Umthombo: Iqiniso
Akukaze kube khona "okungaqhathaniswa emlandweni waseMelika" nokuphuma okukhulu kombhikisho odalwe ngokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, kusho inhlakanipho edume umhlaba wonke uNoam Chomsky. Nasekuphakameni kakhulu kokuduma kuka-Martin Luther King Jr., imibhikisho emikhulu eyaholwa yiNkosi futhi yagqugquzela โayisondelanga ndawoโ emibhikishweni emikhulu yobulungiswa bezinhlanga equbuke kulo nyaka odlule, kwengeza uChomsky.
Njengoba kusondela usuku lokukhumbula ukubulawa kuka-Floyd, ngamema uChomsky - umcabango ohlakaniphile ohlanganisa ububanzi obujulile nobungakholakali bomlando, ukucaca komqondo obucayi, nothando olujulile ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe izindaba zezombusazwe nezikhona - ukuthi akhulume nami ngokufa kukaGeorge Floyd kanye necala. isinqumo esimelene noDerek Chauvin, kanye nodlame olumelene nabaNsundu eNyakatho Melika nokuthi i-US isungule kanjani โisiko lezibhamu.โ
UChomsky uyisihlakaniphi engize ngimazisa kakhulu, ngimthande futhi ngimcabange njengomngane. Ngesibonelo sakhe, ngiye ngafunda ukwenza ukungalaleli nokungalaleli ezweni eligcwele izimfundiso. Njengomthetho, uye wangifundisa ukuthi lapho wonke umuntu evumelana ngokuthile okuyinkimbinkimbi kunokuba โokubili kuhlanganiswe nokubili kwenza kube nokune,โ kufanele sikungabaze.
UGeorge Yancy: Kwabanye bethu, ukubona ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd nokumuzwa ethi akakwazi ukuphefumula kusikhumbuza ukufa kowesilisa oneminyaka engu-43 ubudala u-Eric Garner ngo-2014, nakuba ayethi, โAngikwazi ukuphefumulaโ 11 izikhathi. Uma ucabanga ngokwenzeka ku-George Floyd phakathi komlando omkhulu wokucwasa kwabamhlophe e-US, ukufa kuka-Floyd kukhuluma kanjani nawe? Kimina bekungeyona into exakile, kodwa ikhulume kanjani kuwe?
U-Noam Chomsky: Ukufa kwakhe kwafanekisela iminyaka engu-400 yobugebengu obunyantisayo nezenzo zonya, futhi ngokusobala kwakusho lokho engxenyeni enkulu yabantu. Kuyamangaza okwenzeka ngemuva kokubulawa kwakhe, njengoba kufanele sikubize kanjalo. Kwaba nokuthululwa okukhulu, akukho okungaqhathaniswa nomlando waseMelika. Kwaba nemibhikisho emikhulu; kwaba nomuzwa wobumbano oluzinikele lwabantu abamnyama nabamhlophe bemasha ndawonye. Babengenabo udlame kakhulu, nakuba uphiko olungakwesokudla lungathanda ukuthi ukholwe ngenye indlela. Kuphinde kwaba nokwesekwa okukhulu komphakathi, njengoba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabantu bezisekela umbhikisho. Ayikho into ekude njengaleyo emlandweni wase-US.
Imibhikisho eholwa nguMartin Luther King Jr., ngesikhathi edume kakhulu, ayizange isondele kulokho. Lowo ngumphumela, ngiyacabanga, womsebenzi omningi owenziwe phansi yiBlack Lives Matter namanye amaqembu akhuphule izinga lokuqwashisa nokuqwashisa kwaze kwaba yilapho kwenzeka le nto kwavele kwavutha inhlansi, futhi ukuvutha kwase kulungele ukuvutha. Futhi kube nomthelela omude. Ngicabanga ukuthi umbono nokuqonda kushintshe kakhulu, futhi akubukelwa phansi yiqiniso lokuthi ukubulawa kwamaphoyisa kuyaqhubeka cishe nsuku zonke.
Njengoba ngangibuka isinqumo secala sikaDerek Chauvin, nginesiqiniseko sokuthi umndeni ka-Floyd wawuthole ukukhululeka futhi mhlawumbe wawungakwazi ukuphefumula futhi. Nokho, kwangifikela futhi ukuthi endabeni yokuthola uChauvin enamacala kuwo womathathu la macala, kwakunomkhawulo ophansi kangaka wokukhombisa ukuthi unecala. Wayeguqe kuye imizuzu eyisishiyagalolunye nemizuzwana engama-29. Angifuni ukuvela njengomuntu ongenathemba noma ogxekayo, kodwa yini oyibona โnjengomnqobiโ noma โoqhubekayoโ mayelana nesinqumo secala?
Uyazi, kwakuke kwaba khona umoya esikhathini esidlule, njengoba wazi, ongcono kunami, lapho ukuphila kwabaNsundu kwakungenandaba. Umuzwa wawuwukuthi uma umlungu equliswa icala ngemva kokubulala umuntu omnyama, ukucabanga kwakuwukuthi cishe โwayenesizathu esihle.โ Ngakho, bakhulule nje. Yebo, kwakunezimo ezimbi nakakhulu lapho abelungu bebulala futhi beshaya abantu futhi benconywa. Hhayi-ke, ngenhlanhla, sesidlulile kulokho.
Kodwa hhayi kuze kube manje esikhathini esidlule, umholi weBlack Panther uFred Hampton, ngokwesibonelo, wabulawa ekubulaweni kwesitayela samaGestapo, okwamiswa yi-FBI, eyaphakela amaphoyisa aseChicago izindaba ezingamanga mayelana nezibhamu ezazifihlwa endlini yakhe. Amaphoyisa agasele efulethini lakhe ngehora lesine ekuseni ambulala kanye nomngani wakhe, uMark Clark. Usanda kubabulala. Isizathu sokubulala u-Hampton sasilula kakhulu. Wayebaluleke kakhulu kubahleli beBlack Panther. I-FBI yayifuna ukulandela abahleli abaphumelelayo futhi i-Hampton yayiyinani eliphakeme labo; kwakufanele abulawe. Eqinisweni, kwaba okokugcina ochungechungeni olude lwemizamo lapho i-FBI yazama ukugqugquzela umbango phakathi kweBlack Panthers neqembu lezigebengu, iBlackstone Rangers, eyayiseChicago.
I-FBI yathumela izincwadi zomgunyathi kumaRangers ezibhalwe ngolimi lomgunyathi lwabaMnyama zithi amaPanthers anenkontileka nabaholi bawo. Kodwa zazihlanganiswe eduze ngokwanele, ngakho zazi ukuthi kwenzekani. Nokho, endabeni kaHampton, babene-FBI infiltrator, owayengunogada wakhe. Iphuzu liwukuthi kwakukhona itulo elide le-FBI hhayi nje ngokumelene namaPanthers, kodwa ngokumelene nokunyakaza kwabaMnyama ngokuphelele. Kuthathe iminyaka yokusebenza ngokuzinikela kwabanye abameli abasebasha abakhulu, uFlint Taylor noJeffrey Haas, besebenza kuleli cala iminyaka ukuze ekugcineni bathole uhlobo oluthile lwesivumelwano somphakathi.
Leli cala elilodwa lidlula kakhulu noma yini eyabekwa uRichard Nixon. Ingabe wabekwa icala ngokusebenzisa kwakhe amaphoyisa ezombusazwe kazwelonke enza imikhankaso yokubulala nokubulala abagqugquzeli abaNsundu? Futhi mayelana nombuzo wakho, lowo umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwaleso sikhathi namanje. Manje okungenani izimo ziwukuthi ijaji lingalahla umuntu ngecala lokubulala ngokusobala komuntu omnyama. Kodwa uma uvula Fox News, phawula ukusabela. Lalela uTucker Carlson, othi ukuqulwa kwecala likaDerek Chauvin kwakungelona iqiniso ngoba amajaji ayesaba, babesaba ukuthi abantu abaMnyama bazofika babhidlize izindlu zabo futhi bababulale bonke. U-Alan Dershowitz, lowo obizwa nge-civil libertarian othanda ukuziveza kanjalo, uphinde wathi ukuqulwa kwecala kwakungekho emthethweni ngoba amajaji ayesaba.
Asizange sizikhulule. Lide kakhulu ibanga okufanele lihanjwe, kodwa ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd kuveze okuthile okuhle kakhulu emphakathini, okuyiziqalo zokuqonda ukuthi kukhona into embi ngempela emnyombeni womlando wethu. Iqhamuke ngezinye izindlela, njengeProjekthi ye-1619 eshicilelwe ngu I-New York Times. Abanye osomlando bayabhala ngakho, โUnephutha kulokhu; wenze iphutha.โ Kodwa akubalulekile nakancane lapho, ekugcineni, sesiqashelwa emithonjeni yezindaba enkulu nasezweni ukuthi sesibe neminyaka engama-400 yonya olunyantisayo olutholwa abantu abaNsundu. Ngakho-ke, ake sikubheke, sibuze ukuthi singobani nokuthi siyini. Lokhu akuyona into engabalulekile emlandweni waseMelika. Kuyisisekelo sokuchuma kwezomnotho e-US; yingakho nginenhlanhla.
Ukotini wawuwuwoyela wekhulu le-19. Ingxenye enkulu yengcebo yase-United States, kanye neBrithani, kanye nezinga elincane lezwekazi, yayisekelwe ukotini oshibhile. Uwuthola kanjani ukotini oshibhile? Nokho, ngesimiso sobugqila esinyanyeka kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona. Okuningi kwalokhu kuvela obala. Incwadi ka-Edward E. Baptist, I Half Ayikaze Itshelwe, inikeza isithombe esimangalisayo sezinto okungenzeka ukuthi izazi-mlando ezazizazi okuthile ngazo, kodwa ngokuqinisekile umphakathi, ngisho nomphakathi onolwazi, awuzange waziswe ngazo. Ngangingazi izinto eziningi azichaza; babedlulele ngale kwezinto ezesabekayo engangizazi. Okuningi kwalokhu kuyaqala ukuphuma ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka. Sekuyisikhathi.
Ngokuqinisekile.
Futhi kufanele sibheke ezinye izinto eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kungani bembalwa kangaka abantu abaNsundu abafinyelela ingcebo? Kunezizathu eziningi. Esinye isizathu yizinyathelo ze-New Deal, ezanquma ukuthi izindlu zombuso kufanele zihlukaniswe. Futhi ngeminyaka yawo-1950, ngokokuqala ngqa, indoda emnyama yaba nethuba lokuthola umsebenzi ohloniphekile emsebenzini wenyunyana yezimoto embonini yezimoto, ukuze yenze imali futhi mhlawumbe ithenge indlu. Kodwa akakwazanga ukuthenga indlu, ngoba i-Federal Housing Projects (isibonelo, i-Levittown, e-Long Island, eNew York) yayivalela abantu abaNsundu ngaphandle.
E-US, ingcebo nezindlu kuhlobene kakhulu. Ingcebo yabantu eningi isendlini yabo. Lapho izisebenzi ezimnyama ekugcineni zithole inkululeko encane, ithuba lokuthola umsebenzi, zatshelwa, โNgiyaxolisa bakwethu, kodwa anikwazi ukuthenga umuzi lapha ngoba sinemithetho yokucwasa ngokwebala.โ Lokhu kwadlulela kuma-1960s akamuva, okwagcina kuchithwa isishoshovu esasidumile ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Kufanele ngisho ukuthi amaSenenja eDemokhrasi ekhululekile abavotele lo mthetho ayephikisana kakhulu nokuhlukaniswa. Babengebona abacwasi. Babefuna izindlu ezingahlangani, kodwa abakwazanga ukuthola lutho ngeSouthern Democrats, eyayiphethe iSenate. Lokhu kuyefana kakhulu esikhathini sethu lapho ungeke ukwazi ukuthola lutho ngaphandle kokuthi ngandlela thize wenze i-Republican Party, ezinikele engcebweni namandla, ivumelane. Futhi lokhu kuyinkinga enkulu kuleli zwe.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, sizwe ngokudubula ngemva kokudubula. Ungakwazi yini ukukhuluma ngengozi ekhulayo yodlame lwezibhamu? Umqondo wami wukuthi kunezinganekwane ezijulile zamasiko mayelana nobunikazi bezibhamu. Ungakwazi ukukhuluma nalokhu?
Udlame lwezibhamu luyakhula hhayi lapha kuphela, kodwa omunye wemiphumela emibi kakhulu yesiko lezibhamu lase-US useMexico naseLatin America. Bagcwele izibhamu zaseMelika, ezibulala abantu ngenani elibi. I-Mexico iyindawo yokubulawa kwabantu enezibhamu eziningi zaseMelika. EMelika Ephakathi, kukhona okufanayo. Nigcwala izindawo ngezibhamu lapho kunezinxushunxushu nezinxushunxushu futhi nizothola ukubulawa kwabantu. Esikhundleni sokuthi abantu bathethise bodwa bazodubulana. Futhi kuyashaqisa ukuthi umuntu onjengami, ngokwesibonelo, ongazi ukuthi yisiphi isiphetho sesibhamu, angangena esitolo e-Arizona, lapho ngihlala khona, futhi athathe isibhamu sikanokusho asinikeze othile ovela endaweni. I-cartel yaseMexico. Ngokuyisisekelo, izinto ezinjalo ziyisiqalekiso emhlabeni. Futhi kufanele nje yelashwe.
Umlando walokhu kufanele ukhunjulwe. Ngekhulu le-19, kwakungekho isiko lesibhamu. Abantu babenezibhamu. Phela kwakuyizwe lokulima, ngakho abalimi babenama-muskets amadala okuxosha ama-coyote nokunye, kodwa kwakungekho mkhuba wesibhamu. Okwenzeka ngokusobala - futhi kukhona isifundo esihle salokhu sesazi-mlando uPamela Haag, oye wahlola lokhu ngokuningiliziwe - ukuthi abakhiqizi bezibhamu babebhekene nenkinga yezomnotho.
I-American Civil War yanikeza imakethe enkulu yezibhamu zesimanje zikanokusho. Amazwe aseYurophu ayelwa, ayethenga izibhamu. Kodwa iMpi Yombango yaphela, futhi iYurophu yangena esimweni esithule okwesikhashana. Zazingekho izimpi eziningi nokulwa ngakho imakethe yoma. Ngakho-ke, bafika emcabangweni wokuzama ukudala imakethe ngokukhangisa. Umkhankaso wokuqala omkhulu wokukhangisa waqala ngokuqamba isithombe se-โWild West,โ uhlobo lwento engakhula ngayo. Kwakukhona u-Wyatt Earp, isherifu eyayishesha ukutomula, noma kwakukhona iLone Ranger eyayizogibela ukuyosiza. Kwakungekho lutho olukude njengalokhu eNtshonalanga, kodwa yasungulwa futhi yaba nomphumela omkhulu. Ngiyakukhumbula kusukela ebuntwaneni bami, futhi sonke sakukholelwa.
Yiqiniso, ingqikithi yakho konke lokhu yayiwukuthi kungcono uthengele indodana yakho isibhamu sikanokusho, kungenjalo ngeke ibe โindoda yangempela.โ Nokho, lokho kwasungula isisekelo sohlobo oluthile lwesiko lesibhamu, futhi kwakopishwa eminye imikhankaso yokukhangisa. Sonke siyayikhumbula iNdoda yaseMarlboro. Uyazi, ufuna ukuzidlisa ushevu ngogwayi futhi ube njengomfana wezinkomo ogijima eyosiza. Futhi kwabonakala kusebenza kakhulu. Umkhankaso kagwayi owabulawa - nakuba kungekho muntu owaziyo, mhlawumbe izigidi zabantu - futhi isiko lokudubula lisabulala abantu ngezinga elibi kakhulu, konke okwakhushulwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2008 - District of Columbia v. Heller - lapho u-Justice Antonin Scalia eguqule iminyaka eyi-100 yesandulela futhi wachaza kabusha Isichibiyelo Sesibili ukuze kunikezwe ukufinyelela kwamahhala kwezibhamu ngabantu ngabanye. U-Scalia wayengumbhali wokuqala, umbhali wemibhalo.
Umbono lapha uthi awukunaki ukuthi abantu abethula umthetho babeqonde ukuthini ngawo; awuvunyelwe ukwenza lokho. Kufanele nje ubheke umbhalo, hhayi ukuthi wawusho ukuthini kubantu abawubhalayo. Lokho akukho emthethweni, akuwona umfundaze weqiniso.
Ngakho-ke, wabheka umbhalo futhi wazama ukukhombisa ukuthi othile owayephila ekhulwini le-18 wayengahumusha iSichibiyelo Sesibili ngokuthi sisho ukunganaki amasosha. Yiqiniso noma amanga, akunamsebenzi nhlobo. Sazi kahle ukuthi kungani abasunguli basungula isichibiyelo sesibili. Esinye sezizathu kwakuyiButho LaseBrithani. Ayengamandla amakhulu emhlabeni. I-US yayingenalo ibutho, futhi amaBrithani angase abuyele emuva. Eqinisweni, benza eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, futhi umuntu kwadingeka abe nezidlamlilo ukuze azivikele kumaNgisi.
Isizathu sesibili kwakuwubugqila. Ezindaweni ezinjengaseNingizimu Carolina, abantu abaNsundu abagqilaziwe babebaningi kunabamhlophe. Futhi kwakukhona ukuvukela kwezigqila okwenzeka kulo lonke elaseCaribbean, futhi kwakungasakazeka lapha. Eqinisweni, benza kanjalo. Ngakho, abelungu banquma ukuthi badinga izibhamu zamasosha. Kodwa isizathu esiyinhloko kwakuwubudlova nokuqothulwa kohlanga. Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zeNguquko YaseMelika kwakuwukuthi iNkosi uGeorge III yayimise isimemezelo sobukhosi esavimbela amakoloni ukuba aye endaweni yezizwe zaseNdiya. Kwakungafanele abahlasele. Amakholoni kwakufanele ahlale empumalanga yama-Appalachian, kodwa ayengakufuni lokho. Babefuna ukubulala nokuxosha abantu bamaNdiya aseMelika. Bangase bazinze lapho. Abaqagela umhlaba njengoGeorge Washington babefuna ukuphuma. Athi esehambile amaNgisi, abamhlophe badinga amabutho, badinga izibhamu.
Kamuva, kwasungulwa ibutho, amabutho agibela amahhashi alinakekela, futhi phakathi nekhulu le-19, izizwe zaboMdabu zabhujiswa, zahlaselwa futhi zaxoshwa. Babedinga izibhamu eziningi ngalokho. Uyabona-ke yingakho abasunguli bebedinga izibhamu kodwa asivumelekile ukukhuluma ngalokho. Esikhundleni salokho, sivamise ukusho lokho umuntu ofana no-Scalia acabanga ukuthi othile ubengakuqonda Ngesichibiyelo Sesibili. Manje lokho sekuwumbhalo ongcwele. Abantu abaningi e-US, uma ubabuza ukuthi yini ekuMthethosisekelo, into yokuqala abazoyisho yi-Second Amendment. Isanda kuba ingxenye evelele yesiko.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela