Umhlaba wama umile eminyakeni engama-50 edlule phakathi nesonto lokugcina lika-Okthoba, kusukela ngesikhathi lapho ezwa khona ukuthi iSoviet Union yayibeke imicibisholo ehlome ngezikhali zenuzi eCuba kwaze kwaba yilapho le nkinga isiphela ngokusemthethweni - nakuba ingaziwa emphakathini, ngokusemthethweni kuphela.
Isithombe somhlaba simile siwukuthi ukuphenduka kwebinzana ka-Sheldon Stern, isazi-mlando sangaphambili e-John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, owashicilela inguqulo egunyaziwe yamakhasethi emihlangano ye-ExComm lapho u-Kennedy kanye nendilinga eseduze yabeluleki babephikisana ngokuthi bangasabela kanjani kule nkinga. Leyo mihlangano yaqoshwa ngasese ngumongameli, okungase kuhambisane neqiniso lokuthi ukuma kwakhe kuzo zonke izikhathi ezirekhodiwe kusezingeni eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye ababambiqhaza, ababengazi ukuthi bakhuluma nomlando.
I-Stern ine ishicilelwe nje ukubuyekezwa okufinyelelekayo nokunembayo kwaleli rekhodi ledokhumenti elibaluleke kakhulu, eligcine lingahlukanisiwe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990. Ngizokugcina lokho lapha. โAkukaze kwenzeke ngaphambili noma kusukela ngaleso sikhathi,โ ephetha, โukusinda kwempucuko yabantu kube sengozini emasontweni ambalwa ezingxoxo eziyingozi,โ okwafinyelela umvuthwandaba โngesonto izwe owama ngalo.โ
Kwakunesizathu esihle sokukhathazeka komhlaba wonke. Impi yenuzi yayiseduze kakhulu, impi eyayingase โicekele phansi iNyakatho Nenkabazwe,โ uMongameli uDwight Eisenhower wayexwayise. Ukwahlulela kukaKennedy kwakuwukuthi amathuba empi ayengase afinyelele ku-50%. Izilinganiso zaba phezulu njengoba ukungqubuzana kufinyelela umvuthwandaba kanye โnohlelo oluyimfihlo lwenhlekelele lokuqinisekisa ukusinda kukahulumeni kuyaqala ukusebenzaโ eWashington, njengoba kuchazwe intatheli uMichael Dobbs kumdayisi wakhe ocwaningwe kahle ngale nhlekelele (yize engakwenzi lokhoโ t ukuchaza ukuthi kungani kungaba nephuzu elikhulu ekwenzeni kanjalo, uma kubhekwa uhlobo lwempi yenuzi engenzeka).
U-Dobbs ucaphuna u-Dino Brugioni, "ilungu elibalulekile lethimba le-CIA eliqapha ukwakhiwa kwemicibisholo yaseSoviet," ongazange abone indlela yokuphuma ngaphandle "kwempi nokubhujiswa okuphelele" njengoba iwashi lithuthela ku-"umzuzu owodwa kuya phakathi kwamabili,โ isihloko sencwadi yakhe. Umngane oseduze kaKennedy, isazi-mlando u-Arthur Schlesinger, wachaza lezi zenzakalo ngokuthi โisikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu.โ UNobhala Wezokuvikela uRobert McNamara wazibuza ephimisela ukuthi "uzophila yini ukuze abone omunye uMgqibelo ebusuku," futhi kamuva wabona ukuthi "siphumelele" - ngokulambisa.
โIsikhathi Esiyingozi Kakhuluโ
Ukubhekisisa lokho okwenzekile kwengeza izinkulumo ezimbi kulezi zahlulelo, nezibuyekezo esikhathini samanje.
Kunamakhandidethi amaningana "esikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu." Olunye lungomhla zingama-27 kuMfumfu, lapho ababhubhisi base-US ababephoqelela ukuvalelwa kwabantu endaweni ezungeze iCuba babekhipha amacala ajulile emikhumbi-ngwenya yaseSoviet. Ngokokulandisa kweSoviet, okwabikwa i-National Security Archive, abaphathi bemikhumbi-ngwenya โbabemangele ngokwanele ukuba bakhulume ngokudubula iziqhumane zenuzi, iziqhumane zazo ezingamakhiloton angu-15 zazilingana nebhomu elacekela phansi iHiroshima ngo-August 1945.โ
Kwesinye isigameko, isinqumo esibikiwe sokuhlanganisa i-torpedo yenuzi yokulungela impi sachithwa ngomzuzu wokugcina nguCaptain Wesibili uVasili Arkhipov, okungenzeka ukuthi usindise umhlaba enhlekeleleni yenuzi. Akungabazeki ukuthi ukusabela kwe-US bekungaba yini ukube i-torpedo ixoshiwe, noma ukuthi amaRussia abezosabela kanjani njengoba izwe labo likhuphuka lishunqa intuthu.
U-Kennedy wayesesimemezele kakade isexwayiso esiphezulu kakhulu senuzi esizokwethulwa (i-DEFCON 2), esagunyaza โindiza ye-NATO enabashayeli baseTurkeyโฆ [noma abanye] ... ngokuvumelana ne umhlaziyi wamasu weNyuvesi yase-Harvard u-Graham Allison, ebhala kujenali enkulu yokusungulwa Izindaba Zangaphandle.
Omunye ozokhethwa ngu-Okthoba 26. Lolo suku lukhethwe โnjengesikhathi esiyingozi kakhuluโ ngumshayeli wendiza i-B-52 u-Major Don Clawson, owashayela enye yalezo zindiza ze-NATO futhi enikeza incazelo ephakamisa izinwele yemininingwane yemishini ye-Chrome Dome (CD) ngesikhathi senhlekelele โ โ Ama-B-52 asemoyeniโ anezikhali zenuzi โagibele futhi alungele ukusetshenziswa.โ
Ngomhla zingama-26 kuMfumfu kwakuwusuku lapho โisizwe sasiseduze kakhulu nempi yenuzi,โ ubhala โkumazwi akhe angenanhlonipho omshayeli wendiza ye-Air Force,โ Ingabe Yilokho Iqembu Okufanele Likwazi? Ngalolo suku, uClawson ngokwakhe wayesethubeni elihle lokuqalisa inhlekelele engase ibe nesiphetho. Uphethe ngokuthi, โSibe nenhlanhla yokuthi asizange siqhumise umhlaba - futhi akukho sibonga ubuholi bezepolitiki noma bezempi baleli zwe.
Amaphutha, ukudideka, izingozi eziseduze, kanye nokungaqondi kahle kobuholi uClawson abikayo kuyamangaza ngokwanele, kodwa akukho okufana nemithetho yokusebenza yokulawula nokulawula - noma ukuntuleka kwayo. Njengoba uClawson elandisa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe phakathi nohambo lwama-CD lwamahora angu-15 angu-24 alindizela, ngangokunokwenzeka, abaphathi abasemthethweni โbabengenalo ikhono lokuvimbela iqembu elikhohlakele noma ilungu leqembu ukuthi lihlome futhi lidedele izikhali zabo ze-thermonuclear,โ noma imbala. ekusakazeni umkhankaso owawuzokhipha โwonke umbutho we-Airborne Alert ngaphandle kokuthi ukhumbuleke.โ Lapho izisebenzi sezihamba emoyeni ziphethe izikhali ze-thermonuclear, uyabhala, โbekungenzeka ukuthi bahlome baziwise zonke ngaphandle kokunye okuphuma phansi. Kwakungekho inhibitor kunoma yiziphi izinhlelo. โ
Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamandla aphelele ayesemoyeni, ngokusho kukaGeneral David Burchinal, umqondisi wezinhlelo ku-Air Staff ekomkhulu le-Air Force. I-Strategic Air Command (SAC), ephethe ngokobuchwepheshe, ibonakala inamandla amancane okulawula. Futhi ngokokulandisa kukaClawson, i-Civil Command Authority Authority yagcinwa ebumnyameni yi-SAC, okusho ukuthi โabanqumayoโ be-ExComm ababezindla ngesiphetho somhlaba babazi okuncane nakakhulu. Umlando womlomo kaGeneral Burchinal awugcini nje ngokukhulisa izinwele, futhi uveza ukwedelela okukhulu komyalo wabantu. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukuthunjwa kweRussia akuzange kube nokungabaza. Imisebenzi ye-CD yayiklanyelwe ukwenza kucace kubantu baseRussia ukuthi bebengaqhudelani ngisho nokuqhudelana kwezempi, futhi bebengacekelwa phansi ngokushesha.
Kusukela kumarekhodi e-ExComm, i-Stern iphetha ngokuthi, ngo-Okthoba 26, uMongameli uKennedy "wayencike empini yokuqeda imicibisholo" eCuba, ukuze kulandelwe ukuhlasela, ngokusho kwezinhlelo zePentagon. Kwaba sobala ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi lesi senzo sasingase siholele empini ebulalayo, isiphetho esaqiniswa ngezambulo zakamuva zokuthi izikhali zenuzi ezihlakaniphile zase zisetshenzisiwe nokuthi amabutho aseRussia ayemakhulu kakhulu kunobunhloli base-US.
Njengoba imihlangano ye-ExComm isiya ngasekupheleni ngo-6 ntambama ngomhla ka-26, kwafika incwadi evela kuNdunankulu waseSoviet u-Nikita Khrushchev, ithunyelwe ngokuqondile kuMongameli uKennedy. โUmyalezo wakhe wawubonakala ucacile,โ kubhala uStern: โimicibisholo yayizosuswa uma i-US ithembisa ukuthi ngeke ihlasele iCuba.โ
Ngakusasa, ngo-10 ekuseni, umongameli waphinda wavula ikhasethi eyimfihlo. Ufunde ngokuzwakalayo umbiko wenkonzo yocingo ayesanda kunikwa wona: โUNdunankulu uKhrushchev utshele uMongameli uKennedy emlayezo namuhla ukuthi uzohoxisa izikhali ezihlaselayo eCuba uma i-United States ihoxisa amarokhethi ayo eTurkeyโ - imicibisholo yeJupiter enezikhali zenuzi. Ngokushesha umbiko waqinisekiswa.
Yize ikomiti yamukelwe njengebhawodi elingalindelekile elivela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, empeleni bekulindelekile: "Besazi ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka isonto lonke," uKennedy wabatshela. Ukwenqaba ukuvunyelwa umphakathi kwakuyoba nzima, waqaphela. Lena kwakuyimicibisholo ecitshwayo ephelelwe yisikhathi, kakade ehlelelwe ukuhoxiswa, maduze nje izothathelwa indawo yimikhumbi-ngwenya ye-Polaris eyingozi kakhulu futhi engenakuvinjelwa. U-Kennedy waqaphela ukuthi uzoba yingxenye "akunakusekelwa isikhundla uma lokhu kuba isiphakamiso [sikaKhrushchev],โ kokubili ngenxa yokuthi imicibisholo yaseTurkey yayingenamsebenzi futhi yayihoxiswa noma kunjalo, futhi ngoba โkuzoba - kunoma yimuphi umuntu weZizwe Ezihlangene nanoma yimuphi omunye. okunengqondo ndoda, kuzobukeka njengokuhweba okuhle kakhulu. "
Ukugcina Amandla Ase-US Engavinjelwe
Ngakho-ke abahleli babhekane nenkinga enkulu. Babephethe iziphakamiso ezimbili ezihluke ngandlela-thile ezivela eKhrushchev zokuqeda usongo lwempi eyinhlekelele, futhi ngayinye ingabonakala kunoma yimuphi โumuntu onengqondoโ njengohwebo olunobulungiswa. Indlela-ke yokusabela?
Okunye okwakungase kube ukuphefumula umoya wokuthi impucuko ingasinda futhi izamukele ngokulangazela zombili lezi zithembiso; ukumemezela ukuthi i-US izobambelela emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe futhi isuse noma yikuphi usongo lokuhlasela iCuba; kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili ukuhoxiswa kwemicibisholo engasasebenzi eTurkey, kuqhubeke njengoba bekuhleliwe ukuthuthukisa usongo lwenuzi ngokumelene neSoviet Union lube lukhulu kakhulu - okuyingxenye kuphela, okuyingxenye yokuzungeza umhlaba wonke kweRussia. Kodwa kwakungacabangeki lokho.
Isizathu esiyisisekelo sokuthi kungani kungacatshangwa umcabango onjalo sichazwe nguMeluleki Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke uMcGeorge Bundy, owake waba ngumphathi we-Harvard nobedume ngokuba yinkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu emkhathini weCamelot. Umhlaba, wagcizelela ukuthi, kufanele uqonde ukuthi โ[t]usongo lwamanje lokuthula hhayi eTurkey, ingenile Cuba,โ lapho imicibisholo yayiqondiswe e-US Ibutho elicitshwayo lase-US elinamandla kakhulu eliqeqeshelwe isitha saseSoviet esibuthaka kakhulu futhi esisengozini enkulu lalingenakubhekwa njengosongo lokuthula, ngoba Silungile, njengabantu abaningi eNtshonalanga yenkabazwe. nangale kwalokho bangafakaza - phakathi kwabanye abaningi, izisulu ze- impi yamaphekula eqhubekayo ukuthi i-US ngaleso sikhathi yayilwa neCuba, noma labo abakhukhula โumkhankaso wenzondoโ emazweni ama-Arabhu okwamxaka kakhulu u-Eisenhower, nakuba kwakungewona uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke, owawuchaza ngokucacile.
Yebo, umbono wokuthi i-US kufanele ivinjelwe umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wawuhlekisa kakhulu ukuthi ufanelwe ukucatshangelwa. Njengoba kuchazwe muva nje ngumhlaziyi ohlonishwayo we-left-liberal u-Matthew Yglesias, โomunye wemisebenzi esemqoka yohlelo lwezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe uku okusemthethweni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezempi abulalayo ngamagunya asentshonalangaโ - okusho ukuthi i-US - ukuze "ingenangqondo ngendlela emangalisayo," empeleni "iwubuwula," ukuphakamisa ukuthi kufanele ithobele umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe noma ezinye izimo esizibekela abangenamandla. Lokhu bekuwukuvezwa okungagwegwesi nokwamukelekayo kokuqagela okusebenzayo, okuthathwe kalula yi-ExComm assemblage.
Engxoxweni eyalandela, umongameli wagcizelela ukuthi sizoba โsesimeni esibiโ uma sikhetha ukuqala impi yamazwe ngamazwe ngokwenqaba iziphakamiso ezingabonakala zinengqondo kwabasindile (uma zikhona ezinakayo). Lesi simo โesingokoqoboโ sasicishe sifinyelele lapho ukucatshangelwa kokuziphatha kungafinyelelwa.
Ekubuyekezeni amadokhumenti asanda kukhishwa mayelana nokwesaba kwenkathi ka-Kennedy, isazi saseLatin America sase-Harvard University u-Jorge Domรญnguez uyabona, โKukanye kuphela kula makhasi emibhalo ecishe ibe inkulungwane lapho isikhulu sase-United States saphakamisa okuthile okufana nokuphikisa okuncane kokuziphatha kobuphekula obuxhaswe uhulumeni wase-USโ: ilungu lezisebenzi zoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke lasikisela ukuthi ukuhlasela โokungenangqondo nokubulala abangenacala . . . kungase kusho ukucindezela okubi emazweni athile anobungane.โ
Izimo zengqondo ezifanayo zazikhona kuzo zonke izingxoxo zangaphakathi phakathi nenhlekelele yezikhali ezicitshwayo, njengalapho uRobert Kennedy exwayisa ngokuthi ukuhlasela kweCuba ngokugcwele โkuzobulala abantu abaningi kakhulu, futhi sizothatha ukushisa okubi kakhulu kukho. โ Futhi ziphumelela kuze kube manje, ngokuhlukile kuphela okungavamile, njengoba kubhalwe kalula.
Besingahle "sisesimweni esibi kakhulu" ukube umhlaba ubuwazi kabanzi ngalokho okwakwenziwa yi-US ngaleso sikhathi. Muva nje kusanda kufunda ukuthi, ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambili, i-US yayifake ngasese imicibisholo e-Okinawa efana naleyo amaRussia ayezoyithumela eCuba. Lokhu bekuqondiswe eChina ngesikhathi sokungezwani kwesifunda. Kuze kube yilolu suku, i-Okinawa isalokhu iyisizinda samasosha ase-US esicasulayo ngenxa yokuphikisa okubuhlungu kwezakhamuzi zakhona, okwamanje, ezingenalo umdlandla ngakho. ukuthunyelwa wezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ze-V-22 Osprey ezivame ukuba nengozi eziya esikhungweni samasosha sase-Futenma, esisenkabeni yesikhungo sedolobha esinabantu abaningi.
Ukungahloniphi Okuyinhlese Kwemibono Yesintu
Izingxoxo ezalandela ziyembula, kodwa ngizozibeka eceleni lapha. Nangempela bafinyelela esiphethweni. I-US yathembisa ukuhoxisa imicibisholo engasasebenzi eTurkey, kodwa yayingeke ikwenze lokho esidlangalaleni noma ibhale lokho okunikezwayo: kwakubalulekile ukuthi i-Khrushchev ibonakale ibamba iqhaza. Isizathu esithakazelisayo sanikezwa, futhi samukelwa njengesizwakalayo nge-scholarship kanye nokuhlaziya. Njengoba u-Dobbs ebeka, "Uma kubonakala sengathi i-United States idiliza izisekelo zemicibisholo ngokuhlangene, ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela eSoviet Union, umfelandawonye we-[NATO] ungase uqhekeke" - noma ukuphindaphinda ngokunembe kakhudlwana, uma i-US ishintsha imicibisholo engenamsebenzi. ngosongo oluyingozi kakhulu, njengoba seluhleliwe, ekuhwebeni neRussia ukuthi noma yimuphi "umuntu onengqondo" angakubheka njengokulungile kakhulu, khona-ke umfelandawonye we-NATO ungaqhekeka.
Ukuqiniseka, lapho iRussia ihoxisa okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuvimbela iCuba ekuhlaseleni okuqhubekayo kwe-US - ngokusongela okukhulu ukuqhubeka nokuhlasela okusemoyeni - futhi isuka buthule endaweni yesigameko, abaseCuba babezocasuka (njengoba, empeleni, ngokuqondakalayo. babe). Kodwa lokho ukuqhathanisa okungalungile ngezizathu ezijwayelekile: singabantu ababalulekile, kuyilapho bemane โbengabantu abangebona abantu,โ ukuze bavumelanise umusho owusizo ka-George Orwell.
U-Kennedy uphinde wenza isifungo esingakahleleki sokuthi ngeke ahlasele iCuba, kodwa ngemibandela: hhayi nje ukuhoxiswa kwemicibisholo, kodwa futhi nokuqedwa, noma okungenani "ukuncipha okukhulu," kwanoma yikuphi ukuba khona kwezempi yaseRussia. (Ngokungafani neTurkey, emingceleni yaseRussia, lapho kungacatshangelwa lutho olunjalo.) Lapho iCuba ingaseyona โikamu elihlomile,โ khona-ke โmhlawumbe besingeke sihlasele,โ esho amazwi kamongameli. Wengeze ngokuthi, uma inethemba lokuthi izokhululeka ekusongelweni kokuhlasela kwe-US, iCuba kumele iqede โukuketula kwezombusazweโ (ibinzana likaStern) eLatin America. "Ukuketulwa kwezombusazwe" bekulokhu kuyindikimba engaguquki iminyaka, eyasetshenziswa ngokwesibonelo lapho u-Eisenhower eketula uhulumeni wasephalamende waseGuatemala futhi ephonsa lelo zwe elihlukunyeziwe kwalasha lapho elisazophuma khona. Izimpi ezinonya zamaphekula eMelika Emaphakathi ngeminyaka yawo-1980. โUkuketula kwezepolitikiโ kwaseCuba kwakuhlanganisa ukusekelwa kwalabo abamelana nokuhlaselwa kokubulawa kwe-US kanye nemibuso yamakhasimende ayo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi mhlawumbe - ukwesabeka okwesabekayo - ukuhlinzeka ngezikhali kwabahlukunyeziwe.
Ukusetshenziswa kujwayelekile. Ngakho, ngo-1955, i-Joint Chiefs of Staff yayichaze โizinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo zobudlova.โ Esokuqala kwaba ukuhlasela kuhlonyiwe ukuwela umngcele, okungukuthi, ubudlova njengoba kuchazwe emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe. Okwesibili โkwakuwukuhlasela okusobala okuhlomile okuvela endaweni ngayinye yezifundazwe ezizimele,โ njengalapho amabutho abashokobezi elwa nombuso owawusekelwa noma obekwe iWashington, nakuba kungenjalo lapho โabalweli benkululekoโ bemelana nesitha esisemthethweni. Okwesithathu: โUbudlova ngaphandle kokuhloma, okungukuthi, impi yezombangazwe, noma ukuketula umbuso.โ Isibonelo esiyinhloko ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyiNingizimu yeVietnam, lapho i-United States yayivikela abantu abakhululekile "ekuhlaselweni kwangaphakathi," njengoba Inxusa likaKennedy le-UN u-Adlai Stevenson lachaza - "ekuhlaselweni okuvela ngaphakathi" emazwini kamongameli.
Nakuba le mibono igxile kakhulu emfundisweni ekhona kangangokuthi ingabonakali, ngezinye izikhathi ichazwa embhalweni ogciniwe wangaphakathi. Endabeni yaseCuba, uMkhandlu Wokuhlela Inqubomgomo YoMnyango Wezwe wachaza ukuthi "ingozi enkulu esibhekene nayo eCastro ... emthelela ubukhona bombuso wakhe obunawo phezu kweqembu lamanxele emazweni amaningi aseLatin Americaโฆ Iqiniso elimsulwa ukuthi uCastro imelela ukudelela okuphumelelayo kwe-US, ukuphikiswa kwayo yonke inqubomgomo yethu ye-hemispheric cishe ikhulu leminyaka nengxenye,โ njengoba i-Monroe Doctrine yamemezela inhloso yeWashington, eyayingenakufezeka ngaleso sikhathi, yokubusa i-Western Hemisphere.
Akuwona amaRussia angaleso sikhathi, kodwa ilungelo lokubusa, isimiso esiholayo senqubomgomo yezangaphandle etholakala cishe yonke indawo, nakuba ngokuvamile sifihlwe ngokwemibandela yokuzivikela: phakathi neminyaka yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ngokuvamile ngokubiza โusongo lwaseRussia,โ ngisho nalapho amaRussia. babengabonakali ndawo. Isibonelo sokungeniswa okuhle kwesimanje sivezwa kokubalulekile kwesazi sase-Iran u-Ervand Abrahamianincwadi ezayo wokuketulwa umbuso kwe-US-UK okwaketula umbuso wephalamende wase-Iran ngo-1953. Ngokuhlola ngokucophelela amarekhodi angaphakathi, ubonisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ama-akhawunti ajwayelekile awakwazi ukugcinwa. Izimbangela eziyinhloko kwakungekona ukukhathazeka ngeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, noma ukungabi nangqondo kwe-Iranian okwabukela phansi โizinhloso ezinhleโ zeWashington, noma ngisho nokufinyelela kuwoyela noma inzuzo, kodwa kunalokho kwakuyindlela i-US eyayifuna ngayo โukulawula konkeโ - nemithelela yayo ebanzi yokubusa umhlaba wonke - ezisongelwa ubuzwe obuzimele.
Yilokho esikuthola ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuphenya amacala athile, okuhlanganisa iCuba (akumangazi) nakuba ukushiseka kuleso simo kungase kudingeke ukuba kuhlolwe. Inqubomgomo yase-US maqondana neCuba igxekwa kabuhlungu kulo lonke elaseLatin America kanye nasemhlabeni wonke, kodwa โinhlonipho ehloniphekile ngemibono yesintuโ kuqondwa njengenkulumo engasho lutho eyashiwo ngokungenangqondo ngoJulayi 4. Selokhu kwenziwa ukuvota ngalolu daba, iningi labantu baseMelika selikwenzile ukujwayela okuhle kobudlelwano neCuba, kodwa nakho lokho akubalulekile.
Ukuchithwa kombono womphakathi kuyinto evamile impela. Okuthakazelisayo kuleli cala ukuxoshwa kwemikhakha enamandla yamandla ezomnotho wase-US, nayo ethanda ukwenziwa ngokwejwayelekile, futhi ngokuvamile enethonya elikhulu ekusetheni inqubomgomo: amandla, ibhizinisi lezolimo, ezamakhemisi, nokunye. Lokho kusikisela ukuthi, ngaphezu kwezici zamasiko ezembulwe engxoxweni yezihlakaniphi zeCamelot, kunentshisekelo yombuso enamandla ehilelekile ekujeziseni amaCuba.
Ukusindisa Umhlaba Engozini Yokubhujiswa Kwenuzi
Inkinga ye-missile yaphela ngokusemthethweni ngo-Okthoba 28. Umphumela wawungacacile. Ngalobo busuku, emsakazweni okhethekile we-CBS News, uCharles Collingwood wabika ukuthi umhlaba wawuphume โngaphansi kosongo olubi kakhulu lokuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe IIโ โnokunqotshwa okuhlazisayo kwenqubomgomo yamaSoviet.โ UDobbs uphawula ukuthi abaseRussia bazama ukwenza sengathi umphumela โwawungokunye futhi ukunqoba kwenqubomgomo yaseMoscow yamazwe angaphandle ethanda ukuthula phezu kwama-impiriyali akhuthaza impi,โ nokuthi โ[t]ehlakaniphe kakhulu, ubuholi beSoviet obunengqondo ngaso sonke isikhathi babusindise umhlaba osongo ukubhujiswa kwezikhali zenuzi.โ
Njengoba sikhipha amaqiniso ayisisekelo ekugcolweni okusemfashinini, isivumelwano sikaKhrushchev sokuthatha izintambo ngempela โsasisindise umhlaba osongo lokubhujiswa kwenuzi.โ
Nokho, inkinga yayingakapheli. Ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuNovemba, iPentagon yamemezela ukuthi zonke izisekelo zezikhali ezicitshwayo zaseSoviet zihlakaziwe. Ngalolo suku, u-Stern ubika ukuthi, "ithimba lokucekela phansi lahlasela imboni yaseCuba," nakuba umkhankaso wamaphekula kaKennedy, i-Operation Mongoose, wawuncishisiwe ngokusemthethweni ngesikhathi senhlekelele. Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kwangoNovemba 8 kusekela umbono kaBundy wokuthi usongo lokuthula kwakuyiCuba, hhayi iTurkey, lapho amaRussia ayengaqhubeki nokuhlasela okubulalayo - nakuba lokho kwakungeyona into uBundy ayecabanga ngayo noma ayengayiqonda.
Imininingwane eyengeziwe yenezelwa isazi esihlonishwa kakhulu uRaymond Garthoff, naye owayenolwazi olucebile kuhulumeni, ngo-1987 wakhe ocophelelayo. i-akhawunti yenhlekelele ye-missile. Ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuNovemba, uyabhala, "ithimba elicashile laseCuba elithunywe e-United States laqhumisa ngempumelelo indawo yezimboni zaseCuba," labulala abasebenzi abangama-400 ngokwencwadi kahulumeni waseCuba eya kuNobhala Jikelele we-UN.
UGarthoff uyaphawula: โAbaseSoviet babebona kuphela [lokhu kuhlasela] njengomzamo wokuhlehlisa ukuthi yini eyayiwumbuzo obalulekile kubo: Ukuqinisekiswa kweMelika ukuthi ngeke iyihlasele iCuba,โ ikakhulukazi njengoba kwaqala ukuhlasela kwamaphekula e-US. ezinye โizenzo zeqembu lesithathuโ zembula futhi, ephetha, โukuthi ingozi nobungozi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi bekungaba ngokwedlulele, futhi inhlekelele ibingabaliwe.โ U-Garthoff uphinde ubuyekeze imisebenzi ebulalayo nelimazayo yomkhankaso wamaphekula ka-Kennedy, esingawubheka njengesizathu esingaphezu kokwanele kwempi, uma i-US noma abalingani bayo noma amakhasimende bekuyizisulu, hhayi abenzi bobubi.
Emthonjeni ofanayo sifunda ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi, ngo-August 23, 1962, umongameli wayekhiphe iSivumelwano Sokuvikeleka Sikazwelonke No. , ukuqondisa, nokunyakaza kwamabutho nemishiniโ okwakwaziwa ngokuqinisekile eCuba naseRussia. Futhi ngo-August, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kwaqina, kuhlanganise nokuhlasela kwezikebhe ezihamba ngesivinini ehhotela elisogwini lolwandle lwaseCuba โlapho ochwepheshe bezempi baseSoviet babaziwa ngokubuthana, babulala inqwaba yamaRussia namaCubaโ; ukuhlaselwa kwemikhumbi yezimpahla yaseBrithani neyaseCuba; ukungcoliswa kokuthunyelwa koshukela; kanye nobunye unya nokucekela phansi, ikakhulukazi okwenziwa izinhlangano zaseCuba ezivunyelwe ukusebenza ngokukhululeka eFlorida. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho kwafika โisikhathi esiyingozi kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu,โ hhayi nje ngaphandle kwephutha.
UKennedy uvuselele ngokusemthethweni ukusebenza kwamaphekula ngemuva kokwehla kwenhlekelele. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe wagunyaza uhlelo lwe-CIA "lomsebenzi wokucekela phansi" olwenziwa amasosha ase-US "omelene nendawo enkulu yokuhluza uwoyela nezindawo zokugcina, imboni enkulu kagesi, izindawo zokuhluza ushukela, amabhuloho wesitimela, izikhungo zechweba, nokubhidliza amadokodo nemikhumbi ngaphansi kwamanzi. .โ Itulo lokubulala uCastro ngokusobala laqalwa ngosuku lokubulawa kukaKennedy. Umkhankaso wamaphekula wahoxiswa ngo-1965, kodwa uGarthoff uyabika, โesinye sezenzo zokuqala zika-Nixon ngo-1969 kwakuwukuqondisa i-CIA ukuthi iqinise umkhankaso wokucasha eCuba.โ
Ekugcineni, singakwazi ukuzwa amazwi ezisulu kusazi-mlando saseCanada uKeith Bolender's. Amazwi Avela Kolunye Uhlangothi, umlando wokuqala oxoxwayo womkhankaso wamaphekula - enye yezincwadi eziningi okungenzeka ingatholi isaziso esingaphezu kwesijwayelekile, uma lokho, eNtshonalanga ngoba okuqukethwe kuvezwa kakhulu.
Odabeni lwamanje lwe Isayensi Yezepolitiki Ngekota, iphephabhuku lochwepheshe lenhlangano yososayensi bezepolitiki baseMelika, uMontague Kern uyabona ukuthi inhlekelele yezikhali ezicitshwayo zaseCuba ingenye yalezo โzingqinamba ezigcweleโฆ lapho isitha somqondo (iSoviet Union) sibonakala emhlabeni wonke ukuthi siye sahlasela, okuholela kumphumela wokuzungeza ifulegi owanda kakhulu. ukwesekwa kukamongameli, okwandisa inqubomgomo yakhe.โ
UKern uqinisile ukuthi โkucatshangwa umhlaba wonkeโ ngaleyo ndlela, ngaphandle kwalabo abaphunyuke ngokwanele emaketangeni emibono ukuze banake amaqiniso. UKern, eqinisweni, ungomunye wabo. Omunye nguSheldon Stern, oqaphelayo osekunesikhathi eside kwaziwa abaphambuka abanjalo. Njengoba ebhala, manje sesiyazi ukuthi "incazelo yokuqala kaKhrushchev yokuthumela imicibisholo eCuba yayiyiqiniso ngokuyisisekelo: umholi waseSoviet wayengakaze ahlose lezi zikhali njengosongo ekuvikelekeni kwe-United States, kodwa kunalokho wabheka ukuthunyelwa kwazo njengendlela yokuzivikela. vikela abalingani bakhe baseCuba ekuhlaselweni kweMelika futhi njengomzamo omkhulu wokunikeza i-USSR ukubonakala kokulingana ekulinganiseni kwamandla enuzi. " UDobbs, naye, uyakubona ukuthi โuCastro kanye nabaxhasi bakhe baseSoviet babenezizathu zangempela zokwesaba imizamo yaseMelika yokushintsha umbuso, okuhlanganisa, njengesinyathelo sokugcina, ukuhlasela kwe-US eCubaโฆ kusukela kumakhelwane onamandla kuya enyakatho.โ
โIzigebengu Zomhlabaโ
Ukuhlasela kwaseMelika kuvame ukuchithwa ekuphawuleni kwase-US njengemigilingwane ewubuwula, ama-CIA shenanigans aphume esandleni. Lokho kukude neqiniso. Abangcono kakhulu nabakhanya kakhulu basabele ekuhlulekeni kokuhlasela kwe-Bay of Pigs nge-hysteria eseduze, okuhlanganisa nomongameli, owazisa izwe lonke: "Abanganaki, abazithandayo, imiphakathi ethambile isizokhukhulwa imfucumfucu yomlando. Abanamandla kuphelaโฆ abangasinda.โ Futhi babekwazi ukusinda kuphela, ngokusobala wayekholelwa, ngokwesaba okukhulu - nakuba leso sengezo sasigcinwe siyimfihlo, futhi namanje akwaziwa kubalandeli bobuqotho ababona isitha semibono ngokuthi โsesihlaseleโ (umbono oseduze wendawo yonke, njengoba uKern ephawula). Ngemva kokunqotshwa kweBay of Pigs, isazi-mlando uPiero Gleijeses ubhala, i-JFK yethula isivimbelo esicindezelayo sokujezisa abantu baseCuba ngokunqoba ukuhlasela kwe-US, futhi โwacela umfowabo, u-Attorney General Robert Kennedy, ukuthi ahole iqembu le-interagency elisezingeni eliphezulu elalingamele i-Operation Mongoose, uhlelo lwemisebenzi yamasosha, impi yezomnotho. .
Inkulumo ethi "izinto ezesabisayo zomhlaba" eka-Arthur Schlesinger, encwadini yakhe yokuphila esemthethweni ka-Robert Kennedy, owanikezwa umsebenzi wokuqhuba impi yamaphekula, futhi wazisa i-CIA ukuthi inkinga yaseCuba ithwala "[t] yena kuqala kuqala Uhulumeni wase-United States - konke okunye kungokwesibili - asikho isikhathi, akukho mzamo, noma amandla okufanele asinde โ emzamweni wokuketula umbuso kaCastro. Imisebenzi yeMongoose yayiqhutshwa u-Edward Lansdale, owayenolwazi olwanele โlokulwa nokulwaโ - igama elijwayelekile lobuphekula esiliqondisayo. Wanikeza uhlelo lwezikhathi oluholela โekuhlubukeni okusobala nokuketulwa kombuso wamaKhomanisiโ ngo-October 1962. โIncazelo yokugcinaโ yalolu hlelo yabona ukuthi โimpumelelo yokugcina izodinga ukungenelela okuqinile kwezempi yase-US,โ ngemva kokuba ubuphekula nokuketula sekubeke isisekelo. Okushiwo ukuthi ukungenelela kwamasosha ase-US kuzokwenzeka ngo-Okthoba 1962 - lapho kuqubuka inkinga yezikhali ezicitshwayo. Imicimbi esanda kubuyekezwa isiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani iCuba neRussia babenesizathu esihle sokuthatha lezi zinsongo ngokungathi sรญna.
Ngemva kweminyaka, uRobert McNamara wabona ukuthi iCuba yayinesizathu sokwesaba ukuhlaselwa. "Ukube bengisezicathulweni zaseCuba noma zaseSoviet, bengizocabanga kanjalo," esho engqungqutheleni enkulu emayelana nenkinga yezikhali ezicitshwayo ngonyaka wama-40.
Mayelana "nomzamo omkhulu waseRussia wokunikeza i-USSR ukubonakala kokulingana," uStern ebhekisela kuyo, khumbula ukuthi ukunqoba okuncane kakhulu kukaKennedy okhethweni lwango-1960 kuncike kakhulu "esigebeni semicibisholo" eyakhiwe ukuze kwethuse izwe futhi ilahle i-Eisenhower. ukuphatha njengokuthambile kwezokuphepha kwezwe. Kwakukhona ngempela "igebe lemicibisholo," kodwa livuna kakhulu i-US
Isitatimende sokuqala โsomphakathi, esingaguquki sokuphathaโ mayelana namaqiniso eqiniso, ngokusho komhlaziyi wamasu uDesmond Ball ocwaningweni lwakhe olugunyaziwe lohlelo lwemicibisholo yase-Kennedy, kwaba ngo-Okthoba 1961, lapho iPhini likaNobhala Wezokuvikela uRoswell Gilpatric lazisa uMkhandlu Webhizinisi ukuthi โi-US izoba nesimiso esikhulu sokulethwa kwezikhali zenuzi ngemva kokuhlasela okungalindelekile kunombutho wenuzi owawungase iSoviet Union iwusebenzise esitelekeni sayo sokuqala.โ AmaRussia vele ayebazi kahle ubuthakathaka babo obulinganiselwe kanye nokuba sengozini. Bayazi futhi indlela uKennedy asabela ngayo lapho uKhrushchev enikeza ukwehlisa kakhulu amandla ezempi ahlaselayo futhi waqhubeka nokwenza lokho ehlangene. Umongameli wehlulekile ukuphendula, esikhundleni salokho wenza uhlelo olukhulu lwezikhali.
Ubunikazi Bomhlaba, Ngaleso sikhathi Namanje
Imibuzo emibili ebaluleke kakhulu mayelana nenkinga yezikhali ezicitshwayo yilena: Yaqala kanjani, futhi yaphela kanjani? Kwaqala ngokuhlasela kukaKennedy kwamaphekula eCuba, ngokusabisa ngokuhlasela ngo-Okthoba 1962. Kwaphetha ngokuthi umongameli enqabe izethembiso zaseRussia ezingabonakala zilungile kumuntu onengqondo, kodwa okwakungacabangeki ngoba zaziyobe zibukela phansi isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi i-US. unelungelo lokusebenzisa imicibisholo yenuzi noma kuphi, eqondiswe eShayina noma eRussia nanoma ubani omunye, kanye nasemingceleni yabo; kanye nomgomo ohambisana nalokhu wokuthi i-Cuba yayingenalo ilungelo lokuba nemicibisholo yokuzivikela kulokho okubonakala kuwukuhlasela kwe-US okuseduze. Ukumisa le migomo ngokuqinile kwakufanele ngokuphelele ukubhekana nengozi enkulu yempi yokucekela phansi ngendlela engenakucatshangwa, kanye nokwenqaba izindlela ezilula nezivunyiwe zokuqeda usongo.
UGarthoff uphawula ukuthi โe-United States, cishe kwaba nokugunyazwa emhlabeni wonke ukuze uMongameli uKennedy asingathe lesi simo esibucayi.โ UDobbs uyabhala, โIphimbo elingapheli lasungulwa isazi-mlando sasenkantolo, u-Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., owabhala ukuthi uKennedy โwayewushaqise umhlabaโ โngenhlanganisela yokuqina nokuzibamba, intando, isibindi nokuhlakanipha, elawulwa ngendlela ekhaliphile, elinganiselwe ngendlela engenakuqhathaniswa.'โ Kunalokho, ngokusangulukile nakakhulu, u-Stern uvuma kancane, ephawula ukuthi uKennedy wasenqaba ngokuphindaphindiwe iseluleko sezempi sabeluleki bakhe nabangane bakhe ababefuna impi yezempi nokuchithwa kwezinketho ezinokuthula. Imicimbi ka-Okthoba 1962 idunyiswa kabanzi njengehora likaKennedy elihle kakhulu. UGraham Allison ujoyina abanye abaningi ekuzethuleni โnjengomhlahlandlela wendlela yokuqeda izingxabano, ukuphatha ubudlelwano bamandla amakhulu, nokwenza izinqumo eziphusile mayelana nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle jikelele.โ
Ngomqondo omncane kakhulu, leso sahlulelo sibonakala sinengqondo. Amakhasethi e-ExComm aveza ukuthi umongameli wema ehlukile kwabanye, kwesinye isikhathi cishe bonke abanye, ekwaleni udlame olungaphambi kwesikhathi. Nokho, kunomunye umbuzo: Kufanele kuhlolwe kanjani ukulinganisela okuhlobene kwe-JFK ekulawuleni le nkinga kuqhathaniswa nesizinda sokucatshangelwa okubanzi okusanda kubuyekezwa? Kodwa lowo mbuzo awuveli esikweni elikhaliphile lengqondo nelokuziphatha, elamukela ngaphandle kokungabaza isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi i-US iphethe umhlaba ngendlela efanele, futhi ngokwencazelo ingamandla okwenza okuhle naphezu kwamaphutha ezikhathi ezithile nokungaqondi, okuyikho lapho. ngokusobala kufanelekile ukuthi i-US isebenzise amandla amakhulu ahlaselayo emhlabeni wonke ngenkathi kuyintukuthelo kwabanye (abalingani namakhasimende ngokuhlukana) ukwenza ngisho nokuthinta okuncane kuleyo ndlela noma bacabange ukunqanda ukusetshenziswa kobudlova okusongelayo i-benign global hegemon.
Leyo mfundiso iyicala elisemthethweni elibhekene ne-Iran namuhla: ingase ivimbe amandla ase-US nawakwa-Israel. Kwakucatshangwa ngesikhathi senhlekelele ye-missile. Engxoxweni yangaphakathi, abazalwane bakwaKennedy bazwakalise ukwesaba kwabo ukuthi imicibisholo yaseCuba ingase ivimbele ukuhlasela kwe-US eVenezuela, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi. Ngakho "i-Bay of Pigs yayiqinisile ngempela," kuphetha u-JFK.
Lezi zimiso zisafaka isandla engozini eqhubekayo yempi yenuzi. Akukaze kube khona ukushoda kwezingozi ezinkulu kusukela kwaba nenkinga yemicibisholo. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, phakathi nempi ka-Israel nama-Arab ka-1973, uMeluleki Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke uHenry Kissinger wabiza isexwayiso sezinga eliphezulu lenuzi (DEFCON 3) ukuze axwayise abaseRussia ukuthi babambe izandla zabo ngenkathi egunyaza ngasese u-Israyeli ukuthi ephule umthetho owawubekiwe wokumiswa komlilo. yi-US neRussia. Lapho uReagan engena esikhundleni eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, i-US yethula imisebenzi yokuhlola izivikelo zaseRussia futhi ilingisa ukuhlasela komoya kanye nezempi, ngenkathi ibeka imicibisholo yasePershing eJalimane isikhathi sokundiza esiyimizuzu emihlanu ukuya ezindaweni ezihlosiwe zaseRussia, ihlinzeka lokho i-CIA eyayibiza ngokuthi โi-super-. isiteleka sokuqala esingazelelweโ. Ngokwemvelo lokhu kubangele i-alamu enkulu eRussia, okungafani ne-US ehlaselwe kaningi futhi yabhujiswa cishe. Lokho kwaholela ekusabiseni okukhulu kwempi ngo-1983. Kuye kwaba namakhulu ezimo lapho ukungenelela komuntu kuhoxisa isiteleka sokuqala emizuzwini embalwa ngaphambi kokwethulwa, ngemva kokuba amasistimu azenzakalelayo enikeze ama-alamu angamanga. Asinawo amarekhodi ase-Russian, kodwa akungabazeki ukuthi amasistimu awo ajwayeleke kakhulu ezingozini.
Khonamanjalo, i-India nePakistan sebesondele kaningana empini yenuzi, kanti nemithombo yengxabano isekhona. Bobabili benqabile ukusayina iSivumelwano Sokungavikeleki, kanye ne-Israel, futhi bathole ukusekelwa kwe-US ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zabo zezikhali zenuzi - kuze kube namuhla endabeni ye-India, manje eyi-US ally. Izinsongo zempi eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ezingase zibe ngokoqobo maduze, ziphinde zandise izingozi.
Ngo-1962, impi yagwenywa ukuzimisela kukaKhrushchev ukwamukela izimfuno ze-hegemonic zikaKennedy. Kodwa ngeke sikwazi ukuthembela ekuhlakanipheni okunjalo kuze kube phakade. Kuyisimangaliso esiseduze ukuthi impi yenuzi kuze kube manje igwenywe. Kunesizathu esikhulu kunanini ngaphambili sokulalela isixwayiso sikaBertrand Russell no-Albert Einstein, eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-60 edlule, sokuthi kumelwe sibhekane nokukhetha โokuqinile, okwesabekayo nokungenakugwenywa: Ingabe sizoluqeda uhlanga lwesintu; noma ingabe abantu bayoyiyeka impi?โ
UNoam Chomsky uyi-Institute Professor Emeritus eMnyangweni we-MIT Wezilimi Nefilosofi. A I-TomDispatch ejwayelekile, ungumbhali wezincwadi zezombusazwe eziningi ezithengiswa kakhulu, muva nje, Amathemba namathemba,Ukwenza Ikusasa, Futhi Umsebenzi.
Lesi sihloko sivele okokuqala ku-TomDispatch.com, i-weblog ye-Nation Institute, enikeza ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, izindaba, kanye nemibono evela ku-Tom Engelhardt, umhleli wesikhathi eside ekushicileleni, umsunguli we-American Empire Project, umbhali we Ukuphela Kwesiko Lokunqoba, njengenoveli, Izinsuku Zokugcina Zokushicilela. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Became Obama's (Haymarket Books).
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