehliswa kwe-CPP okubonakala kukukhulu okucatshangelwayo ngakho-ke ngokuyinhloko kuwumphumela wokuhambisa izigxobo zemigomo, ngomphumela wokuthi ukunciphisa kwangempela kokukhishwayo kusazoba sezingeni elingenele kakhulu ukuvikela isintu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele, njengoba isikhathi sihamba ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kwehliswa okulindelwe kuzoncika kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuhweba ngekhabhoni ezilungele imakethe ezibonakale zingasebenzi ngaphambilini.22
Ubuthakathaka bendlela ka-Obama yobungxiwankulu buphonswa ekukhululekeni okukhulu Umbiko Wezomnotho kaMongameli ngo-2017, lapho umuntu ethola khona izitatimende ezinjengokuthi: โIzincwadi zezomnotho ziphakamisa ukuthi eminye imithelela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa elidlulele, cishe izoxazululwa ngokwengxenye ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese kwangasese ku-air conditioning, kanye nalokho kunyakaza ukuze kugwenywe ukushisa okweqile, noma ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi usendlini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma ukuthuthela kwenye indawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunganciphisa nemithelela yesimo sezulu empilweni. โ Ukuma okunjalo kokuthi โBayeke Bathenge Ama-Air Conditioner, Bayeke Bahlale Ngasendlini, Futhi Bayeke Banyakazeโ ngeke kubhekwe njengezimpendulo ezingathi sรญnaโnoma ezinokuziphathaโekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.23
Kakade ngo-2015, u-Hansen wamemezela ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi izenzo ezichazwe ku-CPP โngeke zenze lutho ukuhlasela inkinga eyisisekelo,โ babefana โnomuntu ohamba ngezinyawo eya emsebenzini esikhundleni sokushayela, futhi ecabanga ukuthi usindisa umhlaba.โ Wagcizelela ukuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo โzaziyize.โ Esikhundleni salokho, izinyathelo kumele zithathwe kuzwelonke nasemhlabeni jikelele ukuze kukhushulwe intengo yekhabhoni nokuyigcina iphansi. โInqobo nje uma izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi zivunyelwe (zibonakala zingamandla) ashibhile,โ futhi akukho kungenelela okwenziwayo ukuze kwandiswe izindleko zawo, waqhubeka, โothile uzowashisa.โ24 Okuxakayo ukuthi, izinyathelo eziklanyelwe ukwehlisa isidingo sekhabhoni endaweni eyodwa zivamise ukwehlisa amanani kaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi kwenye indawo (kucatshangelwa ukuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo kwamafutha anjalo) ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zizothola imakethe ndawana thize emnothweni womhlaba.25
Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ngisho nemizamo encane emelelwe iSivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu saseParis kanye nohlelo luka-Obama Ahlanzekile Amandlaโeye yagwema ukubhekana nenkinga eyisisekelo, futhi okungashiwo ukuthi ibeka, kuleli zinga, usongo ohlelweni lulonke. -Noma kunjalo ziye zavusa ukuphikiswa okukhulu ezithakazelweni ezinikezwe i-fossil-fuel capitalism. Akugcinanga ngokuthi u-Obama kudingeke ukuthi agweme iCongress ukuze ishaye i-CPP (futhi asayine iSivumelwano saseParis, obekwenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume yekhongolose kuphela ngenxa yokuthi ibingenazo izidingo ezibophezelayo), lonke uhlelo lwesimo sezulu lwavinjwa ngokushesha enkantolo, kusukela ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amabili nane. izifundazwe ezisondelene kakhulu nemboni yamafutha ezinsalela zaqala ukumangalelaโzisizwa umyalo weNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. wokuthi i-EPA imise ukusebenza kwe-CPP kuze kube yilapho inkantolo ephansi ifinyelela esinqumweni. Ngisho lokhu kungase kube incwadi efile, nokho, njengoba abaphathi bakaTrump befungile ukuthi bazohoxisa noma bahlakaze i-CPP futhi bahoxe ezivumelwaneni zaseParis.26
UTrump, enguqulweni "yamanga amakhulu," usebize ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokuthi "inkohliso."27 Ngakho-ke, usegcwalise iqembu lakhe lezinguquko kanye nekhabhinethi ngabaphikisi besayensi yesimo sezulu kanye namashill embonini yemfucumfucu yezimbiwa. U-Myron Ebel, umqondisi wenqubomgomo yamandla nemvelo e-Competitive Enterprise Institute kanye nophikisana nesimo sezulu esihamba phambili, uhola ithimba lezinguquko likaTrump. Usole obala usosayensi ohlonishwayo uKevin Trenberth, umcwaningi ophezulu wesimo sezulu eNational Center for Atmospheric Research (odume ngokubala ngokubonakala kwe-hiatus ekusheshiseni ukufudumala komhlaba, esebenzisa ubufakazi bokwenyuka kokushisisa kolwandle okungaphansi komhlaba) ngokuthi โuyingxenye weqembu lezigelekeqeโ elinecala โlokupheka imininingwaneโ ngesimo sezulu. Usozimali u-Anthony Scaramucci, umeluleki kaTrump kanye nelungu eliphezulu lethimba lakhe lezinguquko, uqhathanise umbono wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic ne-geocentrism, inkolelo yokuthi ilanga lizungeza umhlaba. Ngamazwi kaScaramucci uqobo: โNgithi abantu benze izinto ezingalungile ngaso sonke isikhathi umlando weminyaka engu-5,500 XNUMX weplanethi yethuโ (omalukeke banezelwe). UDavid Schnare, owashiya i-EPA ukuze aqale inhlangano engenzi nzuzo exhaswa yimboni kawoyela egxile ekugqokeni amasudi e-EPA kanye nokuhlaselwa kwesayensi yesimo sezulu, ubizwe eqenjini lezinguquko futhi wathweswa icala lokuvuselela i-EPA. U-Schnare uthole udumo olukhethekile njengommeli okwathi, ngesikhathi esebenzela i-American Tradition Institute (manje eyi-Environmental and Energy Legal Institute), waqondisa kubo bobabili uHansen noMann, kanye nabanye ososayensi besimo sezulu, efuna ukubaphoqa ukuba bakhiphe imibhalo yangasese futhi bakhiphe izincwadi eziyimfihlo. ama-imeyili. UThomas Pyle, inhloko ye-American Energy Alliance, iqembu elinezixhumanisi eziqinile embonini kawoyelaโkuhlanganise ne-Koch Industries, asebenzela kuyo njengommeliโwakhethwa ukuba ahole ithimba lezinguquko loMnyango Wezamandla. Imemo eputshuziwe kaPyle ibala imigomo esheshayo yenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu yabaphathi bakaTrump: (1) ukuhoxa ku-Paris Climate Agreement, (2) ukuhlakaza Uhlelo Lwezamandla Ahlanzekile, kanye (3) nokusheshisa ukugunyazwa kwamaphrojekthi amapayipi.
Izinketho zikaTrump zabaqokelwe ezikhundleni ezinkulu zekhabhinethi zilandela iphethini efanayo. Ummeli Jikelele wase-Oklahoma uScott Pruitt, okhethwe nguye ukuhola i-EPA, usengomunye ummeli oke walwela i-EPA egameni lemboni yamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, futhi ungumphikisi ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, owabhala ngo-2016 ukuthi inkulumo-mpikiswano ngesimo sezulu. ushintsho โlwalusekude nokuxazululeka.โ Engakunaki ukuvumelana okungamaphesenti angu-97 phakathi kososayensi ngemithombo yemvelo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, uPruitt wathi โososayensi basaqhubeka bengavumelani ngezinga nezinga lokufudumala kwembulunga nokuhlobana kwakho nezenzo zesintu.โ Owake waba nguMbusi waseTexas u-Rick Perry, oqokwe uTrump ukuthi aphathe uMnyango Wezamandla-umnyango lowo, njengombangi kamongameli waseRiphabhulikhi, uPerry athembisa ukuwuqeda ngokuphelele-ungumfelandawonye oqinile embonini yezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi. Uze waze wamemezela encwadini yakhe yango-2010 ukuthi "besibhekene nesimo esipholile." Abaphathi bakhe eTexas basuse ngamabomu zonke izinkomba ezimayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu embikweni okhuluma ngokukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle. UCongressman Ryan Zinke, ovela eMontana ekhiqiza amalahle, oqokwe uTrump njengonobhala wezangaphakathi, naye uyagomela ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu akunasisekelo esiqinile sesayensi. Ummeli Jikelele oqokwe uJeff Sessions uye wagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe, ngokumelene nabo bonke ubufakazi, ukuthi i-carbon dioxide ayiyona into engcolile.
Okuxakayo ukuthi ukukhetha kukaTrump uNobhala Wezwe, u-Rex Tillerson, oyi-CEO ye-ExxonMobil, ugqama ekuphathweni okusha ngokuvuma kwakhe iqiniso lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, muva nje ngo-2013, u-Tillerson wamemezela ukuthi noma iyiphi inhlangano yamandla ahlukile izohluleka, futhi wabikezela ukuthi izinto ezivuselelekayo ezifana โnomoya, ilanga, ama-biofuels,โ zizohlinzeka ngephesenti elilodwa kuphela lamandla ewonke ngo-1. izazi zemvelo kanye nemibhikisho emelene ne-Keystone XL Pipeline, u-Tillerson wamane washo isivumokholo sakhe sonxiwankulu: โIfilosofi yami iwukwenza imali.โ I-ExxonMobil ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe ayigcinanga nje ngokuxhasa ngezimali ukuphika kwesimo sezulu, kodwa yalwela ukususa zonke izithiyo ekwandeni kokumbiwa nokushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi.28
Okwethusa kakhulu ososayensi besimo sezulu emasontweni okuqala oguquko lukaTrump kwakuyinhlolovo yemibuzo engama-74 eyakhishwa ekuqaleni kukaZibandlela eya kubasebenzi boMnyango wezaMandla, eklanyelwe ukucacisa ukuthi yibaphi ososayensi nezikhulu ababebambe iqhaza kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-Clean Power Plan ka-Obama nezinye izindlela. ukuqukatha ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kubhekwe kabanzi njengesexwayiso sokuqulwa kwecala elisha likaMcCarthyite ngokumelene nososayensi besimo sezulu, okudala umzamo omkhulu wososayensi ezweni lonke ukuthi bagcine imininingwane yabo, beyibeka kumadatha atholakala kabanzi angekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, funa imininingwane yesimo sezulu esezandleni zikahulumeni ishabalale ngaphansi kukaTrump. . Abaphathi ababefika baluchitha ngokushesha uhlu lwemibuzo, kodwa umonakalo wenzekile.29
Ngokungeziwe ekukhetheni ososayensi abathuthukise izinhlelo zika-Obama zesimo sezulu, uhlu lwemibuzo lwaluhloswe kakhulu: izindleko zenhlalo yekhabhoni (SCC), okwamanje ezilinganiselwa ku-$40 imethrikhi ngayinye yethani lekhabhoni, isigaba esisetshenziswa abaphathi baka-Obama ukulinganisa umnotho wezwe. umthelela wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanjalo nokuthethelela ukulawulwa kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngokwezindleko zenzuzo. I-SCC manje isiyingxenye yomthetho wamacala osumisiwe futhi ngeke imane ihlehliswe. Ukuphatha kukaTrump, nokho, kukubeke kwacaca ukuthi kuzoshintsha izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziselwa ukubala i-SCC, njengenani lesaphulelo elihlobene namadola amanje namadola azayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukubalwa kwezindleko. Ukusebenzisa isaphulelo esiphezulu kungenza izindleko zezomnotho zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu zibonakale zishabalala, zize zibe zimbiโukuze ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungabukeki nje kubi ngokwezomnotho, kodwa kunenzuzo. Ngale ndlela izinombolo zingashintshwa ukuze noma yimiphi imingcele ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kwehlule ukuhlolwa kwezindleko zezomnotho ezifunwa umthetho.30
Entuthukweni efanayo, umeluleki kaTrump wenqubomgomo yezamkhathi uBob Walker, owayeyilungu lengqungquthela yasePennsylvania (isifunda samalahle), wazisa Guardian ukuthi abaphathi abasha bazofuna ukubuyisela imali yocwaningo lwe-NASA lwe-Earth-system, umthombo owodwa obaluleke kakhulu wedatha yesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke, okuphoqa i-ejensi ukuthi igxile ekuhloleni indawo ejulile. U-Walker usole i-NASA ngokuzibandakanya "ocwaningweni olulungile lwezemvelo" ophenyweni lwayo lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Wathi: โIzindlela ososayensi abaye bazisebenzisa ekuboniseni ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke zibe namaphutha amakhulu.โ31
Njengoba uHansen abonisa kahle eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, inkinga akubona abantu abaphika isimo sezulu njengalokhuโnjengoba labo abaphikisana nabo, ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kukahulumeni, bamane โbayizisulu zenkantoloโ okungekho muntu ekugcineni ozobathatha ngokungathi sรญna. Inkinga โyinkantoloโ ngokwayoโokungukuthi, imali enkulu:
Ekuphathweni okusha kukaTrump, nokho, izikhulu zikaphethiloli wamandulo ezifana noTillerson nezikhonzi zabo zasezinkantolo seziphethe manje, zihleli ndawonye.
Kungaba yiphutha-ke ukubona lobu kuphatha bufana nje nenhlakanipho yabantu, kuqalwe ngaye lowo ophika ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kunalokho, le mizamo yokubukela phansi ngisho nemithetho ephansi futhi yokululaza isayensi enomsindo iyizingxenye ezidingekayo zomzamo wemali yekhabhoni wokuqhubeka ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa ukushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, njengokungathi lokhu akulona usongo olukhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zesintu. Inhloso lapha wukuqhutshwa kwesikhungo kuze kube phakade Okuningi, cishe nganoma yiziphi izindleko emphakathini uwonke. Kuyafana, kodwa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu, emkhankasweni wamashumi eminyaka wokwaziswa okunganembile kwezinkampani zikagwayi ezithi imikhiqizo yazo ayiwabulali amakhasimende azoโnakuba ucwaningo lwazo lwangaphakathi lwesayensi, ezilufihlile, lwabonisa okuphambene.33
Akumangazi ukuthi inhlokodolobha yamafutha ensalela esevele yazuza kakhulu okhethweni lukaTrump. Izitokwe zezinkampani zikawoyela negesi zanda ngesikhathi kumenyezelwa imiphumela yokhetho lwango-2016. I-Peabody Energy, inkampani yamalahle ehamba phambili yaseMelika, ikhishwe onqenqemeni lokuqothuka ngokwenyuka ngamaphesenti angama-70 enanini lamasheya ayo. UHarold Hamm, usozigidi wezigidigidi kanye nomeluleki kaTrump, ulindele ukuthi uTrump ehlise imithetho yokumba uwoyela negesi: โNgaso sonke isikhathi lapho singakwazi ukumba umthombo eMelika,โ kusongela uHamm, โuxhaso lobuphekula luyaxhaswa.โ Kuwebhusayithi ye-alt-right i-Breitbart News, usihlalo wayo, uStephen Bannon, owasungula izigaba zakamuva zomkhankaso wokuba ngumongameli we-Trump 2016, akukho ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukupholisa komhlaba kuphela. UBreitbart ubingelele okhethweni lukaTrump ngesihloko esithi: โAbakwesobunxele Balahlekelwe Impi Yokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu.โ34
Ngokuphawulekayo, isethembiso sikaTrump โsokwakha udongaโ ngasemngceleni neMexico ukuze kuvinjwe โukufuduka ngokungemthethoโ singafundwa okungenani njengengxenye njengokusabela ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, njengoba nje lokhu kunqatshwaโnjengoba nje izindonga zolwandle zizenzisa. ehlongozwa ngabaphikisi besimo sezulu ezingxenyeni zaseNingizimu njengendlela yokuvikela izindlu ezithengiswayo ezisogwini. Uhlelo lukaTrump lomngcele ogcwele impi lubandakanya ukwakhiwa kodonga lwamamayela ayinkulungwane (iningi lalo oseluvele lukhona, othango lwezokuphepha), kanti wonke umngcele ocishe ube ngamamayela ayizinkulungwane ezimbili awuhambeki ngenxa yemingcele yemvelo. . Udonga lwaluzogadwa ngokuqinile, luqashwe uxhaxha lwezindiza nama-drones. Lapha akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungakhunjuzwa ngombiko woMnyango Wezokuvikela we-2003, Isimo Esiguqukayo Sesimo Sezulu kanye Nemiphumela Yaso Kwezokuphepha Kwezwe lase-United States-ebhalelwe iPentagon nguPeter Schwartz kanye noDoug Randall weGlobal Business Network-abaphikisana ngokuthi imiphumela eyinhlekelele yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungazelelwe izophoqa amazwe acebile njenge-United States ne-Australia ukuthi akhe "izinqaba zokuzivikela" eduze nendawo yawo ukuze avale isimo sezulu. ababaleki. โUkungqubuzana kwezempi,โ lo mbiko waxwayisa, โkungase kubangelwe isidingo esikhulu [ikakhulukazi eNingizimu yomhlaba wonke] semithombo yemvelo enjengamandla, ukudla namanzi,โ kudale izinsongo ezintsha zokuphepha kwezwe izizwe โezinazoโ eziyozidinga. ukuphendulaโngokwezempi.35
Umlilo Ngalesi sikhathi
โUkuvukela umbuso,โ ngokwamazwi kaMalcolm X, โkunjengomlilo wehlathi. Ishisa yonke into esendleleni yayo. Abantu abahileleke ekuvukeleni umbuso ababi yingxenye yesimisoโbabhubhisa isimiso, bashintsha uhlelo. Igama langempela lenguquko lithi Umuzwa okusho ukuketula okuphelele kanye noshintsho olupheleleโฆ. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokunqanda umlilo wehlathi ekushiseni indlu yakho iwukuba ubhule umlilo owulawulayo futhi uwusebenzisele umlilo ovutha ungalawuleki.โ36 Lokhu kuhlasela emuva okulawulwayo kusho ukuvukela umbuso. Namuhla i-anti-environmentalism enonya, eboshelwe kwipolitiki ye-neo-fascist ebanzi exhumene nokubusa kwabamhlophe, iwumphumela ovuthayo kuyo yomibili imizamo yokulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nomnyakazo omkhulu wobulungiswa bezenhlalo nezemvelo.
Umsebenzi ophuthumayo ophambi kwethu kulezi zimo ezinzima wachazwa ngu-Eric S. Godoy no-Aaron Jaffe esiqeshini se-op-edNewYorkTimes ngo-Okthoba 2016, enesihloko esithi โAsiyidingi โImpiโ Yokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, Sidinga Inguquko.โ โNgokulandela u-Marx, ososayensi besimanje [bemvelo],โ kuphawula uGodoy noJaffe, baphenya โubudlelwano bethu obushintshayo nobungazinzile obuyingozi nemvelo. Abantu bawuhlobo oluhlukile ngoba sakha ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze silawule lokhu kudla, amanzi, indawo yokuhlala kanye nezidingo eziqinile.โ Kodwa iqiniso elikhudlwana lokungalingani kwezigaba nezenhlalo okuhlotshaniswa nonxiwankulu, lisho ukuthi โabacebile bangakwazi ukukhokhela ukwenyuka kwamanani okudla, umkhumbi ngamanzi amponjwana ngesikhathi sesomiso futhi bathuthe amabhizinisi nemizi lapho ulwandle lukhuphuka, kuyilapho labo abangenawo lawo malungelo benawo. izinketho ezimbalwa futhi bahlupheke ngokulingana.โ Umqondo ofanayo uyasebenza ekufinyeleleni kubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo nezinye izindlela zokuvikela imvelo. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu nezinye, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubeka engcupheni abacindezelwe nabampofu kuqalaโezizweni nasemhlabeni jikelele.
Okuwukuphela kwempendulo engase icatshangwe namuhla enhlekeleleni yeplanethi eyehlayo iwuguquko olubanzi lwezemvelo nenhlalo, lapho inani labantu lihlangana khona ukuze kuvikelwe ikusasa lesintu: impi yoguquko yomhlaba. Ku-Godoy no-Jaffe, umgomo โobalulekileโ kulokhu โukuthola ukulawula komphakathi phezu kokuqondisa okuyimfihlo, okuxhaphazayo kanye nokungabi nasibopho kwe-metabolism yemvelo yomuntu,โ okudale ukungezwani komzimba ebuhlotsheni bomphakathi weplanethi. Ukunqoba lolu qhekeko kudinga ukuvukela okukhulu emhlabeni wonke, okungakaze kubonwe umhlaba. Bathi, โuguquko oluluhlaza lwalungagxilisa ukugayeka kokudla kwemvelo yomuntu kanye nokuphikisa ugqozi lwenzuzo.โ Umgomo bekungaba โukuguqula ubudlelwano obulawula ukugayeka kokudla kwethu nemvelo, ubudlelwano manje obuvumela abanye ukuba benze inzuzo ngokwenqaba leli lungelo kwabanye.โ Ngokwalokhu kubuka, โI-Exxon kanye nokufihlwa kwayo kwesayensi yesimo sezulu akusona isitha kangako njengophawu olumangalisayo lwezinhlobo zokuziphatha ezimbi kakhulu ezikhiqizwa izinhlelo eziqhutshwa inzuzo. Isitha udlame olubangelwa ukuguquguquka kwezomnotho ngokobuhlanga, ubulili, ezombangazwe, umthetho kanye nemvelo ekhona.โ37
Ukuma kukaGodoy noJaffe kuhambisana kakhulu nengxabano ka-Klein Lokhu Kushintsha Konke. Ngemuva kokuphikwa kwesimo sezulu esilungile yiqiniso lezomnotho elilwa nempi yonxiwankulu emhlabeni, kudinga ukunqotshwa kohlelo. Ngaleyo ndlela okuwukuphela kwendlela yelungelo kanye nabavikeli bayo bobunxiwankulu kuze kube sekufeni ukuguqula okungokoqobo nokulahla isayensi. NjengoDostoevskyโs Underground Man, ilungelo โlihlanza ingqondo,โ lilahla โimithetho yemveloโ futhi โokubili ngokuphindwe kabili kuphindwe kane.โ38
Ilungelo kufanele liyiphike isayensi futhi licabange ngokuqondile ngoba likhomba isidingo soguquko olukhulu lwezenhlalo, ezomnotho, kanye nemvelo. UKlein ucaphuna isazi sesimo sezulu saseBrithani esiphambili uKevin Anderson we-Tyndall Institute for Climate Change Research, obhala ukuthi, โnamuhla, ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili yokungaqondi kahle nokuqamba amanga, isabelomali esisele sika-2ยฐC sidinga izinguquko zenguquko kwezombusazwe nezomnotho.โ Njengoba u-Klein esho, โamazinga enguquko enguquko ohlelweni lwemaketheโ โmanje aseyithemba lethu elingcono kakhulu lokugwema izinxushunxushu zesimo sezulu.โ39
Ukunyakaza kwesimo sezulu somhlaba okuhloswe ukulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kusho u-Klein, "kungaba amandla ashukumisayo esintwini," "Ukushaqeka Kwabantu, igalelo elivela ngaphansi," elisiphoqa ukuthi sidale ekugcineni umhlaba wokulingana kwezenhlalo nezomnotho onjalo. okudingeka kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla. Ugcizelela ngokufanelekile isisekelo esiqinile uqobo, ebeka ukholo lwakhe onqenqemeni oluphambili lwezishoshovu zesimo sezulu, ngendlela yena nabanye abakubiza ngokuthi โi-Blockadiaโโโindawo yezingxabano zamazwe ngamazweโ lapho izishoshovu zobulungiswa besimo sezulu kanye nemvelo, abantu bomdabu. , abasebenzi, amaSocialists, namanye amaqembu aphonsa imigoqo ukuze amelane nalolu hlelo.40
Isibonelo seBlockadia ngalo mqondo umshikashika wesibindi โwabavikeli bamanziโ boMdabu baseMelika kanye nabalingani baboโkuhlanganise namaqhawe amasosha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili afika ngezinsuku zokugcina ezonikeza โisihlangu somuntuโโe-Standing Rock eNyakatho Dakota ehlobo. kanye nekwindla ka-2016. Abavikeli bamanzi be-Standing Rock babekezelela amasonto odlame lombuso olufana nezimbangi zamanzi emazingeni okushisa aqandayo, izinhlamvu ezingabulali, nesisi esikhalisa izinyembezi, futhi baphumelela ukumisa, okungenani okwamanje, ukwakhiwa U-$3.8 billion we-Dakota Access Pipeline, uhlose ukwelula amamayela angaphezu kwenkulungwane ukusuka ezindaweni zokukhiqiza i-Bakken kanye ne-Three Forks eNyakatho Dakota, ukunqamula eNingizimu Dakota nase-Iowa, kanye nase-Illinois, ngenhloso yokuthutha imiphongolo kawoyela efika ku-570,000 ngosuku. Ipayipi lalidinga ukumba ngaphansi koMfula iMissouri, okusongela amanzi ngenxa yokuvuza okungenzeka kwamapayipi. Imvume yokumba yenqatshwe ngasekuqaleni kukaDisemba yibutho Lezempi Lonjiniyela, kodwa impi izophinde iqubuke maduze, njengoba abaphathi bakaTrump bengazange bakufihle ukuzimisela kwabo ukubona leli payipi liqedwa.41
I-Ecological Revolution enezigaba ezimbili
Imizamo yokuqala yezishoshovu zesimo sezulu esinamandla kule ngqungquthela yomlando igxile ekuvimbeni izinto zokubasa zamalahle nezimbiwa phansi ezingajwayelekile, njengezihlabathi zikawoyela, uwoyela oqinile, igesi ye-shale, i-oil shale, kanye nowoyela ovela emithonjeni ejulile yolwandle.42 Le ndlela isekelwe isu eliyinkimbinkimbi lokuphuma ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu elashiwo ngokucacile ngu-Hansen, ophikise ngokuthi ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi emphakathini wanamuhla kuyilapho kukhuthazwa ukushintshela emithonjeni yamandla engeyona yezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kuyadingeka. ukuze kwenyuswe intengo yezinto ezimbiwa phansi kakhulu ngohlelo lwe-carbon-fee-and-dividend. Ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo, imali ye-carbon, ebekwe futhi yahlanganiswa ngezigaba, izokhokhiswa emgodini wemayini, umthombo, noma indawo yokungenisa, futhi amaphesenti angu-100 ezimali eziqoqiwe azokwabiwa kabusha njengezabelo emindenini ngomuntu ngamunye. isisekelo. Umphumela uzoba ukuthi iningi labantu, abanezinyawo eziphansi zekhabhoni emazingeni aphansi emali engenayo, bazophuma phambili, ngisho nangaphansi kokucatshangwa ukuthi izinkampani zizodlula zonke izindleko ezikhokhwayo โ njengoba izindleko zizonke zezabelo zizokwehla. kulabo abanezinyawo zekhabhoni ephakeme kanye namazinga aphezulu emali engenayo. Ubuhle bohlelo luka-Hansen ukuthi luzosiza ukuhlanganisa isintu sisonke ngesisekelo sekilasi maqondana nezinyathelo zekhabhoni.
Kodwa-ke, inani eliphakeme lekhabhoni, u-Hansen ugcizelela ukuthi, ngokwalo alanele. Kuyadingeka futhi ukugxila kumafutha ekhabhoni ayingozi kakhulu, ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwawo. U-Hansen uphikisene ngokuthi ukhiye wanoma yiliphi isu lokuphuma kufanele ubeke phambili isinyathelo esiqondile okuhloswe ngaso ukuvala izitshalo zamalahle ezikhona, kanye nokumisa noma yiziphi izitshalo zamalahle ezintsha, kanye nokuvinjwa kwesihlabathi setiyela sase-Albertaโnjengoba uwoyela wamalahle nesihlabathi setiyela umele. amafutha angcolile kakhulu, anganqamula ngokushesha isabelomali sekhabhoni yomhlaba wonke. Ngokuvumelana necebo lakhe, u-Hansen usezibeke ocingweni futhi uboshiwe emibhikishweni emelene nowoyela wamalahle kanye nowetiyela.43
Noma kunjalo, isu lokuphuma lika-Hansen, nakuba linethonya ngaphakathi komnyakazo-ikakhulukazi ekubizeni kwalo isinyathelo esiqondile sokuvimba amalahle nokungavumelani-lenziwe buthaka ngenxa yokugcizelela kakhulu amanani e-carbon. U-Anderson uphikisene ngokuthi abacebile, abanezinyawo zekhabhoni ephakeme kakhulu, bangahlala bekwazi ukukhokha amanani entengo ekhabhoni aphezulu. Okusebenza kangcono kakhulu kungaba ukungenelela kukahulumeni okuqondile ukuze kusungulwe izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha intuthuko kumadivayisi asebenzisa amandla aphezulu. Lokhu akuyona inkinga yezobuchwepheshe, uveza, ngoba ubuchwepheshe bokonga amandla kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlukile bokusebenzisa amandla kakade bukhona, futhi ezimweni eziningi bungashintshwa ngokushesha ngezindleko zesikhathi eside ezincane emphakathini uwonke. Kusho ukuthi, nokho, ukubhekana โnombuso wezepolitiki nezomnothoโ wohlelo, okuhlanganisa ne-neoclassical economics, ethobela uhlelo lonxiwankulu.44
Konke lokhu kukhombisa ukuncishiswa kwezinketho zesintu nomhlaba. Ekuhlanganeni kwesimo sezulu samanje, uguquko olwaludingeka ngokomlando lwezemvelo nenhlalo, lapho isintu sisonke sizofuna ukuphinde sithathe umlando ezandleni zaso, kulokhu ukunqanda izinhlekelele ezizayo zesistimu engenangqondo, kuzodingeka ukubamba iqhaza izigaba ezimbili. Eyokuqala izobandakanya ukwakhiwa komfelandawonye obanzi, olandelwa i-Popular Front ngokumelene ne-fascism ngeminyaka yawo-1930 kanye nama-40s. I-Popular Front yanamuhla izodinga ukuthi iqondiswe ikakhulukazi ekubhekaneni ne-fossil-fuel-financial complex kanye nabalandeli bayo abashisekayo abaphiko lwesokudla. Kulesi sigaba sokuqala somzabalazo, kungenziwa izimfuno eziningi futhi kuvunyelwene kabanzi ngazo ngaphakathi kohlelo olukhonaโizindlela zokuqeda ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nemfucuza yezomnotho ngenkathi kugqugquzelwa nezidingo zenhlalo nezemveloโokuyinto, nakuba iphikisana nomqondo wemali, futhi ikakhulukazi. embonini yamafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, angeke kwenze umbuzo osheshayo ukuba khona kohlelo lonxiwankulu uqobo lwalo.45
Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, usongo lwe-capitalism emingceleni yeplanethi alukwazi ukuxazululwa ngezinguquko ze-stopgap, noma kunjalo, ezishiya izici eziyisisekelo zohlelo zingaguquki ngenkathi zeqa ubuhlobo bawo nezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Ingozi yemvelo yeplanethi ebangelwa ukuqoqwa kwemali enkulu ihlanganisa konke.46 Lokhu kusho ukuthi uguquko lwezemvelo kuzofanele ludlulele ekugcineni ezimpandeni zokukhiqiza uqobo, futhi kuzofanele luthathe uhlobo lwesistimu yokulingana okuqinile kubo bonke: inkululeko yobuhlanga, ubulili nokulingana kwe-LGBTQ, umphakathi ongenazigaba, ukuphela kwe-imperialism. , kanye nokuvikelwa komhlaba ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umzabalazo ufana nenhlangano ebheke kwi-socialism. Uma umzabalazo ushintsha kakhulu, uyanda amathuba okuba uqhamuke kulabo abanezidingo ezinkulu, kanjalo naseNingizimu yomhlaba. Kusemaphethelweni esistimu, kunokuba kube phakathi nendawo, lapho isintu singase sihlubuke khona ngendlela ekhona. Ngakho-ke ithemba namuhla lilele kuqala nokuyinhloko ekuvukeleni โkwabampofu bomhlaba,โ bevula imifantu enkabeni yesimiso ngokwaso.
Kodwa noma ngabe konke lokhu bekungaphumeleli, futhi amathemba ethu amanje engeke afezeke, njengoba umhlaba usuphokophele ekuguqukeni kweplanethi, bekuyohlala kuyiqiniso, njenganamuhla, ukuthi okuwukuphela kwempendulo ukuguquguquka kwemvelo nezenhlalo. Asikho isikhathi esilandelayo. Umlilo kulokhu.47
amanothi
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U-Hansen uqhubeka ebala ukuthi ukuze kwehliswe ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngamaphesenti angama-80 ngo-2050, njengoba amamodeli amanje edingeka kancane, kungadinga ukwehla okucishe kube ngamaphesenti ama-5 ngonyaka kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni (ngokwesisekelo sokuchayeka, noma samaphesenti angashintshi). Uma ukuncishiswa konyaka bekungafinyelelwa kusukela ngo-6, umhlaba ubungase ubuyele ku-2020 ppm wekhabhoni edingekayo emkhathiniโukube futhi ubungamunca amagigatonne ekhabhoni angama-350 emkhathini ngokusebenzisa amahlathi athuthukisiwe futhi imikhuba yezolimo. Amazwe acebile, aphezulu akhipha i-per-capita per-capita yilawo akwazi kakhulu ukuzuza ukuncipha kokuqala kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, ngoba yilapho โisithelo esilenga kancaneโ sitholakala khona ngokuyinhloko. UJames Hansen, "r,โ Januwari 11, 2017, http://columbia.edu. - ๏ตUMann noToles,I-Madhouse Effect, I-28, i-132.
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- ๏ตU-Paul M. Sweezy,Theory of Capitalist Development (ENew York: Oxford University Press, 1942), 348โ52; โUbunxiwankulu kanye Nemvelo,โ 8โ9.
- ๏ตI-alt-right, egibele phezulu kusukela okhethweni lukaTrump, ichazwe nguBuyekeza National njengenhlangano "yabamhlophe bezwe kanye nama-fascists." Ngeshwa, "ukufuna-ukuba" kubonakala kuncane futhi kungenasisekelo. UDavid French, "I-Race-Obsessed Left Ikhiphe Inunu Engakwazi Ukuyilawula, "Buyekeza National, January 26, 2016. IsiFulentshi sizama ukusola ukuphakama kwe-alt-right kanye ne-Trump kwesokunxele, kunokuba kwesokudla "ipolitiki yobunikazi obumhlophe."
- ๏ตUNaomi Klein,Lokhu Kushintsha Konke: I-Capitalism vs. Isimo Sezulu (E-New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014), 22, 38โ39.
- ๏ตBheka u-Oscar Reyes, "Imibimbi Eyisikhombisa Kudili Lesimo Sezulu laseParis,โ Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle Ekugxileni, Disemba 14, 2015, http://fpif.org; UKelly Levin noTaryn Fransen, "Kungani Izifundo ze-INDC Zifinyelela Izilinganiso Ezihlukile Zezinga Lokushisa?โ I-World Resources Institute, Novemba 9, 2015, http://wri.org/blog.
- ๏ตUkukhishwa kwekhabhoni yase-US kwase kwehle ngamaphesenti ayi-13 phakathi kuka-2005 no-2013, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusuka emalahleni ngesikhathi kuya ekuqhumeni kwe-fracking, okwenza icebo lika-Obama libe lincane kakhulu kunalokho elalibonakala. Bona i- Umbiko Wezomnotho KaMongameli wezi-2017 (Washington, D.C.: Ihhovisi Likahulumeni Lokushicilela lase-U.S.), 423โ82; UMark Hertsgaard, "Ukuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu,"Nation, January 2 no-9, 2017, 72; UBrad Plumer, "Umhlahlandlela Wemithetho Emisha Ka-Obama Yokunciphisa Ukukhishwa Kwekhabhoni Ezitshalweni Zamandla,โ Vox, June 1, 2014, http://vox.com; UDavid Biello, "Luhamba Kangakanani Uhlelo Oluhlanzekile Lwamandla Ka-Obama Ekunciphiseni Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu?โ I-Scientific American, Agasti 6, 2015.
- ๏ตI-2017 Economic Report, 448, 472, 483. Engxoxweni engakwesokunxele nge-CCP ka-Obama kanye namasu aqinile, bheka i-Christian Parenti, "Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu: Iyiphi Indima Yezinguquko?โ kanye nabahleli, โImpendulo Kumzali, "Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga 65, no. 11 (April 2014): 49-55.
- ๏ตTony Dokoupil, "Inqubomgomo Ka-Obama Yesimo Sezulu 'Ayinamsebenzi Ngempela,' kusho uchwepheshe,โ MSNBC, Agasti 4, 2015.
- ๏ตLena ithisisi ethuthukisiwe kuHans-Werner Sinn,I-Green Paradox (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012).
- ๏ตUHenry Fountain no-Erica Goode, "UTrump Unezinketho Zokuhlehlisa Ifa Lika-Obama Lesimo Sezulu, "New York Times, Novemba 25, 2016.
- ๏ตEwan Palmer, "50 Ezinye Izikhathi UDonald Trump Unqabile Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Nokufudumala Kwembulunga yonke,โ I-International Business Times, Septhemba 27, 2016, http://ibtimes.co.uk.
- ๏ตUHenry Fountain, "I-Climate Contrarian kaTrump: UMyron Ebel Uthatha i-EPA, "New York Times, November 11, 2016; Matt Shuham, "Umeluleki KaTrump: Ukufudumala Kwembulunga Yonke Kungaphikiswa Njengethiyori Yomhlaba Oyicaba,โ Talking Points Memo, December 14, 2016, http://talkingpointsmemo.com; UMazin Sidahmed,"Ukuphika Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu kuKhabhinethi kaTrump: Bamiphi Abaqokiwe?"Guardian, December 15, 2016; UTim Murphy, "Impi kaRick Perry Yesayensi, "umama Jones, December 13, 2016; Lee Fang, "Wenza Imikhankaso Yokwesabisa Emelene Nososayensi Besimo Sezulu; Manje Usiza uTrump Ukwenza kabusha i-EPA,โ The Intercept, December 9, 2016, http://theintercept.com; UDan Vergano, "Ummeli we-Trump Transition Uchithe Iminyaka Emangalela Ama-imeyili Wesimo Sezulu,โ Buzzfeed, Disemba 13, 2016, http://buzzfeed.com; UMichael E. Mann,I-Hockey Stick kanye Nezimpi Zezulu (ENew York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 367-68; U-Nick Surgey, "Kwembulwe: Uhlelo Lwezamandla Lokuphathwa kukaTrump,โ PR Watch, December 4, 2016, http://prwatch.org; USteven Mufson, "Ithimba likaTrump leNqubomgomo Yamandla Amandla Lihlanganisa Ongabaza Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu, Ummeli Wemakethe Yamahhala, "Washington Post, November 29, 2016; UScott Pruitt noLuther Strange, "Igenge Yokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu, "Buyekeza National, May 17, 2016; UJohn Cook, "Yebo, Kukhona Ngempela Ukuvumelana Kwesayensi Ngokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu,โ I-Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April 13, 2016, http://thebulletin.org; UCharlie Rose, "UCharlie Rose ukhuluma noRex Tillerson we-ExxonMobil,โ Bloomberg, March 7, 2013, http://bloomberg.com.
- ๏ตCoral Davenport, "Izingxoxo Zokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Ziqondiswe Ohlwini Lwemibuzo Emnyangweni Wezamandla, "New York Times, December 9, 2016; UChris Mooney noJuliet Eilperin, "I-Trump Transition ithi Isicelo Samagama Ososayensi Besimo Sezulu 'Asizange Sigunyazwe,'"Washington Post, Disemba 14, 2016.
- ๏ตMatthew Philips, Mark Drajem, kanye noJennifer A. Dlouhy, โIndlela Imithetho Yesimo Sezulu Engase Ishabalale Ngayo,โ Bloomberg, December 15, 2016; Mufson, "Ithimba likaTrump leNqubomgomo Yamandla Amandla Lihlanganisa Ukungabaza Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu."
- ๏ตUDana Nuccitelli, "UTrump kanye ne-GOP Bangase Bazame Ukucwaninga Kwesimo Sezulu, "Guardian, Novemba 30, 2016.
- ๏ตUJames Hansen, "Idili Langempela: Usufruct kanye neGorilla,โ I-DeSmogBlog, Agasti 16, 2007, http://desmogblog.com; UMark Bowen,Isayensi Yokuhlola (ENew York: Penguin, 2008), 303-04.
- ๏ตU-Naomi Oreskes no-Erik M. Conway,Abahwebi Ukungabaza (E-New York: Bloomsbury, 2011).
- ๏ตThomas Heath, "Ukuthi Ubumongameli bakaTrump buzozithinta kanjani izimboni eziyi-15, "Washington Post, November 12, 2016; UMichelle Conlin, "Okukhethekile: UTrump Ucabangela uFracking Mogul Harold Hamm njengoNobhala Wezamandla,โ I-Reuters, July 21, 2016; UJames Delingpole, "UTrump: Abakwesobunxele Bavele Balahlekelwe Impi Yokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu,โ Breitbart, Novemba 9, 2016, http://breitbart.com.
- ๏ตPeter Andreas, "Yebo, uTrump Uzokwakha Udonga Lwakhe Lomngcele. Iningi Lalo Selakhiwe,โWashington Post Ibhulogi yeMonkey Cage, Novemba 21, 2016; UPeter Schwartz noDoug Randall, Isimo Esiguqukayo Sesimo Sezulu kanye Nemiphumela Yaso Kwezokuphepha Kwezwe lase-United States (Pasadena, CA: California Institute of Technology, 2003); UJohn Bellamy Foster, I-Ecological Revolution (E-New York: Iphephandaba Lokubuyekeza Inyanga, 2009), 107โ20.
- ๏ตA. B. Spellman, "Ingxoxo noMalcolm X, "Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga 16, no. 1 (May 1964): 23.
- ๏ตU-Eric S. Godoy no-Aaron Jaffe, โAsiyidingi โImpiโ Yokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, Sidinga Inguquko, "New York Times, Okthoba 31, 2016.
- ๏ตUFyodor Dostoevsky,Amanothi avela Underground (ENew York: Vintage, 1993), 13; U-Paul A. Baran, Ukubuka Okude (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969), 104. Inkulumo ethi โukuhlanza ingqondoโ ithathwe encazelweni kaBaran yokwenqaba koMntu Ongaphansi Komhlaba โimithetho yemveloโ: kanye nokuthi โokubili ngokuphindwe kabili kunesine.โ
- ๏ตKlein,Lokhu Kushintsha Konke, 56, 449; Kevin Anderson, "Kungani Izintengo Zekhabhoni Zingakwazi Ukuletha Ithagethi engu-2ยฐC,โ Agasti 13, 2013, http://kevinanderson.info/blog.
- ๏ตKlein,Lokhu Kushintsha Konke, 7-10, 294.
- ๏ตULauren Regan, "Abavikeli Bamanzi Bafaka Isinyathelo Sekilasi Sezinyathelo Zokuziphindiselela kanye Nokucindezela Okudlulele Kwamaphoyisa Ane-Brutal,โ I-Civil Liberties Defence Centre, November 28, 2016, http://cldc.org; โUmugqa Wesikhathi Wezindaba Wokumelana Kwabavikeli Bamanzi Bama-Rock Okumile Kulayini Wokufinyelela wase-Dakota,โ Daily Kos, October 11, 2016, http://dailykos.com; Wes Enzinna, "I-Crude Awakening,"umama Jones (JanuwariโFebruwari 2017): 32โ37; UJack Healy, "Njengoba Ipayipi LaseNyakatho Dakota Livinjiwe, Omakadebona e-Standing Rock Cheer, "New York Times, Disemba 5, 2016.
- ๏ตAmafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi angajwayelekile ngokuvamile angcolile, njengasezindaweni zamatshe anamafutha kanye ne-oil shale. Kwezinye izimo, zimelela ukwanda okukhulu kokutholakala kwamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansiโnjengakuwoyela oqinile negesi ye-shale (nge-fracking), nemithombo kawoyela ejule kakhulu, ikakhulukazi e-Arctic, manje evuleleka ekuhloleni uwoyelaโokuwukuthi bayifaka. ukuphela kwanoma yikuphi ukulindela kwanoma yikuphi โukuphakamaโ kwamafutha ezinsalela ngesikhathi ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezela kwesimo sezulu. I-Fracking ibuye ihlotshaniswe nokuvuza kwe-methane, okwenza kube kubi nakakhulu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi u-Hansen ngokwakhe ubona amandla enuzi esizukulwane sesine (angakathuthukisiwe ngokugcwele) njengendlela engenzeka, umthombo wamandla ongewona we-carbon, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kube yingxenye yempendulo yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungaba isivumelwano se-Faustian, esiphakamisa inqwaba yokukhathazeka ngesintu kanye nemvelo.
- ๏ตUJohn Bellamy Foster, "James Hansen kanye Nesu Lokuphuma Lokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, "Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga 64, nxa. 9 (Februwari 2013): 1-18; Abakhulisa izingane ekungezona ezabo, "I-Fossil Fuels War, "Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga 65, nxa. 4 (Septhemba 2013): 4-5; Bowen,Isayensi Yokuhlola, 305.
- ๏ตAnderson, "Kungani Izintengo Zekhabhoni Zingakwazi Ukudiliva."
- ๏ตBheka uFred Magdoff noJohn Bellamy Foster, Lokho Wonke Umuntu Wezemvelo Odinga Ukukwazi Nge-Capitalism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011), 124โ31; Angus,Ukubhekana Ne-Anthropocene, 189-223.
- ๏ตBheka, ngokwesibonelo, usongo olunezici eziningi ubunxiwankulu obuletha ezilwandle nasezindaweni zasolwandle, njengoba kuboniswe kuStefano B. Longo, Rebecca Clausen, kanye noBrett Clark,Inhlekelele Yempahla: Izilwandle, Izinhlanzi, kanye Nezasemanzini(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2015).
- ๏ตโUma manje singalokothi silokothe โโkukho konke, ukugcwaliseka kwaleso siprofetho, esadalwa kabusha eBhayibhelini ngengoma yesigqila, kuphezu kwethu: โUNkulunkulu wanika uNowa isibonakaliso sothingo, Ngeke esaba manzi, umlilo ngokuzayo.โโ UJames Baldwin,Umlilo Ngokuzayo (ENew York: Dial, 1963), 105-06.
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Ngakho-ke, ukufingqa, kufanele simbonge uTrump ngokudonsela ukunaka kwabezindaba - ngokuphika - ubufakazi obungenakuphikwa bokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okuzayo. Ngokwamukela kabusha igama elithi โglobal warmingโ esikhundleni sokuthatha indawo ye-Bush-eddict โukuguquka kwesimo sezuluโ - okwalandelwa ngokufanelekile nguMnu yebo-besingamthola uBarack Obama phakathi nesikhathi sakhe seminyaka eyi-8 - uTrump usekwenzile. ukusindisa iplanethi kuno-Obama. Uhlaka luyikho konke. U-Obama uwudlalile umdlalo futhi akazange aphume esikriphweni. UTrump akafundi imibhalo. Lona akulona elokuqala, futhi ngeke kube elokugcina, ikati alikhipha esikhwameni se-PR.