Sibhekene nenkinga ekabili njengoba kwenzeka ikhulunyaka lamashumi amabili nanye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyinkinga yemvelo: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinye izingcindezi ze-Earth System zeqa imingcele yeplanethi ngezinga eliyingozi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi kuyinkinga yezenhlalo: abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa bancishwa ukufinyelela ezimpahleni nasezinsizeni eziyisisekelo. Abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-40 abakwazi ukuthenga ukudla okunomsoco; amaphesenti angama-50 awanazo izindawo zokuthuthwa kwendle eziphethwe ngokuphephile; amaphesenti angu-70 awanakho ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okudingekayo.
Ukuswela kudlulele kakhulu emaphethelweni, lapho ukuguquguquka kwama-impiriyali okulungiswa kwesakhiwo kanye nokuhwebelana ngokungalingani kuqhubeka nokuqhubekisela phambili ubumpofu nokungathuthuki. Kodwa kubonakala nasemongweni: e-United States, cishe ingxenye yabantu ayikwazi ukukhokhela ukunakekelwa kwezempilo; e-United Kingdom, izingane eziyizigidi ezingu-4.3 zimpofu; e-European Union, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-90 babhekene nokungavikeleki kwezomnotho. Lawa maphethini okuncishwa adutshulwe ngokungalingani okunonya kohlanga nobulili.
Alukho uhlelo lwezombangazwe oluthembisa ukuhlaziya nokuxazulula inkinga yezemvelo olungathemba ukuphumelela uma futhi lungaphindi kanye kanye—okungukuthi, ngendlela efanayo—luhlaziye futhi luxazulule inkinga yezenhlalo. Ukuzama ukubhekana nokukodwa ngaphandle kokunye kushiya ukuphikisana okuyisisekelo kugxilile futhi ekugcineni kuzodala izilo. Impela sezivela izilo.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi inkinga ekabili yenhlalo nemvelo iqhutshwa, ekugcineni, uhlelo lokukhiqiza lonxiwankulu. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ziyizimpawu ze-pathology eyisisekelo efanayo. Ngonxiwankulu lapha, angisho nje izimakethe, ezohwebo, namabhizinisi, njengoba abantu bevame ukucabanga kalula. Lezi zinto zazikhona izinkulungwane zeminyaka ngaphambi kobunxiwankulu, futhi zimsulwa ngokwazo ngokwazo. Isici esibalulekile esichazayo sobunxiwankulu okumele sibhekane naso ukuthi, njengesimo sobukhona babo, buphambene nentando yeningi.
Yebo, abaningi bethu baphila ezimisweni zezombangazwe zokhetho—zikhohlakele futhi zithunjiwe—lapho sikhetha khona abaholi bezombangazwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Kodwa noma kunjalo, uma kuziwa ohlelweni lwe production, akungeni ngisho nenkohliso encane yentando yeningi. Ukukhiqiza kulawulwa kakhulu ngemali enkulu: izinkampani ezinkulu, amafemu amakhulu ezezimali, kanye nephesenti elingu-1 abangabanikazi besabelo esikhulu sezimpahla ezingatshalwa. Inhloko-dolobha iphethe amandla okuhlanganisa abasebenzi bethu bonke kanye nezinsiza zeplanethi yethu kunoma yini eyifunayo, inquma ukuthi sikhiqiza ini, ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, nokuthi insalela esiyikhiqizayo izosetshenziswa futhi yabiwe kanjani.
Futhi masicacise: ngemali enkulu, inhloso eyinhloko yokukhiqiza ayikona ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zomuntu noma ukufeza inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi, ingasaphathwa eyokufinyelela noma yiziphi izinjongo ezingokoqobo zemvelo. Kunalokho, inhloso eyinhloko ukukhulisa nokuqongelela inzuzo.
Umphumela uba ukuthi uhlelo lwezwe lonxiwankulu lubonakala ngezindlela eziphambene zokukhiqiza. Inhloko-dolobha iqondisa ezezimali emikhiqizweni enenzuzo enkulu, njengezimoto zezemidlalo, inyama yezimboni, imfashini esheshayo, izikhali, amafutha emvelo, nokuqagela kwezakhiwo, kuyilapho kukhiqiza kabusha ukushoda okungapheli kwezimpahla ezidingekayo namasevisi afana nokuhamba komphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo komphakathi, ukudla okunomsoco, amandla avuselelekayo. , kanye nezindlu ezithengekayo. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwezomnotho kazwelonke kodwa futhi kunobukhulu obucacile bombuso wama-imperialism. Umhlaba, abasebenzi, namandla okukhiqiza kuyo yonke iGlobal South kuboshelwe ekuhlinzekeni amaketanga empahla emhlabeni wonke aphethwe amafemu aseNyakatho—ubhanana wakwaChiquita, ukotini wakwaZara, ikhofi le-Starbucks, ama-smartphones akwa-Apple, kanye ne-coltan yakwaTesla, konke ukuze kuzuze i- okuyisisekelo, konke ngamanani acindezelekile—esikhundleni sokukhiqiza ukudla, izindlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, nezimboni ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezwe. Ukuqongelela imali emnyombeni kuncike ekuchitheni abasebenzi kanye nezinsiza ezindaweni ezizungezile.1
Ngakho-ke akufanele kusimangaze ukuthi naphezu kwamazinga aphezulu kakhulu okukhiqizwa okuhlanganisiwe-kanye namazinga wamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo okushayela ingcindezi yemvelo ngale kwemingcele ephephile nesimeme-ukweswela kusalokhu kusabalele emnothweni womhlaba wonxiwankulu. I-capitalism iyakhiqiza kakhulu, yebo, kodwa futhi akwanele wezinto ezifanele. Ukufinyelela ezimpahleni nasezinsizeni ezibalulekile kunqunyelwe ukuthengiswa; futhi ngenxa yokuthi imali ifuna ukunciphisa abasebenzi ngawo wonke amathuba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseduze, ukusetshenziswa kwezigaba zabasebenzi kuvinjelwe.
UPeter Kropotkin waqaphela lokhu okuguquguqukayo eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-130 edlule. Ku Ukunqotshwa Kwesinkwa, waphawula ukuthi naphezu kwamazinga aphezulu okukhiqizwa eYurophu ngisho nangekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, iningi labantu laliphila ngosizi. Kungani? Ngoba ngaphansi kwe-capitalism, ukukhiqizwa kuhlanganiswa cishe "noma yini enikeza inzuzo enkulu kakhulu kuma-monopolists." “Idlanzana labantu abacebile,” ebhala, “lilawula imisebenzi yezomnotho yesizwe.” Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izixuku, ezivinjelwa ukuba zikhiqizele izidingo zazo, “azinayo indlela yokuziphilisa inyanga yonke, noma ngisho isonto lonke kusengaphambili.”
Cabangela, uKropotkin wanxusa, “wonke umshikashika ophelela emoyeni—lapha, ekugcineni izitebele, izibaya, nensalela yabacebile; lapho, ekuthandeni ukuguquguquka komphakathi kanye nokuthanda okonakele kwesixuku esisemfashinini; lapho futhi, ekuphoqeni umthengi ukuba athenge lokho angakudingi, noma ngokugxilisa into ephansi phezu kwakhe ngokukhukhumala, nasekukhiqizeni izinto eziyingozi neze, kodwa ezinenzuzo kumenzi.”2
Kodwa wonke lo msebenzi okhiqizayo wawungase uhlelelwe ezinye izinjongo. “Okusaphazwa ngale ndlela,” kubhala u-Kropotkin, “kunganela ukuphinda kabili ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziwusizo, noma kanjalo ukuze kugcwalise izigayo zethu namafekthri ngemishini ezogcwala izitolo ngakho konke okushodayo manje— ingxenye yesithathu yesizwe.” Ukube abasebenzi nabalimi bebenokulawula okuhlangene ezindleleni zokukhiqiza, bebezokwazi kalula ukuqinisekisa lokho uKropotkin akubiza ngokuthi “inhlalakahle yabo bonke.” Ubumpofu obukhulu, ukuswela, kanye nokushoda okuzenzela okuphawula ubunxiwankulu kungaqedwa ngokushesha noma kancane.
Ingxabano kaKropotkin imile namuhla. Ngeke kuthathe okuningi, njengesabelo samandla okukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke, ukuqinisekisa izimpilo ezihloniphekile zawo wonke umuntu emhlabeni. Kodwa ngeqiniso lenhlekelele yemvelo, kufanele futhi sibhekane nenselelo yesibili, leyo uKropotkin ayengakwazi ukuyijabulela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye: ukuzuza inhlalakahle yabo bonke. ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe kwamandla nezinto (ikakhulukazi emnyombweni) ukuze kunikwe amandla ukuqedwa kwekhabhoni ngokushesha ngokwanele kanye nokubuyisela umnotho womhlaba ngaphakathi kwemingcele yamaplanethi.3 Ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kubalulekile kulokhu, kodwa amazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu nawo adinga ukwehlisa izinhlobo zokukhiqiza ezingadingeki kangako ukuze kwehliswe amandla engeziwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuqondile.4
Uma i-capitalism ibilokhu ingakwazi ukufeza umgomo wangaphambili (inhlalakahle yabo bonke), ngokuqinisekile ngeke ikwazi ukufeza lokhu okulandelayo. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ngesakhiwo, njengoba iphikisana nomqondo oyinhloko womnotho wonxiwankulu, okuwukukhulisa umkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe unomphela, ukugcina izimo zokuqongelela okungapheli.
Kuyacaca ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe: kufanele sifinyelele ukulawula kwentando yeningi kwezezimali nokukhiqiza, njengoba u-Kropotkin aphikisana, futhi manje sikuhlelele emhlabeni jikelele. double umgomo wenhlalakahle kanye ne-ecology. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi sihlukanise, njengoba kwenza uKropotkin, phakathi kwe ezidingekayo emphakathini ukukhiqizwa okudinga ngokusobala ukwanda ukuze kuthuthuke umphakathi, kanye nezindlela zokukhiqiza ezicekela phansi nezingadingeki ngokushesha ezidinga ukwehliswa ngokushesha. Lena inhloso yenguquko-mlando yomhlaba ebhekene nesizukulwane sethu.
Ubungabukeka kanjani umnotho onjalo? Izinjongo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ziyagqama.
Ukuvikela isisekelo senhlalakahle, okokuqala kufanele sandise futhi sinciphise izinsiza zomphakathi zomhlaba wonke.5 Ngalokhu ngiqonde ukunakekelwa kwezempilo nemfundo, yebo, kodwa futhi nezindlu, ezokuthutha zomphakathi, amandla, amanzi, i-inthanethi, ukunakekelwa kwezingane, izindawo zokungcebeleka, nokudla okunomsoco kubo bonke. Masihlanganise amandla ethu okukhiqiza ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu uyafinyelela ezimpahleni nasezinsizeni ezidingekayo ukuze sibe nokuphila kahle.
Okwesibili, kufanele sisungule izinhlelo zemisebenzi yomphakathi ezifisayo, ukwakha amandla avuselelekayo, sivale amakhaya, sikhiqize futhi sifake izinto zikagesi ezisebenza kahle, sibuyisele imvelo, futhi sisungule ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo emphakathini nobusebenza kahle emvelweni. Lokhu ukungenelela okubalulekile okufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka; asikwazi ukulinda imali ukuze sinqume ukuthi kufanelekile ukukwenza.
Okwesithathu, kufanele sethule isiqinisekiso somsebenzi womphakathi, sinikeze abantu amandla okuba babambe iqhaza kule miklamo ebalulekile ehlangene, senze umsebenzi ophusile, odingekayo emphakathini ngentando yeningi yasemsebenzini kanye namaholo okuphila. Isiqinisekiso somsebenzi kufanele sixhaswe yinkampani ekhipha imali kodwa kufanele ibuswe ngokwentando yeningi ezingeni elifanele lendawo.
Cabangela amandla ale ndlela. Kusivumela ukuthi sifinyelele izinjongo ezidingekayo ngokwemvelo. Kodwa futhi kuqeda ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Iqeda ukungavikeleki kwezomnotho. Iqinisekisa izimpilo ezinhle zabo bonke abantu, ngaphandle kokushintshashintsha kokuphumayo okuhlanganisiwe, ngaleyo ndlela inqamule inhlalakahle ekukhuleni. Ngokuqondene nawo wonke umnotho, amafemu azimele kufanele abuswe ngentando yeningi futhi alethwe ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwezisebenzi nomphakathi njengoba kufanele, futhi ukukhiqizwa kufanele kuhlelwe kabusha ngokuhambisana nezinjongo zempilo kanye nemvelo.
Okulandelayo, njengoba sivikela futhi sithuthukisa imikhakha edingekayo yenhlalo nemvelo, sidinga futhi ukunciphisa izinhlobo zokukhiqiza ezingadingeki kangako emphakathini. Izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi zisobala lapha: sidinga imigomo ebophezelayo ukuze siwise le mboni, ngendlela efanele nelungile.6 Kodwa-njengoba i-degrowth scholarship ibonisa-sidinga futhi ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa okuhlanganisiwe kwezinye izimboni ezibhubhisayo (izimoto, izindiza zezindiza, izithabathaba, inyama yezimboni, imfashini esheshayo, ukukhangisa, izikhali, njalo njalo), ngenkathi sandisa ubude bempilo yomkhiqizo futhi sivimbela ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okuhleliwe. Le nqubo kufanele inqunywe ngokwentando yeningi, kodwa futhi isekelwe eqinisweni elibonakalayo le-ecology kanye nemigomo yobulungiswa be-decolonial.7
Okokugcina, sidinga ngokuphuthumayo ukunqamula amandla okuthenga eqile ezicebi sisebenzisa izintela zengcebo kanye nezilinganiso eziphezulu zeholo.8 Khona manje osozigidi bodwa basendleleni yokushisa amaphesenti angama-72 esabelomali sekhabhoni esisele ukuze bagcine iplanethi ingaphansi kuka-1.5°C wokufudumala.9 Lokhu ukuhlasela okubi kwesintu kanye nomhlaba ophilayo, futhi akekho noyedwa wethu okufanele akwamukele. Akunangqondo futhi akulungile ukuqhubeka nokuphambukisa amandla nezinsiza zethu ekusekeleni i-elite edla ngokweqile phakathi kwesimo esiphuthumayo semvelo.
Uma, ngemva kokuthatha lezi zinyathelo, sithola ukuthi umphakathi wethu udinga umsebenzi omncane ukuze ukhiqize esikudingayo, singafinyeza isonto lokusebenza, sinikeze abantu isikhathi esikhululekile, futhi sihlanganyele umsebenzi odingekayo ngokulinganayo, ngaleyo ndlela sivimbele unomphela noma yikuphi ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi.
Uhlangothi lwamazwe ngamazwe lwalolu shintsho kumele lube phambili naphakathi. Amandla engeziwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kufanele kwehle emnyombweni ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo zemvelo, kuyilapho emaphethelweni okukhiqiza kumele kubuyiswe, kuhlelwe kabusha, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, kwandiswe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabantu futhi kuzuzwe intuthuko, ngokusebenza kuguqukela emhlabeni wonke kumazinga afanele. eyanele inhlalakahle yendawo yonke futhi ihambisana nokuzinza kwemvelo.10 Ku-Global South, lokhu kudinga ukuqedwa kwezinhlelo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo, ukukhansela izikweletu zangaphandle, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwendawo yonke yobuchwepheshe obudingekayo, nokwenza ohulumeni bakwazi ukusebenzisa inqubomgomo yezimboni nezezimali eqhubekayo ukuthuthukisa ukuzimela kwezomnotho. Uma singekho isenzo esisebenzayo sezizwe ngezizwe, ohulumeni baseNingizimu bangakwazi futhi kufanele bathathe izinyathelo ezihlangene noma ezihlangene ekuthuthukisweni kokuzimela futhi kufanele basekelwe kulokhu.11
Njengoba konke lokhu kufanele kucacise, ukwehla—uhlaka oluvule amehlo ososayensi nezishoshovu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule—kuqondwa kangcono njengento emzabalazweni obanzi we-ecosocialism kanye nokulwa ne-imperialism.
Ingabe uhlelo oluvezwe ngenhla luyathengeka? Yebo. Ngencazelo, yebo. Njengoba ngisho nosomnotho ongunxiwankulu onethonya uJohn Maynard Keynes avuma—futhi njengoba osomnotho bezenhlalakahle bebehlale beqonda—noma yini esingayenza empeleni, ngokwamandla okukhiqiza, esingawakhokhela. Futhi uma kuziwa emandleni okukhiqiza, sinokuningi kakhulu kunokwanele. Ngokusungula ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi kwezezimali nokukhiqiza, singamane sisuse ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sikhundla sikususe ekukhiqizeni okumoshayo kanye nokuqongelela okuphezulu ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo zenhlalo nezemvelo.
Abanye bazothi lokhu kuzwakala kungathandeki. Kodwa lezi zinqubomgomo zithandwa kakhulu. Izinsizakalo zomphakathi zizonke, isiqinisekiso semisebenzi yomphakathi, ukulingana okwengeziwe, umnotho ogxile enhlalakahleni nasemvelweni kunokukhula—izinhlolovo nezinhlolovo zibonisa ukwesekwa okuqinile kweningi kwale mibono, futhi imihlangano yezakhamuzi esemthethweni emazweni amaningana icele lolu hlobo ngokuqondile. yenguquko. Lokhu kunamandla okuba i-ajenda yezepolitiki edumile futhi engenzeka.
Kodwa akukho kulokhu okuzokwenzeka ngokwakho. Kuzodinga umzabalazo wepolitiki omkhulu ngokumelene nalabo abahlomula ngendlela emangalisayo kulesi simo esikhona. Lesi akusona isikhathi sokuguquguquka okuncane, ukuguquguquka emaphethelweni ohlelo oluhlulekayo. Lesi yisikhathi soguquko lwenguquko. Nokho, kusobala ukuthi inhlangano yezemvelo eye yahlangana eminyakeni embalwa edlule ayikwazi ukusebenza njengeyodwa emele lolu shintsho. Nakuba le nhlangano iphumelele ukuletha izinkinga zemvelo phambili enkulumweni yomphakathi, ayinakho ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo kanye namandla ezombusazwe ukuze kuzuzwe uguquko oludingekayo. Amaqembu onxiwankulu aluhlaza mabi kakhulu, nokunganaki kwawo okuyingozi embuzweni wokuziphilisa wesigaba sabasebenzi, inqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle, kanye nokuguquguquka kwama impiriyali. Ukuze kuqedwe le mikhawulo, kubalulekile ngokuphuthumayo ukuthi abezemvelo benze ubudlelwano nezinyunyana, izinhlangano zabasebenzi, kanye nezinye izinhlangano zezombusazwe zabasebenzi ezinamandla kakhulu kwezombusazwe, okuhlanganisa namandla esiteleka.
Ukwenza lokhu, izazi zezemvelo kumele ziveze phambili izinqubomgomo zenhlalo engizibalule ngenhla, zihlele ukuqeda ukungavikeleki kwezomnotho okuholela ekutheni imiphakathi yabasebenzi kanye nezinyunyana eziningi zesabe imiphumela engemihle okungenzeka ukuthi isenzo esinamandla semvelo singaba nayo ezindleleni zabo zokuziphilisa. Kodwa izinyunyana nazo kumele zinyakaze. Lokhu angikusho njengomgxeki ovela ngaphandle, kodwa njengelungu lenyunyana impilo yonke. Sake sayiyeka kanjani imibono yezepolitiki yenhlangano yezabasebenzi yehlela ezimpini eziqondene ngqo nemboni mayelana namaholo nemibandela, sibe sishiya uhlaka olujwayelekile lomnotho wonxiwankulu lunjalo? Kufanele sivuselele izifiso zethu zasekuqaleni futhi sihlangane emikhakheni yonkana—kanye nabangasebenzi—ukuze sivikele isisekelo senhlalo yabo bonke futhi sizuze intando yeningi yezomnotho.
Okokugcina, umnyakazo oqhubekayo emnyombeni kumele uhlangane, usekele futhi uvikele izinhlangano eziqinile neziphikisana nobukoloni eGlobal South. Abasebenzi kanye nabalimi basemaphethelweni banikela ngamaphesenti angama-90 emisebenzi ebhebhezela umnotho womhlaba wonxiwankulu, kanti iNingizimu iphethe iningi lomhlaba olimekayo kanye nezinsiza ezibalulekile, ezibeka amandla amakhulu ezandleni zabo. Noma iyiphi ifilosofi yezombangazwe engabonisi abasebenzi baseNingizimu nezinhlangano zezombusazwe njengamanxusa aholayo oguquko imane iphuthelwe iphuzu.
Lokhu kudinga umsebenzi onzima wokuhlela, ukusungula ubumbano, kanye nokuhlanganisa izimfuno ezifanayo zezombusazwe. Kudinga isu, futhi kudinga isibindi. Ingabe likhona ithemba? Yebo. Siyazi ukuthi kungenzeka ngamandla ukuzuza umnotho womhlaba onobulungiswa futhi ozinzile. Kodwa ithemba lethu lingahlala liqine njengomzabalazo wethu. Uma sifuna ithemba—uma sifuna ukunqoba izwe elinjalo—kumele sakhe umzabalazo.
amanothi
- U-Jason Hickel, u-Christian Dorninger, u-Hanspeter Wieland, kanye no-Intan Suwandi, “Ukwabiwa Kwama-Imperialist Emnothweni Womhlaba: Drain from the Global South through Unequal Exchange, 1990–2015,” Ukuguquka Kwezemvelo Emhlabeni Wonke 73 (2020): 102467.
- Peter Kropotkin, Ukunqotshwa Kwesinkwa (1892), marxists.org.
- U-Jason Hickel, u-Daniel W. O’Neill, u-Andrew L. Fanning, kanye no-Huzaifa Zoomkawala, “Isibopho Sikazwelonke Sokubhidlika Kwemvelo: Ukuhlola Okufanelekile Kwamasheya Okusetshenziswa Kwensiza, 1970–2017,” I-Lancet Planetary Health 6, no. 4 (2022): e342–e349; Jason Hickel, "Ukulinganisa Isibopho Sikazwelonke Sokuwohloka Kwesimo Sezulu: Indlela Yokulinganisa Esekelwe Ukulingana Kokukhishwa KweCarbon Dioxide Ngokweqile Komngcele Weplanethi," I-Lancet Planetary Health 4, no. 9 (2022): e399–e404; U-Lorenz T. Keyßer no-Manfred Lenzen, “Izimo Zokukhula ngo-1.5°C ziphakamisa Isidingo Sezindlela Ezintsha Zokunciphisa,” Nature nokuxhumana 12, no. 1 (2021): 2676; Jason Hickel et al., “Isidingo Esiphuthumayo Sezimo Zezulu Ngemva Kokukhula,” Nature Energy 6, no. 8 (2021): 766–68. I-PDF yamahhala yalesi sihloko iyatholakala ku- jasonhickel.org/research.
- UJason Hickel, "Kwezobuchwepheshe kanye Nokukhula, " Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga 75, nxa. 3 (Julayi–Agasti 2023): 44–50; U-Jefim Vogel no-Jason Hickel, "Ingabe Ukukhula Okuluhlaza Kuyenzeka?: Okuzuziwe uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Paris-Compliant CO2-GDP Decoupling Emazweni Ahola Kakhulu," I-Lancet Planetary Health (2023, kuyeza).
- UJason Hickel, "Izinsizakalo Zomphakathi Zomhlaba Wonke: Amandla Okusinda Okudiliza,” MR Online, Ephreli 21, 2023.
- Bheka, isibonelo, i- I-Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative.
- Siyazi emihlanganweni yezakhamizi e-United Kingdom, France, naseSpain ukuthi abantu bangakwazi ukuhlonza ngokushesha izinhlobo zokukhiqiza ezingadingekile futhi bavume ukuzehlisa. Siyazi futhi ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola abantu bafuna ukuphatha izinsiza ngezindlela ezilungile nezemvelo (ukuqinisekisa ucwaningo luka-Eleanor Ostrom nabanye ngokuphathwa kwentando yeningi); bheka u-Oliver P. Hauser, uDavid G. Rand, u-Alexander Peysakhovich, noMartin A. Nowak, “Ukubambisana Nekusasa,” Nature 511, no. 7508 (2014): 220-23. Intando yeningi iyinani elibalulekile lezenhlalakahle kodwa ngokunjalo nesayensi (okungukuthi, izikhundla kufanele ziqine ngokuphathelene neqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemvelo), ubulungisa, kanye nobumbano. Uma abantu enkambweni benquma ngokwentando yeningi ukwandisa ukusebenzisa kwabo amandla nezinto zokwakha ngezindlela ezibhebhethekisa ukuwohloka kwemvelo kanye/noma ukulimaza abantu ezindaweni ezizungezile, abezenhlalakahle kufanele baphikise futhi baphikisane/bahlelele ushintsho lwenkambo.
- UJoel Millward-Hopkins no-Yannick Oswald, "Ukunciphisa Ukungalingani Kwembulunga Yonke Ukuze Kuvikeleke Impilo Yabantu Nokuphepha Kwesimo Sezulu," I-Lancet Planetary Health 7, no. 2 (2023): e147–e154. Bheka futhi isihloko esithi Jason Hickel, “Kufanele Kwehliswe Kangakanani Ukungalingani?,” Al Jazeera, Disemba 14, 2022, aljazeera.com.
- UStefan Gössling no-Andreas Humpe, “Ukuchitha Isigidi Akuhambisani Nezifiso ezingu-1.5°C,” Izincwadi Zokukhiqiza Zokuhlanza 4 (2023): 100027.
- u-Hickel, u-O'Neill, uFanning, no-Zoomkawala, "Isibopho Sikazwelonke Sokuwohloka Kwemvelo"; Hickel, “Ukulinganisa Isibopho Sikazwelonke Sokuwohloka Kwesimo Sezulu”; U-Keyßer no-Lenzen, “Izimo Zokukhula kuka-1.5°C ziphakamisa Isidingo Sezindlela Ezintsha Zokunciphisa”; UJason Hickel noDylan Sullivan, "Capitalism, Global Poverty, kanye neCase for Democratic Socialism, " Ukubuyekeza Kwenyanga 75, nxa. 3 (Julayi–Agasti 2023): 99–113.
- UJason Hickel, "Ungayithola Kanjani I-Decolonization Egcwele, " New Internationalist, Okthoba 15, 2021; Samir Amin, I-Delinking: Ibheke Emhlabeni We-Polycentric (London: Zed Books, 1980).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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1 Amazwana
Kanjalo no-Hickel, ubukeka emkhulu, efana no-Yanis Varoufakis, isibalo esingaphakathi “kwesobunxele”, igama elithi Andrewism, umuntu ongabalulekile kangako phakathi kwenqwaba yenhloso yesishoshovu akathandi kakhulu, bhalisa ku-4liberation futhi yizihloko ezingamashumi amabili ezihlanganisa i-Parecon? Ingabe okungenhla kuyahambisana ngokuphelele nayo? Empeleni ingabe lokho u-Hickel akukhuthazayo kungenzeka ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze kuncishiswe inhlekelele? Ingabe uPollin noChomsky, bangavumelana nesidingo “sokuvukela umbuso”? (Angiqiniseki ukuthi u-Saint Andrew wayezokwenza). Noma ingabe sidinga ukwenza lokho okukhuthazayo u-Pollin noChomsky sisebenzisa isakhiwo sesikhungo esikhona ngoba “uguquko”, ngisho nohlobo lwe-Hickel, lungathatha isikhathi eside…noma lungenzeki, njengakuqala. Lesi simo sakamuva singenzeka kakhulu. Uxolo ngokuba umbulali wethemba, kodwa uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, kunempi eshubile, usongo lwenuzi okungenzeka lube khona, futhi nesivumelwano esisha esiluhlaza esisesilinganisweni akwenzeki ukuthi sigunyazwe emhlabeni wonke ngesikhathi. Awunaso isiqiniseko sokuthi umbono kaJeremy Brecher wokuzibophezela kwendawo lapha nalaphaya e-US emibonweni emisha yezivumelwano eziluhlaza kwanele?
Kodwa yini le fuck engingayazi? Ngisho ukuthi uVaroufakis, ongakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kukaSpotify kanye ne-Amazon, amazwi akhe, uthengisa incwadi yakhe, inkolelo-mbono noma ngabe yini, mayelana nokufa konxiwankulu, intando yeningi yezenhlalakahle, futhi u-Hickel akakhulumi ngento enjalo, i-Techno-feudalism. noma amathimu angamashumi amabili enkululeko. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Andrewism, ongeyena umuntu uma eqhathaniswa, wenza amavidiyo amnandi ngoBuen Vivir, efundisa abalandeli bakhe ngeqiniso lokungathembeki, ukuvukela umbuso nokuthi buyini ngempela ubumbano noma okufanele lube…noma ngabe yini “eyakhe”? Futhi lapha umuntu okhula kancane kancane ubelokhu echitha isikhathi sakhe ebhala incwadi abambalwa abazoyifunda ngesidingo sobuciko, ukwamukela ubuhle nokucabanga kwe-teleological yobuhle acabanga ukuthi kungase kungenise abantu abaningi esitimeleni sokushintsha... NGEKE.
Kodwa yini fuck engiyaziyo?
Ingabe sonke sikhohlisiwe? Ingabe ngivunyelwe ukubuza umbuzo noma uMichael Albert kuphela njengoba ezindla ngezizathu eziyisisekelo kanye “nethemba” 4imibono engamashumi amabili yenkululeko kanye nesipho seParecon?
Ingabe i-mosaic enkulu yenhloso yesishoshovu, ebizwa ngesokunxele (ukwakheka kwezwe kwesokunxele), iphelile ngokuphelele? Umuntu ngamunye oyisihluthulelo, noma ongabalulekile kangako, othola i-guernsey lapha nakwezinye izindawo, uzoxoxwa naye mayelana nokuthola kwabo okuhle kwakamuva, imininingwane, imicabango, ngoba, bafunde i-Marx ne-Kropotkin noma bangakwazi ukucula noma babhale ingoma. Ividiyo ye-YouTube mayelana nomlando wemicabango eqinile kusukela onyakeni oyiziro kuze kube manje, ichaza i-anarchism ngendlela efanele, noma ukwehla, nanoma yini nayo yonke into, ukuze yazise wonke umuntu ukuthi bahlakaniphe kangakanani, ibonakala ikhathazeke kakhulu ngokucula icilongo labo elikhohlisayo. Akukho engingakwenza ngaphandle kokulalela. Kungani? Ngoba iculo labo elibi? Futhi yiculo labo okufanele lihlanganise wonke umuntu ngaphansi komyalezo wethemba ogugile nodabukile.
Ngakho-ke, ingabe bayakhulumisana ngempela? Fonelana? Ingabe zisebenza ndawonye ngempela njengengxenye yokwakheka kwezwe kwesokunxele…oh, sorry, i-mosaic enkulu yezinhloso zesishoshovu? Futhi bangahlangana kuphi noma kanjani ngokusebenza ngendlela ebonakala emhlabeni wonke ebonisa ngokucacile nangokugcizelela, banesixazululo, okokuqala ekunciphiseni inhlekelele, futhi okwesibili bathathe isikhundla, i-capitalism, izimakethe, i-techno. ubufeudalism, noma ngabe uyini umnotho wethu, i-BRICS, uRussell Brand, uJoe Rogan, uJordan Peterson kanye noHell'n Musk, abane-THANG efanele?
Kuthiwani ngalokhu, nonke nina zibalo eziyinhloko, abantu abahlakaniphile, izishoshovu zangempela ngaphakathi kwe-mosaic enkulu ezenza zonke izinto ezinhle zangempela, empeleni nje nifeza "yenzani nje", ukusebenzisa isiqubulo se-pre techno feudalist firm, ngoba angikwazi, futhi futhi akekho umuntu engimaziyo. Bonke badangele nje ngakho konke futhi nje izingxoxo ezimbalwa mayelana nanoma yini kusukela ekuqhumeni izinyembezi.
Kodwa njengoba ngishilo, yini i-fuck engizoyazi.
Hamba u-Hickel… nanoma ubani omunye.