Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US ekhulwini lama-21 ayinakho okuncane ongakunikeza ngaphandle kwamandla amakhulu ezempi. Ngempela, sezihambile izinsuku lapho amandla ezempi ayesetshenziswa ukuze โkwakhiwe kabusha umhlaba ngomfanekiso waseMelika.โ Enkathini yangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ukungenelela kwamasosha ase-US kwenzeka ngaphandle kombono wesu jikelele kanye nezizathu zemibono ezingenamandla nokukholelwa ngisho naphakathi kwabalingani bendabuko base-United States. Akumangalisi-ke ukuthi ukungenelela kwezempi, okuhlala kungekho emthethweni futhi kungenabulungiswa, kugcina kungafezi lutho ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwemigodi emnyama, kuyilapho kunikeza izinhlangano zamaphekula ezinodlame ezintsha nezilokhu zikhula njalo ezizimisele ukusabalalisa umbono wazo wokuhleleka kwezenhlalo nezombangazwe.
Kule ngxoxo ekhethekile ye-Truthout, uNoam Chomsky ubonisa ukushintshashintsha kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US ekhulwini lama-21 kanye nemithelela yenqubomgomo yokunisa ukucekelwa phansi kohlelo lomhlaba. UChomsky uphinde ahlole indima yokubamba iqhaza kweRussia eSyria, ukukhula koMbuso WamaSulumane kanye nokukhanga okusobala okubambele intsha eningi yamaSulumane aseYurophu, futhi unikeza umbono omubi ngekusasa lenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US.
I-CJ Polychroniou: Ukungenelela kwamasosha ase-US ekhulwini lama-21 (isb., i-Afghanistan, i-Iraq, iLibya, iSyria) kubonakale kuyinhlekelele ngokuphelele, nokho imigomo yenkulumompikiswano yokungenelela ayikaphinde iphindwe phakathi kwabenzi bokufudumala baseWashington. Ithini incazelo yalokhu?
U-Noam Chomsky: Ngokwengxenye inkulumo-ze endala: Uma konke onakho kuyisando, yonke into ibukeka njengesipikili. Inzuzo yokuqhathanisa yase-US isembuthweni wezempi. Uma uhlobo olulodwa lokungenelela lwehluleka, imfundiso nokwenza kungabuyekezwa ngobuchwepheshe obusha, izisetshenziswa, njll. Kukhona ukubuyekezwa okuhle kwenqubo kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II kuze kube manje encwadini yakamuva ka-Andrew Cockburn, Kill Chain. Kukhona ezinye izindlela ezingenzeka, njengokweseka intando yeningi (empeleni, hhayi inkulumo-ze). Kepha lokhu kunemiphumela okungenzeka ukuthi i-US engeke iyithande. Yingakho lapho i-US isekela "intando yeningi"; yizinhlobo zentando yeningi โezisuka phansi-phezuluโ lapho abantu abaphezulu bendabuko abaxhumene ne-US behlala bephethe, ukucaphuna isazi esihamba phambili โsokugqugquzelwa kwentando yeningi,โ uThomas Carothers, owayeyisikhulu sase-Reagan ongummeli oqinile wale nqubo kodwa uyalibona iqiniso, ngokudabukisayo.
Abanye baphikisene ngokuthi izimpi zika-Obama zihluke kakhulu kuzo zombili izitayela kanye nengqikithi kunezomanduleli wakhe, uGeorge W. Bush. Ingabe bukhona ubuqiniso balezi zimangalo?
UBush wayethembele odlameni lwamasosha olushaqisayo nolubesabekayo, olubonakale lwaba yinhlekelele kwabahlukunyezwa futhi lwaholela ekuhlulweni okubi kwe-US. U-Obama uthembele emaqhingeni ahlukene, ikakhulukazi umkhankaso wokubulala emhlabeni wonke nge-drone, ophula amarekhodi amasha kubushokobezi bamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokusebenza kweSpecial Forces, manje emhlabeni wonke. Nick Turse, umcwaningi ohamba phambili ngesihloko, muva nje kubika ukuthi amasosha ase-US โathunyelwe emazweni angu-147 abhidliza umlando ngo-2015.โ
Ukudilizwa kanye nalokho engikubiza ngokuthi "ukudala izimbobo ezimnyama" kuyinhloso eyinhloko yoMbuso Wezinxushunxushu eMpumalanga Ephakathi nakwezinye izindawo, kodwa futhi kuyacaca ukuthi i-US ihamba ngomkhumbi olwandle oluyaluzayo olungenawo umqondo wokuqondiswa futhi, empeleni, akusho lutho mayelana nokuthi yini okufanele yenziwe uma umsebenzi wokucekela phansi usuphothuliwe. Kungakanani kwalokhu okubangelwa ukwehla kwe-US njenge-hegemon yomhlaba wonke?
Izinxushunxushu kanye nokuqeda uzinzo kungokoqobo, kodwa angicabangi ukuthi lokho kuyinhloso. Kunalokho, kuwumphumela wokushaya izinhlelo ezintekenteke umuntu angaziqondi ngesando okuyithuluzi eliyinhloko, njengase-Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan nakwezinye izindawo. Ngokuqondene nokwehla okuqhubekayo kwamandla e-hegemonic yase-US (empeleni, kusukela ngo-1945, nokukhuphuka nokwehla okuthile), kunemiphumela esimweni somhlaba samanje. Thatha, isibonelo, isiphetho sika-Edward Snowden. Amazwe amane aseLatin America kubikwa ukuthi amnikeze indawo yokukhoseliswa, engasasaba ukushaywa yiWashington. Awukho nowodwa umbuso waseYurophu ozimisele ukubhekana nentukuthelo yase-US. Lokho kuwumphumela wokwehla okukhulu kwamandla e-US endaweni yaseNtshonalanga.
Kodwa-ke, ngiyangabaza ukuthi isiphithiphithi saseMpumalanga Ephakathi silandela kakhulu lesi sici. Omunye umphumela wokuhlasela kwe-US e-Iraq kwakuwukubhebhethekisa izingxabano zamahlelo ezicekela phansi i-Iraq futhi manje ezidabula isifunda saba yizicucu. Ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eLibya e-Europe kwadala inhlekelele lapho, esabalele kude nokugeleza kwezikhali kanye nokugqugquzela ubugebengu be-jihadi. Futhi miningi eminye imiphumela yobudlova bangaphandle. Kukhona futhi izici eziningi zangaphakathi. Ngicabanga ukuthi intatheli yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi uPatrick Cockburn uqinisile ekuphawuleni kwakhe ukuthi i-Wahhabization of Sunni Islam ingenye yentuthuko eyingozi kakhulu yenkathi yesimanje. Njengamanje eziningi zezinkinga ezimbi kakhulu zibukeka zingaxazululeki, njengenhlekelele yase-Syria, lapho okuwukuphela kwamathemba amancane alele ohlotsheni oluthile lokuxoxisana lapho amandla abandakanyekayo ebonakala engena kancane kancane.
IRussia nayo inetha ukubhujiswa eSyria. Kufezwani, futhi ingabe iRussia ibeka engcupheni izithakazelo zase-US esifundeni?
Isu laseRussia ngokusobala elokusekela umbuso ka-Assad, futhi ngempela "linisa ukubhujiswa," ikakhulukazi lihlasela amabutho aholwa yi-jihadi asekelwa iTurkey, iSaudi Arabia neQatar, kanye nezinga elithile lase-US. I-athikili yakamuva ku-Washington Post iphakamise ukuthi izikhali zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezinikezwe yi-CIA kulawa mabutho (okuhlanganisa nemicibisholo ye-TOW anti-tank) yayishintshile ibhalansi yezempi ngokumelene no-Assad futhi yaba yisici ekudonseni abaseRussia. โ kufanele siqaphele. Izintshisekelo zamandla ase-US kanye nabantu base-United States zivame ukuhluka kakhulu, njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo nakwezinye izindawo. Intshisekelo esemthethweni yase-US iwukuqeda u-Assad, futhi ngokwemvelo ukwesekwa kwamaRussia u-Assad kubangela usongo kulokho. Futhi ukungqubuzana akugcini nje ngokuba yingozi, uma kungeyona inhlekelele, eSyria, kodwa futhi kuthwala usongo lokunyuka ngengozi okungaba yinhlekelele kude kakhulu.
Ingabe i-ISIS iyisilo esidalwe yi-US?
Ingxoxo yakamuva nomhlaziyi odumile waseMiddle East uGraham Fuller isihloko sithi, "Owayeyisikhulu seCIA uthi izinqubomgomo zase-US zisize ekwakheni i-IS." Okushiwo nguFuller, ngicabanga kahle, ukuthi, โNgicabanga ukuthi i-United States ingomunye wabadali abakhulu bale nhlangano. I-United States ayizange ihlele ukwakheka kwe-ISIS, kodwa ukungenelela kwayo okulimazayo eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nempi yase-Iraq kwakuyizimbangela eziyisisekelo zokuzalwa kwe-ISIS. Uzokhumbula ukuthi isiqalo sale nhlangano bekuwukubhikishela ukuhlasela kwe-US e-Iraq. Ngalezo zinsuku lalisekelwa amaSunni amaningi angewona ama-Islam ngenxa yokumelana kwawo nokuhlasela kwe-Iraq. Ngicabanga ukuthi nanamuhla i-ISIS [manje eyi-Islamic State] isekelwa amaSunni amaningi azizwa ehlukaniswe uhulumeni wamaShiite eBaghdad.โ Ukusungulwa kokubusa kwamaShiite kwaba umphumela owodwa oqondile wokuhlasela kwe-US, ukunqoba kwe-Iran kanye nesici esisodwa sokuhlulwa okumangalisayo kwe-US e-Iraq. Ngakho-ke ekuphenduleni umbuzo wakho, ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-US kube yimbangela yokukhuphuka kwe-ISIS, kodwa akukho nzuzo yemibono yetulo ezungeza esifundeni ethi i-US ihlele ukukhuphuka kwalesi senzo esikhulu esingavamile.
Ukuchaza kanjani ukuthakasela inhlangano enobuqaba futhi enonya njenge-Islamic State ekubambele yona intsha eningi yamaSulumane ehlala eYurophu?
Kube khona ucwaningo oluhle lokucophelela kwalesi simo, nguScott Atran phakathi kwabanye. Lesi sikhalo sibonakala ngokuyinhloko siphakathi kwentsha ephila ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezelwa nokuthotshiswa, nethemba elincane nethuba elincane, futhi abafuna umgomo othile ekuphileni onikeza isithunzi nokuzicabangela; kulokhu, ukusungula umbuso wamaSulumane we-utopian okhuphuka ngokumelene namakhulu eminyaka wokuzithoba nokubhujiswa kwamandla ombuso waseNtshonalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonakala kunokucindezela kontanga okuhle - amalungu eqembu lebhola lezinyawo, njalo njalo. Imvelo ebukhali yezingxabano zesifunda nakho kuyisici - hhayi nje "ukuvikela i-Islam" kodwa ukuyivikela kuzihlubuki zamaShiite. Yisigameko esibi kakhulu nesiyingozi.
Abaphathi baka-Obama bakhombise intshisekelo encane yokuhlola kabusha ubudlelwano base-US nemibuso enegunya kanye nesisekelo ezindaweni ezifana ne-Egypt neNingizimu Arabia. Ingabe ukukhuthazwa kwentando yeningi kuyisici esikhohlisayo ngokuphelele senqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US?
Ngokungangabazeki kunabantu abafana noThomas Carothers, okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, abazinikele ngempela ekukhuthazeni intando yeningi, futhi abangaphakathi kuhulumeni; wayehileleke "ekukhuthazeni intando yeningi" eMnyangweni Wezwe waseReagan. Kodwa irekhodi likhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi ayiyona ingxenye yenqubomgomo, futhi isikhathi esiningi intando yeningi ithathwa njengosongo โ ngezizathu ezinhle, uma sibheka imibono yabantu abaningi. Ukusho isibonelo esisodwa esisobala, ukuvota kwemibono yamazwe ngamazwe okwenziwa yinhlangano ehamba phambili yokuvota yase-US (WIN/Gallup) kubonisa ukuthi i-US ithathwa njengosongo olukhulu ekuthuleni komhlaba ngesilinganiso esikhulu, iPakistan isemuva kakhulu endaweni yesibili (okungenzeka ukuthi ikhungethwe yi-US). ivoti lamaNdiya). Ukuvota okwenziwe e-Egypt ngobusuku bangaphambi kwentwasahlobo yama-Arab kuveze ukwesekwa okukhulu kwezikhali zenuzi zase-Iran ukuze kuliwe namandla akwa-Israel kanye naseMelika. Umbono womphakathi uvame ukuvumela ukuguqulwa komphakathi kohlobo olungalimaza izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezizinze e-US. Nokunye okuningi. Lezi akuzona izinqubomgomo uhulumeni wase-US angathanda ukuzibona zisungulwa, kodwa intando yeningi eyiqiniso inganikeza izwi elibalulekile emibonweni yomphakathi. Ngezizathu ezifanayo, intando yeningi iyesatshwa ekhaya.
Ingabe ulindele noma yiziphi izinguquko ezinkulu kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kungaba ngaphansi kokuphathwa kweDemocratic noma i-Republican?
Hhayi ngaphansi kokuphathwa kweDemokhrasi, kepha isimo sokuphatha kweRiphabhulikhi asicaci kangako. Leli qembu seliqhelelene nepolitiki yephalamende. Uma izimemezelo zezitshalo zamanje zabafundi zingathathwa ngokungathi sรญna, umhlaba ungase ubhekane nenkinga enkulu. Thatha, isibonelo, isivumelwano senuzi ne-Iran. Akukhona nje ukuthi baphikisana nayo ngazwi linye kodwa bayaqhudelana ngokuthi ibhomu i-Iran ngokushesha kangakanani. Isikhathi esiyinqaba kakhulu emlandweni wezepolitiki waseMelika, futhi esimweni esinamandla amakhulu okubhubhisa, lokho akufanele kubangele ukukhathazeka okuncane.
U-CJ Polychroniou isazi sezomnotho/usosayensi wezepolitiki ofundise futhi wasebenza emanyuvesi nasezikhungweni zocwaningo eYurophu nase-United States. Izithakazelo zakhe eziyinhloko zise-Europe ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, umnotho wezepolitiki wase-United States kanye nokuqedwa kokwakhiwa kwephrojekthi ye-neoliberalism yezepolitiki nezomnotho. Uhlala enikela njalo ku-Truthout futhi uyilungu le-Truthout's Public Intellectual Project. Ushicilele izincwadi ezimbalwa futhi izindatshana zakhe zivele kumajenali ahlukahlukene, omagazini, amaphephandaba kanye namawebhusayithi ezindaba adumile. Eziningi zezincwadi zakhe ziye zahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningana zakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise isiCroatia, isiFulentshi, isiGreki, isiNtaliyane, isiPutukezi, iSpanishi nesiTurkey.
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