Abaphathi baka-Obama bagunyaze buthule ukwanda okukhulu kohlelo lohlu lwabashokobezi, olugunyaza inqubo eyimfihlo engadingi "amaqiniso abambekayo" noma "ubufakazi obungenakuphikiswa" ukuze kuqokwe umuntu waseMelika noma ongaphandle njengephekula, ngokombhalo kahulumeni obalulekile otholwe I-Intercept.
I-“March 2013 Watchlisting Guide,” a Idokhumenti enamakhasi ayi-166 eyakhishwa ngonyaka odlule i-National Counterterrorism Centre, ichaza imithetho eyimfihlo kahulumeni yokubeka abantu ohlwini lwabashokobezi oluyinhloko, kanye nohlu lokungaqhubi kwezimpukane kanye nohlu lwabakhethiwe, olubangela ukuhlolwa okuthuthukisiwe ezikhumulweni zezindiza nasezindaweni eziwela imingcele. Imihlahlandlela emisha ivumela abantu ukuthi baqokwe njengabamele izinhlangano zabashokobezi ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuthi empeleni baxhumene nezinhlangano ezinjalo, futhi inikeza isikhulu se-White House igunya elihlangene lokubeka "zonke izigaba" zabantu uhulumeni abalandelela fly futhi khetha uhlu. Kunweba igunya lezikhulu zikahulumeni “lokuphakamisa” abantu ohlwini lwababukelwayo ngokusekelwe kulokho okuchazwa ngokucacile ngokuthi “ulwazi oluyizicucu.” Iphinde ivumele ukuthi abantu abangasekho bafakwe ohlwini lokubuka.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, u-Obama kanye noBush Administration benqabile ukudalula imibandela yokubeka amagama kusizindalwazi-yize imihlahlandlela ibhalwe ngokusemthethweni njengengahlukaniswanga. NgoMeyi, uMmeli Jikelele u-Eric Holder waze wasebenzisa ilungelo lezimfihlo zombuso ukuze avimbele imihlahlandlela yokufakwa ohlwini lokubuka ukuthi idalulwe ezicathulweni eziqalwe ngumuntu waseMelika owayesohlwini lwezimpukane. Ku i-afidavithi, u-Holder wawabiza ngokuthi “umhlahlandlela ocacile” wezinsiza zikahulumeni zokulandela amaphekula, wenezela: “Isiqondiso Sohlu Lokubukela, nakuba singekho ngokwezigaba, siqukethe imininingwane yezokuphepha kazwelonke, okuthi, uma idalulwa ...
I-rulebook, okuyinto I-Intercept ishicilelwa ngokugcwele, yathuthukiswa ngaphandle kweminyango evaliwe ngabamele ezobunhloli, ezempi, kanye nezomthetho, okuhlanganisa i-Pentagon, i-CIA, i-NSA, ne-FBI. Ihlotshiswe ngezinhlaka zama-ejensi angu-19, inikeza ukubukeka okuphelele nokuveza obala emlandweni oyimfihlo wezinqubomgomo zohlu lukahulumeni lwamaphekula kuze kube manje. Iveza isistimu edidayo neyindida egcwele okuhlukile emithethweni yayo, futhi incike emcabangweni oqinile “wokusola okuphusile” njengezinga lokunquma ukuthi umuntu angaba usongo yini. Ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni ulandelela “amaphekula asolwayo” kanye “namaphekula aziwayo,” abantu bangafakwa ohlwini lokubhekwa uma kusolakala ukuthi bangamaphekula, noma uma kusolwa ukuthi bazihlanganisa nabantu abasolwa ngokuba ngamaphekula.
“Esikhundleni sohlu lwabashokobezi olugcina amaphekula angempela, aziwayo, uhulumeni uye wakha uhlelo olukhulu olusekelwe embonweni ongenabufakazi nonamaphutha ongabikezela ukuthi umuntu uzokwenza yini isenzo sobuphekula esikhathini esizayo,” kusho uHina Shamsi, inhloko yenhlangano. Iphrojekthi Yezokuphepha Kazwelonke ye-ACLU. “Kuleyo mbono eyingozi, uhulumeni ufaka ohlwini lwabantu abasolwa ngokuba ngamaphekula ngasese futhi ubanika umsebenzi ongenakwenzeka wokuzibonakalisa bemsulwa ekusongeleni abangazange bakwenze.” UShamsi, obuyekeze lo mbhalo, wengeze ngokuthi, "Lezi zindlela bekungafanele zigcinwe ziyimfihlo."
Incazelo yedokhumenti yomsebenzi “wobuphekula” kuhlanganisa izenzo ezisilela kakhulu ekuqhumeni amabhomu noma ukuduna imoto. Ngaphezu kobugebengu obulindelekile, obufana nokubulala noma ukuthumba, imihlahlandlela iphinde ichaze ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla kahulumeni namakhompyutha alimazayo asetshenziswa izikhungo zezezimali njengemisebenzi efanele ukubekwa ohlwini. Baphinde bachaze njengobuphekula noma yisiphi isenzo esithi “esiyingozi” endaweni futhi okuhloswe ngayo ukuthonya inqubomgomo kahulumeni ngokwesabisa.
Le nhlanganisela—incazelo ebanzi yalokho okuhlanganisa ubuphekula kanye nesilinganiso esiphansi sokumisa othile ukuba abe amaphekula—ivula indlela yokubamba abantu abangenacala emanetheni kahulumeni ayimfihlo. Kungase futhi kube okuphambene. Lapho izinsiza zinikelwa ekulandeleni abantu okungezona izingozi zangempela kwezokuphepha kwezwe, izinsongo zangempela zithola izinsiza ezimbalwa—futhi zingase zinganakwa.
“Uma ukusola okuphusile kuwukuphela kwendinganiso oyidingayo ukufaka ilebula kumuntu othile, kusho ukuthi ukuthambekela okushelelayo sehlela phansi lapha, ngoba lapho-ke ungalebula noma ubani noma yini,” kusho uDavid Gomez, owayeyi-ejenti eyisipesheli ephezulu ye-FBI onokuhlangenwe nakho kokusebenza okuphezulu. iphrofayili uphenyo lobuphekula. “Ngenxa yokuthi uvela ohlwini lwezingcingo zothile akukwenzi ube amaphekula. Yilolo hlobo lolwazi olufakwa lapho. ”
I-fallout iqondene nawe futhi. Kunemiphumela enzima kubantu ababizwa ngokungafanele ngokuthi amaphekula nguhulumeni wase-US, owabelana ngedatha yohlu lwakhe lokubuka nabomthetho wendawo, ohulumeni bangaphandle, "nezinhlangano ezizimele." Uma uhulumeni wase-US ekulebula ngasese umsolwa wamaphekula noma amaphekula, ezinye izikhungo zivamise ukukuphatha njengomuntu oyedwa. Kungaba nzima ukuthola umsebenzi (noma ukuvele uphume ejele). Kungaba umthwalo—noma kungenzeki—ukuhamba. Futhi ukuhlangana okujwayelekile nabezomthetho kungaphenduka izivivinyo.
Ishadi elivela ku-“March 2013 Watchlisting Guide”
Ngo-2012 uTim Healy, owayengumqondisi we-FBI's Terrorist Screening Center, kuchazwe ezindabeni ze-CBS ukuthi izinhlu zokubuka zisetshenziswa kanjani ngamaphoyisa. “Ngakho-ke uma uhamba ngesivinini esiphezulu, uyadonseka, bazobuza lelo gama,” usho kanje. “Futhi uma behlangabezana nephekula elaziwayo noma elisolwayo, lizovela lithi shayela Isikhungo Sokuhlola Amaphekula…. Ngakho manje iphoyisa emgwaqeni liyazi ukuthi kungenzeka lisebenzisana nephekula elaziwayo noma elisolwayo.” Yebo, inkinga iwukuthi “iphekula elaziwayo noma elisolwayo” kungase kube isakhamuzi nje esivamile okungafanele sithathwe njengosongo ekuphepheni komphakathi.
Kuze kube ngu-2001, uhulumeni akazange akubeke eqhulwini ukwakha uhlelo lohlu lokubuka. Ngomhla zi-9/11, uhlu lukahulumeni lwabantu ababenqatshelwe ukundiza lwaluhlanganisa namagama angu-16 kuphela. Namuhla, uhlu lwamanani empukane selukhule lwaba amashumi ezinkulungwane “zamaphekula aziwayo noma asolwayo” (imihlahlandlela iwabiza ngokuthi ama-KST). Uhlu lwabakhethiwe lubeka abantu ekuhlolisisweni okwengeziwe nemibuzo ezikhumulweni zezindiza nakweqa imingcele. Uhulumeni udale nezinye izingosi zolwazi ezimbalwa, futhi. Enkulu kunazo zonke i-Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment (TIDE), eqoqa ulwazi lobuphekula emithonjeni ebucayi yezempi neyezobunhloli emhlabeni jikelele. Ngenxa yokuthi iqukethe ulwazi oluyimfihlo olungakwazi ukusatshalaliswa kabanzi, kusenolunye uhlu, i-Terrorist Screening Database, noma i-TSDB, ephucwe idatha ehlukanisiwe ye-TIDE ukuze kwabelwane ngayo. Uma izikhulu zikahulumeni zibhekisela “kuhlu lokubuka,” ngokuvamile zibhekisela ku-TSDB. (I-TIDE iwumthwalo we-National Counterterrorism Center; i-TSDB iphethwe yi-Terrorist Screening Centre ku-FBI.)
Esitatimendeni, kusho okhulumela iNational Counterterrorism Centre I-Intercept ukuthi "uhlelo lokufakwa kuhlu lokubukayo luyingxenye ebalulekile yokuzivikela kwethu ukuze sivikele i-United States ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula okuzayo" nokuthi "uhlu lokubuka luyaqhubeka nokuvuthwa ukuze luhlangabezane nosongo oluqhubekayo, olusabalele." Wengeze ngokuthi izakhamizi zase-US zinikezwa ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe ukuze zivikele ukufakwa kuhlu okungafanele, nokuthi akekho ongafakwa ohlwini ngemisebenzi evikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Omele Isikhungo Sokuhlola Amaphekula akazange aphendule esicelweni sokuphawula.
Lolu hlelo seluneminyaka lugxekwa. Ngo-2004, uSen. Ted Kennedy bekhononda ukuthi wavinjelwa ukugibela izindiza izikhathi ezinhlanu ezihlukene ngenxa yokuthi igama lakhe lalifana negama lendoda okusolwa ukuthi iyiphekula. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-CBS News atholakale ikhophi yohlu lwezimpukane futhi yabika ukuthi ihlanganisa umongameli waseBolivia u-Evo Morales kanye nenhloko yephalamende laseLebanon uNabih Berri. Olunye lohlu lokubuka lucuphe uMike Hicks, iCub Scout owathola i-pat-down yakhe yokuqala kweziningi zesikhumulo sezindiza eneminyaka emibili. Ngo-2007, umhloli jikelele woMnyango Wezobulungiswa wakhipha umbiko omubi okhomba “ubuthakathaka obubalulekile” ohlelweni. Futhi ngo-2009, ngemuva kokuba umshokobezi waseNigeria ekwazile ukugibela indiza yabagibeli eya eDetroit futhi wacishe waqhumisa ibhomu elalithungelwe engutsheni yakhe yangaphansi nakuba igama lalo lalifakwe ohlwini lwe-TIDE, uMongameli Obama wavuma ukuthi kube khona “ukwehluleka kwesistimu. "
U-Obama ubenethemba lokuthi impendulo yakhe “kubhomu lezingubo zangaphansi” izoba yinguquko. Ngo-2010, wanika ama-ejensi aqoka abantu abathile ezinhlwini amandla nezibopho ezithe xaxa, ebeka ingcindezi kubo ukuthi bengeze amagama. Abaphathi bakhe baphinde bakhipha isethi yezinkombandlela ezintsha zohlu lokubuka. Nokho, izinkinga zaqhubeka. Ngo-2012, i-US Government Accountability Office eshicilelwe umbiko owaphawula ngokungananazi ukuthi yayingekho i-ejensi enesibopho sokuthola ukuthi "ukuthi ukuhlolwa okuhlobene nohlu lokubuka noma ukuhlolwa kuzuza imiphumela ehlosiwe." Imihlahlandlela yabuyekezwa futhi yanwetshwa ngo-2013—futhi umthombo phakathi komphakathi wezobunhloli wabe esenikeza ikhophi I-Intercept.
“Amaqiniso abambekayo awabalulekile”
Izahluko ezinhlanu nezithasiselo ezingu-11 zesithi “Isiqondiso Sokubukela” zigcwele izifinyezo, izingcaphuno ezingokomthetho, nezigaba ezinezinombolo; ifundeka njengencwadi ye-arcane enesilulumagama sayo yonke. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zedatha mayelana namaphekula asolwayo kubhekiselwa kuzo “njengolwazi oludelelayo,” “ulwazi oluqinile oludelelayo,” “ulwazi oludelela ngokwedlulele” kanye “nolwazi oluthile oludelelayo.” Amagama abasolwa ngokuthi bangamaphekula adluliswa ohlelweni olusemthethweni “lwabaqambi,” “abaqoki,” “abahlanganisi,” “abahloli,” “nezinhlangano ezihlanganayo.” Futhi elithi “thuthukisa,” ngokuvamile igama elijabulisayo labahambi, liphinde lisho ukuthi umuntu ufakwe ohlwini olunemingcele.
Inhliziyo yedokhumenti izungeza emithethweni yokubeka abantu abathile ohlwini lokubuka. “Yonke iminyango nama-ejensi,” kusho lo mbhalo, inesibopho sokuqoqa nokwabelana ngolwazi ngabasolwa abangamaphekula ne-National Counterterrorism Center. Ibeka izinga eliphansi—”ukusola okunengqondo“—ukubeka amagama ohlwini lokubuka, futhi inikeze inqwaba yeziqondiso ezingacacile, ezididayo, noma eziphikisanayo zokuyikala. Esahlukweni esithi “Imibandela Encane Encane Yokwedelela”—ngisho nesihloko okunzima ukusigaya—umusho oyinhloko ekusoleni okunengqondo unikeza ukucaca okuncane:
“Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinga LOKUSOLWA NGENZA NGOKUQINISEKILE, UMQUMULI, ngokusekelwe ekupheleleni kwezimo, kufanele athembele olwazini olungachazeki noma olwazini, okuthi, kuhlanganiswe nokucatshangwa okunengqondo okuvela kulawo maqiniso, kugunyaze ngokunengqondo isinqumo sokuthi umuntu uyaziwa noma kusolwa ukuthi ungubani. noma ubezibandakanya ngamabomu ekuziphatheni okwakha, ukulungiselela, ukusiza, noma okuhlobene NOBUPHEKULA kanye/noma IZINTO ZOBUPHEKULA.”
I-rulebook awenzi mzamo wokuchaza umusho obalulekile endimeni—“ubuhlakani obuzwakalayo noma ulwazi.” Ngemva kokugcizelela ukuthi ukuzingelwa akukona ukusola okunengqondo nokuthi “kufanele kube nesisekelo esiyiqiniso” sokubiza othile ngobuphekula, iqhubeka ithi awekho amaqiniso angempela adingekayo:
“Ekunqumeni ukuthi UKUSOLWA OKWENZATHU KUKHONA yini, kufanele kunikezwe isisindo esifanele ekucabangeleni okunengqondo UMFAKISI anelungelo lokuwathatha emaqinisweni ngokucabangela ulwazi lwakhe hhayi ngenxa yezinsolo ezingenasisekelo noma ekuzingeleni kwakhe. Nakuba ubufakazi obungenakuphikiswa noma amaqiniso aphathekayo kungenasidingo, ukuze kube nengqondo, ukusola kufanele kucace futhi kuthuthukiswe ngokugcwele njengoba izimo zivuma.”
Nakuba imihlahlandlela ivimbela ngokwegama ukuqokwa okusekelwe olwazini olungathembeki, ibheka ngokusobala okuthunyelwe ku-Facebook noma kwe-Twitter “okungaqinisekisiwe” njengezizathu ezanele zokufaka umuntu kolunye lwezinhlu zokubuka. "Ulwazi lomthombo owodwa," i- iziqondiso zisho, “okuhlanganisa kodwa okungagcini nje ngokuthi 'ungene,' 'ubhale,' noma ukuthunyelwa ezingosini zokuxhumana, nokho, akufanele kwehliswe ngokuzenzakalelayo ... I-AGENCY EKHETHA kufanele ihlole ukwethembeka komthombo, kanye nobunjalo. kanye nemininingwane ethile, futhi uqoke noma ngabe lowo mthombo awunabufakazi.”
Kunezinombolo eziningi izikhova ngokufaka abantu ohlwini lokubuka noma ngabe izinsolo ezizwakalayo zingeke zihlangatshezwe.
Enye ichazwa ngokucacile: Umkhaya oseduze walabo okusolwa ukuthi bangamaphekula—abangane babo bomshado, izingane, abazali, noma izingane zakubo—ungase ubekwe ohlwini ngaphandle kokusola ukuthi wona ngokwawo ahileleke ebuphekula. Kodwa enye igebe ibanzi—“abahlanganyeli” abanobudlelwane obuthile nomuntu okusolwa ukuthi ungumphekula, kodwa okungaziwa ukuthi uhileleke kuphi emsebenzini wamaphekula. Isikhala sesithathu sisabalele namanje—abantu “abanokuhlangana okungenzeka” nobuphekula, kodwa abangenalo “ulwazi oludelelayo” olwanele ukuze bahlangabezane nezinga elifanele lokusola.
Abantu baseMelika nabakwamanye amazwe bangaqokelwa ohlwini lokubuka uma behlotshaniswa neqembu lamaphekula, ngisho noma lelo qembu lingaqokwanga njengenhlangano yamaphekula nguhulumeni wase-US. Bangaphinde baphathwe “njengabameleli” beqembu lamaphekula ngisho noma “bengenabo ubulungu noma behlangene nenhlangano.” Imihlahlandlela iphawula ngokuwusizo ukuthi izinhlangano ezithile, njengokuhlinzeka ngamasevisi okunakekela noma ukuletha amaphakheji, akuzona izizathu zokufakwa ohlwini.
Uhlelo lokuqoka lubonakala luntula amasheke namabhalansi anengqondo. Nakuba izikhulu zikahulumeni ziye zasho kaningi ukuthi kunenqubo eqinile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu obekwe ngokungafanele kudathabheyisi, iziqondiso ziyavuma ukuthi konke ukuqokwa “kwamaphekula aziwayo” kubhekwa njengokufanelekile ngaphandle uma iNational Counterterrorism Center inobufakazi obuphikisana nalokho. Kwakamuva ukufaka ikhotho, Uhulumeni evezwe ukuthi kwakunamagama aqokiwe angama-468,749 e-KST ngo-2013, okuyizi-4,915 kuphela ezinqatshiwe–isilinganiso esicishe sibe yiphesenti elilodwa. Incwadi yomthetho ibonakala iguqula umgomo wezomthetho wenqubo efanele, ichaza ukuqokwa ngokuthi “ngokugabadela. "
Izigaba zabantu abaphrofayili
Nakuba inqubo yokuqoka ibukeka iyindlela ephepheni, empeleni kunesinqamuleli kulo lonke uhlelo. Waziwa ngokuthi “ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo okusekelwe kusongo,” kunikeza isikhulu esisodwa se-White House igunya elihlangene lokuphakamisa zonke “izigaba zabantu” amagama abo avela kusizindalwazi esikhudlwana ohlwini lwezimpukane noma lwabakhethiwe. Lokhu kungenzeka, izinkombandlela zithi, uma kukhona "ukusakazwa okuthile" okubonisa ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lomuntu lungenza isenzo sobuphekula.
Lawa mandla angajwayelekile "okufakwa ohlwini okuhleliwe" -okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuphrofayili - anikezwe umsizi kamongameli wezokuphepha kwezwe kanye nokulwa nobushokobezi, isikhundla esasiphethwe uMqondisi we-CIA uJohn Brennan esingadingi ukuqinisekiswa kweSenethi.
I-rulebook ayikhombisi ukuthi yiziphi "izigaba zabantu" eziye zabhekana nokuthuthukiswa okusekelwe ekusangweni. Akucaci, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi isigaba singaba banzi njengabesilisa abaneminyaka yobudala yezempi abavela e-Yemen. Imihlahlandlela ikwenza kucace ukuthi izakhamizi zaseMelika kanye nabanikazi bamakhadi aluhlaza bangaphansi kokuthuthukiswa okunjalo, nakuba izikhulu zikahulumeni kudingeka zibuyekeze isimo sabo ngenqubo “esheshayo”. Ukuthuthukiswa kungasebenza amahora angu-72 ngaphambi kokubuyekezwa yikomiti elincane lezikhulu eziphezulu. Uma zivunyiwe, zingahlala izinsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi kokuthi kudingeke ukuvuselelwa, futhi zingaqhubeka “kuze kube yilapho usongo lungasekho.”
"Eqenjini lezinqubo zokufakwa ohlwini lokubuka ezigcwele izinto ezihlukile ezigwinya imithetho, lokhu okuhlukile mhlawumbe kunwebeka kakhulu futhi ngokuqinisekile kungenye yezinto ezikhathazayo kakhulu," kusho uShamsi, ummeli we-ACLU. "Kusikhumbuza izexwayiso ezigxekwa kakhulu zabaphathi bakaBush, ngaphandle kokuthi lapha, abaphathi bangakwazi ukusebenzisa igunya eliphansi ngasese ngemiphumela ethile engemihle kuzo zonke izigaba zabantu."
Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokulwa Nobuphekula sinqabile ukunikeza noma yimiphi imininingwane ngesiphathimandla sokuthuthukisa, okuhlanganisa ukuthi sisetshenziswe kaningi kangakanani nokuthi yiziphi izigaba zabantu.
Udoti wesikhwama kanye negiya le-scuba
Imihlahlandlela ihlinzeka ngencazelo ecace kakhulu okwamanje yalokho okwenzekayo lapho abantu baseMelika kanye nabokufika bedonselwa eceleni ezikhumulweni zezindiza kanye nokuwela imingcele ngama-ejenti kahulumeni. Isahluko sesihlanu, esinesihloko esithi “Ukuphathwa Kokuhlangana Nokuhlaziya,” ichaza uhlobo lolwazi oluhloselwe ukuqoqwa phakathi “nokuhlangana” nabantu abasohlwini lokubuka, kanye nezinhlangano ezihlukene okufanele ziqoqe idatha. UMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwezwe uchazwa njengonesibalo esikhulu kakhulu sokuhlangana, kodwa ezinye iziphathimandla, kusukela eMnyangweni Wezwe kanye ne-Coast Guard kuya kohulumeni bangaphandle kanye “nezinhlangano ezithile ezizimele,” nazo ziyabandakanyeka ekuhlanganiseni “amaphakheji okuhlangana” lapho abantu abasohlwini lokubuka bewela. izindlela zabo. Ukuhlangana kungase kube imihlangano yobuso nobuso noma ukuxhumana ngogesi—isibonelo, lapho umuntu esohlwini lokubuka efaka isicelo se-visa.
Ngaphezu kwedatha efana nezigxivizo zeminwe, izinhlelo zokuhamba, imibhalo kamazisi namalayisense ezibhamu, imithetho ikhuthaza abahloli ukuthi bathole ulwazi lomshwalense wezempilo, imiyalelo yezidakamizwa, “noma imaphi amakhadi anomugqa we-elekthronikhi (amakhadi ehhotela, amakhadi egrosa, amakhadi esipho, amaflaya avamile. amakhadi),” omakhalekhukhwini, amakheli e-imeyili, izibonakude, i-peroxide, izinombolo ze-akhawunti yasebhange, ama-pay stubs, imibhalo yezemfundo, amathikithi okupaka nawejubane, kanye nokufuna izikhangiso. Ulwazi lwedijithali olukhethelwe ukuqoqwa luhlanganisa ama-akhawunti ezinkundla zokuxhumana, izinhlu zamaselula, izinombolo zokudayela ngokushesha, izithombe zelaptop, izithupha, ama-iPod, Izinhlobo, namakhamera. Lonke ulwazi lube selulayishwa kusizindalwazi se-TIDE.
Abahloli baphinde bayalwa ukuthi baqoqe idatha nganoma iyiphi “i-pocket litter,” igiya le-scuba, i-EZ Passes, amakhadi omtapo wezincwadi, nezihloko zanoma yiziphi izincwadi, kanye nolwazi olumayelana nesimo sazo—”isb, ezintsha, ezinezindlebe zenja, ezichasisiwe, ezingavuliwe. ” Amakhadi ebhizinisi nezinto zenkomfa nazo ziqondiswe, kanye “nanoma yini enenombolo ye-akhawunti” kanye nolwazi nganoma yiliphi igolide noma ubucwebe obugqokwa umuntu osohlwini lokubuka. Ngisho “nemininingwane yezilwane”—imininingwane mayelana nezilwane ezifuywayo ezivela kodokotela bezilwane noma ama-tracking chips—iyacelwa. I-rulebook iphinde ikhuthaze ukuqoqwa kwedatha ye-biometric noma yomlando womuntu mayelana nozakwethu bokuvakasha babantu abasohlwini lokubuka.
Uhlu lwezinkampani zikahulumeni eziqoqa le datha luhlanganisa i-US Agency for International Development, engeyona i-ejensi yezobunhloli noma egcina umthetho. Njengoba incwadi yomthetho iphawula, i-USAID ixhasa ngezimali izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe ezikhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nemfundo. I-USAID, eziveza ukuthi izibophezele ekulweni nobubha emhlabeni wonke, nokho ibonakala isebenza njengomgudu wobuhlakani obubucayi ngabantu bakwamanye amazwe. Ngokweziqondiso, “Lapho i-USAID ithola isicelo sokufuna usizo lwezezimali, ngaphambi kokusinikeza, lezi zicelo zingaphansi kokuhlolwa abahlaziyi bezobunhloli be-USAID kwa-TSC.” Imihlahlandlela ayilivezi ivolumu yamagama ahlinzekwe yi-USAID, uhlobo lolwazi olunikezayo, noma inombolo nemisebenzi “yabahlaziyi bezobunhloli be-USAID.”
Kusho okhulumela i-USAID I-Intercept ukuthi “emazweni athile asengozini enkulu, njenge-Afghanistan, i-USAID inqume ukuthi ukuhlola izinhlangano ezingaba ngozakwethu ngohlu lwamaphekula kufanelekile ukuvikela amadola aseMelika abakhokhi bentela kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi bokuxhaswa ngamaphekula ngamabomu.” Uthe kusukela ngo-2007, i-ejensi ihlole "amagama nolunye ulwazi lomuntu siqu oluhlonza abantu ababalulekile bosonkontileka nabanikezwa izibonelelo, kanye nabamukeli abancane."
Ukufa kanye nohlu lokubuka
Uhulumeni ugxekwe kakhulu ngokwenza kungenzeki ukuthi abantu bazi ukuthi kungani bebekwe ohlwini lwababukayo, nokwenza kucishe kube nzima ukwehla. Imihlahlandlela khuluma ngokungagwegwesi ukuthi “inqubomgomo evamile kahulumeni wase-US iwukuba ungasiqinisekisi noma usiphike isikhundla sohlu lomuntu siqu.” Kepha izinkantolo azikunakile ukuthula okusemthethweni nokuhudula izinyawo: NgoJuni, ijaji lombuso lachaza inqubo kahulumeni yokususwa okuyimfihlo njengephambana nomthethosisekelo futhi “kungasebenzi ngokuphelele. "
Ubunzima bokuphuma ohlwini bugqanyiswa yindinyana emihlahlandlela ethi umuntu angagcinwa ohlwini lokubuka, noma abekwe ungene uhlu lokubuka, naphezu kokukhululwa ngobugebengu obuhlobene nobuphekula. Incwadi yomthetho ikufakazela lokhu ngokuphawula ukuthi ukugwetshwa ezinkantolo zase-US kudinga ubufakazi obungaphezu kokungabaza okuphusile, kanti ukufakwa ohlwini lokubukayo kudinga izinsolo ezifanele kuphela. Uma izinsolo seziphakanyisiwe, ngisho nesinqumo sejaji asikwazi ukukusula.
Ngisho nokufa akunikezeli isiqinisekiso sokuphuma ohlwini. Iziqondiso zithi amagama abantu abashonile azohlala ohlwini uma kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imininingwane kamufi ingase isetshenziswe umsolwa osolwa ngokuba yiphekula—okuyinto iNational Counterterrorism Centre eyibiza ngokuthi “iqhinga lamaphekula elibonisiwe.” Eqinisweni, ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, imithetho ivumela abashadile abashonile babasolwa ngokuba ngamaphekula ukuba bafakwe ohlwini. ngemuva sebefile.
Kwabaphilayo, inqubo yokuphuma ohlwini lokubuka ilula kodwa ayicacile. Isikhalazo singafakwa ngoHlelo Lophenyo Lwemibuzo Yokuvikeleka Kwezwe Lokuhamba Kwezokuvakasha, othula isibuyekezo sangaphakathi esingakhonjelwe ekugadweni yinoma iyiphi inkantolo noma inhlangano engaphandle komphakathi wokulwa namaphekula. Isibuyekezo singaholela ekukhishweni ohlwini lokubuka noma ukulungiswa kwesimo sohlu lokubuka, kodwa umuntu ngeke atshelwe uma ephumelela. Imihlahlandlela iqokomisa esinye sezizathu ezenza kube nzima ukuphuma ohlwini—uma ama-ejensi amaningi anikele ngolwazi kumuntu osohlwini lokubuka, wonke kufanele avume ukumkhipha.
Uma isakhamuzi sase-US sifakwe ohlwini lokungandizaki ngenkathi siphesheya futhi sijikiswa endizeni eya e-US, imihlahlandlela ithi kufanele idluliselwe ehhovisi lenxusa laseMelika eliseduze noma inxusa, elingavunyelwe ukubazisa ukuthi kungani bevinjiwe. kusukela endizeni. Ngokwemithetho, laba bantu banganikezwa “I-Waiver Yesikhathi Esinye” ukuze bandize, nakuba bengeke batshelwe ukuthi bahamba ngokuyekelela. Emuva e-United States, ngeke bakwazi ukugibela enye indiza.
Lo mbhalo uthi izikhungo eziqoka abantu “zingaphansi kwesibopho esiqhubekayo” sokuhlinzeka ngolwazi olucashile lapho luvela. Yengeza ngokuthi ama-ejensi kulindeleke ukuthi enze ukubuyekezwa kwaminyaka yonke kwezakhamizi zaseMelika ezisohlwini lokubuka kanye nabanikazi bamakhadi aluhlaza. Akukacaci ukuthi abokufika—noma abangasekho—babuyekezwa ngesivinini esifanayo. Njengoba i-rulebook iphawula, "ukufakwa ohlwini akuyona isayensi eqondile."
UJosh Begley, uLynn Dombek, kanye no-Peter Maass baba nesandla kule ndaba.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela