Udwendwe lwamabhasi lude ngamakhilomitha amaningi, lumbozwe izingqwembe, lupendwe iziqubulo zezombangazwe, lugcwele abantu abavela ezindaweni ezimpofu nezikude kakhulu zaseMexicoโabantu umbala womhlaba, njengoba beshoโkodwa futhi ligcwele abantu abaningi abavela kwamanye amazwe. amazwe athola imbangela evamile lapha. Imigwaqo igcwele izixuku, ukuhalalisela, amahembe aphephezelayo namafulegi amhlophe amashidi nephepha lasendlini yangasese, izimpawu zokunqoba ezibenyezelayo nokumemeza: Zapata Vive! Lala sigue! UZapata uyaphila, umzabalazo uyaqhubeka! Amaphoyisa aphelezela umahamba-nendlwana, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zizungeza phezulu, amaqembu ezindaba nezisebenzi zefilimu zigijima zisuka ngaphambi kwekharavani ziye ngemuva, futhi kuwo wonke amadolobha amaphephandaba amemeza ngokufika kwawo: โAyeza amaZapatista!โ Ebhasini elihamba phambili, ubuso bugqolozela ezixukwiniโkodwa ubuso bumboziwe, bucashile ukuba bungabonakali ngemva kwezifihla-buso ezimnyama zokushushuluza. Esikhathini esingeside esidlule, lezi zibalo ezifihle ubuso zavinjelwa ukuba ziphume emizaneni yazo; ngisho namanje bamelela usongo lwangempela, nakuba bengaphathanga zikhali futhi bengenzanga bugebengu.
Ikharavani izolandela umzila ojikelezayo onqamula inkaba yezwe yendabuko, iqokomisa igobolondo lomnenke ebalazweni laseMexico, eliqala eChiapas eningizimu ekude; iqhubekela ngasentshonalanga nge-Oaxaca; enyakatho idabule ePuebla, eTlaxcala, naseHidalgo; entshonalanga futhi ngokusebenzisa iQueretaro, iGuanajuato, neMichoacan; eningizimu ukuya eGuerrero; empumalanga nasenyakatho ukuya eMorelos; bese-ke, ekugcineni, ngokunqoba phezu kweSierra de Chichinautzรญn futhi phansi enkabeni yedolobha lezwe eSigodini saseMexico. Kuwo wonke amadolobha namadolobhana amaningi amancane, umahamba-nendlwana wezimoto ze-motley uyama futhi uthulule impahla yawo yamaZapatista aqhweba eqhweni, amaNtaliyane agqoke ama-ovaroli amhlophe, nabazwelana nazo zonke izincazeloโabancane, amadala, ansundu, amhlophe, aphuzi, nabomvu; osolwazi basenyuvesi nabahleli bezinyunyana; ama-punk nama-hippie; ogogo nezingane ezincane. I encapuchadosโabesilisa nabesifazane abangenabusoโbakhulume nezixuku ngentando yeningi, inkululeko, ubulungisa; bakhuluma amahlaya futhi banikeze izingathekiso ngomoya ovela phansi, mayelana namandla angenakuvinjelwa umbala womhlaba. Bathi: Kasikho lapha ngezimpendulo, kodwa ngemibuzo; asiwona umbukwane wokubukwa, kepha siyifasitela lokubukwa; singuwe, wena uyithi, sitshele, siyaphi sisuka lapha na?
Lona uMashi Wesithunzi Somdabu, ngenye indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-March the Color of the Earth, ngenye indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Zapatour. Kusekuqaleni kuka-2001, futhi umongameli omusha usanda kukhethwa eMexico-exosha iqembu elibusayo elineminyaka engu-60 ubudala-okwenza kudingeke ukuthi ama-Zapatistas ehlele eMexico City ukuze aqinisekise indawo yawo esigabeni esimaphakathi sepolitiki yaseMexico. Cishe iminyaka emibili, amaZapatista acishe athula (njengoba u-Subcomandante Marcos, umkhulumeli walenhlangano kanye nosomaqhinga wezempi asho kamuva, โUkuthula nakho kuyisikhali.โ) Ikharavani yaphawula inselele enjalo yamalungelo abantu baseMexico. abomdabu ukuthi kwafaniswa ne-US yango-1963 Mashi eWashington lapho uMartin Luther King anikeza inkulumo yakhe ethi โNginephuphoโ inkulumo yakhe. Abanye bakubiza ngokuthi ibhidi elingenangqondo lokuhambisana ngesikhathi lapho inhlangano ethandwayo eChiapas yayiphelile ngokuphumelelayo ngenxa yempumelelo yendawo yonke ye-neoliberalism (ingasaphathwa imiphumela ye-neoliberalism e-Chiapas, njengendlala, izifo, ubumpofu, ukukhathala).
Lokhu kuhlanganisa abantu abaningi kwakungesona isikhathi sokuqala noma sokugcina lapho ama-Zapatista ayefika esigcawini, nezinkulungwane zabasekeli bawo, efuna ukuqashelwa, amalungelo, isithunzi, kanye nobulungiswa. Cishe minyaka yonke kusukela ngo-August 1994โlapho bemema izinkulungwane zabantu ukuba beze emhlanganweni wabo we-National Democratic Convention ekujuleni kwensimu yamavukela-mbuso e-Lacandรณn Jungleโimihlangano emikhulu nokugqugquzelwa kuye kwandisa isisekelo sokusekela i-Zapatista futhi kwaphucula ukusebenza kwabo kwezombusazwe. Ezinye zazo ukuhlangana zihlelwe yiZapatistas ngokwazo. Eziningi zivele ngokuzenzekelayo ngemizamo yamanethiwekhi obumbano nabasekeli emhlabeni jikelele.
Lena akuyona imibuthano engahleliwe, ehlelelwe ukusabela ezenzakalweni zomhlaba, njengemibuthano yokulwa nempi noma imibhikisho yokuvala i-WTO. Ukuhlanganisa ngakunye kusho ukweqa okubalulekile, ukufinyelela ngaphandle, kanye nombuzo othi: โSiyaphi sisuka lapha?โ Ngo-1995 amaZapatista ahlela ivoti elidumile ezweni lonke, noma ukubonisana, lapho babuza uchungechunge lwemibuzo mayelana nemigomo eyisisekelo yenhlangano; abantu baseMexico abangaphezu kwesigidi bavotile. Ngo-1996 bahlela omunye umhlangano omkhulu eLacandรณn Jungle, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Intergalactic Forum for Humanity and Against Neoliberalism. I i-intergalactica imele ukukhothama okujulile kokuhlukahluka ukunyakaza okudingekayo ukuze uhlale uphila; njengoba u-Subcomandante Marcos ekubeka, kwakuwumkhosi โwawo wonke umhlaba odinga umhlaba ukuze ube umhlaba ngempela.โ Ngo-1997, esikhundleni sokumemela abantu bangaphandle ehlathini, abakwaZapatista bathumela abameleli ukuba bayohlangana nabantu emahlathini. pueblos namadolobha ezweni lonke. Olokuqala lwalolu hambo bekuwumashi lwabangu-1,111 XNUMX: laba bantu abaningi baseZapatista baya eMexico City begoqwe ngamafulege aseMexico, โukukhombisa leli zwe ukuthi singabaseMexico.โ Amabhasi abo aqanjwa ngamaqhawe avukela umbuso, futhi inhloko yekharavani yandizisa isibhengezo esigubha iqhawe lasendulo: unkulunkulu womoya wamaMaya, u-Ik. Lokhu kubuthana kwabantu abaningi, imibuthano kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe, amamashi, amakharavani, kanye nokuhambela izindawo ezingcwele kube semqoka esu le-Zapatista kanye nokwanda kokunyakaza. Futhi baye balolonga nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi. Umlando wamambuka usitshela ukuthi ubumbano lweZapatista ukuhlangana eSpain ngo-1997 kwazala iqembu elibizwa nge-People's Global Action, elakhipha ikhwelo lokwandisa ububanzi be-encuentros ukuze kufakwe izinhlangano zomphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Kulolu cingo kwaphuma i-World Social Forum, eyaqala ngo-2001 futhi ingumbuthano omkhulu waminyaka yonke wezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle ezithuthukayo emlandweni. Le mibuthano ngokwayo ayizixazululi izinkinga zendlala, ubumpofu, nokulahlwa; kodwa ngokuhlanganyela ekwakheni isilulumagama sepolitiki esiveza ubunye bemizabalazo eyahlukahlukene, futhi ngokwenza imifelandawonye yokudala, ama-Zapatista asize ukuphonsela inselelo umugqa weqembu ohlale uqhamuka wokuthi Ayikho Enye Inye indlela.
Ukumaketha ukuphikiswa okudumile
Ngaphandle kwezici eziningi zomlando eziguqukayo, okudonsele abantu ngamanani anjalo emgudwini oqala ekhoneni elingaziwa kakhulu laseMexico kube uxhaxha lwenkulumo-ze, izindaba, izingoma, imidwebo yasezindongeni, izinkulumo, izimpawu, nokushukuma komzimba okuhle kakhulu komlando: i-ski- ubuso obufihle ubuso kanye nokukhala kwembuka. Owesilisa ogibele ihhashi, ezolile ebhema ipayipi, enamabhande ezinhlamvu anophawu X obanzi esifubeni sakhe. Izixuku zabesifazane abancane abagqoke izingubo ezifekethisiwe zezimbali zishova futhi ziklabalasa eqenjini elimangelengele lamasosha akhathazekile. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1990, lezi zithombe, ezibonwa emhlabeni wonke, lapha zavusa ukuvukela umbuso emhlabeni wonke ngokumelene ne-capitalism yezinkampani, ukubusa okukhohlakele, namandla asetshenziswa abambalwa ngokumelene nezintshisakalo zabaningi. Zapatismo, ngaphandle kokudala uhlobo olusha lwenhlangano yezenhlalakahle efuna ukwakha ezinye izindlela zendawo esikhundleni sokubusa esikhundleni sokuthatha amandla ombuso, idale isithombe nendawo yenganekwaneโinkondlo yenkondloโehlukile phakathi kwezinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko, futhi eye yakha isithombe senganekwane. wayivumela ukuba iphile emcabangweni odumile, ngakho-ke emhlabathini, iminyaka eyishumi nambili manje.
Ngokuthatha inzuzo yangaphambi kwesikhathi namaqhinga ye-inthanethi kanye nabezindaba, abakwaZapatista bagcine indaba yabo isezindabeni. Ngokusebenzisa izinganekwane, izinganekwane, amahlaya, nezinye izindlela zokubandakanya izethameli, bagcwalise lokho okungachazwa kangcono njengesidingo esingokwengqondo nesemizwa sezindaba zokumelana phakathi kwesobunxele bamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuzenza abalingiswa abanozwelaโu-Subcomandante Marcos umlingisi othakazelisayo nozenza umuntu wesifazane, u-Comandante Ramona owesifazane onciphayo kodwa onamandla owanqoba ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukuze akhulume phambi kwezigidi, kanye nawo wonke amanye ama-Zapatista, isifiso esingaguquki sokuphikiswa okudumileโbadale. umlando ophilayo obazuza ngokucindezela, ubumbano, nokunaka kwezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zamalungelo abantu. Futhi kuvimbela uhulumeni waseMexico ukuba abahlasele ngokuqondile.
Ukubhekisela ekuphathweni ngokucophelela kwesithombe se-Zapatistas njengokuthi "ukwenza uphawu" kuwukugxeka, kodwa kulungile ukusho ukuthi njengoba nje i-Nike swoosh ikhumbuza hhayi kuphela imishini yezemidlalo kodwa futhi nemibono eyisisekelo yobungxiwankulu obudliwayo, njengoba i-Starbucks ingameleli nje kuphela. ikhofi elimnandi kodwa ukunethezeka nokuvumelana kwe-yuppie, imaski yokushushuluza nezinye izimpawu ze-Zapatismo zisebenzela ukuletha iphakethe eliminyene lolwazi eligoqwe ngesithonjana esibonakalayo esisodwaโfuthi sidale ukuqashelwa kwegama laso. Yilokhu kuphathwa kwesithombe okucophelelayo, kanye nomlayezo ocacile nongaguquki, okwenze amaZapatista angakwazi ukuhlushwa okufanayo nezixuku ezibulewe eGuatemala engumakhelwane ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, futhi lokho kuye kwaholela ekubeni, esikhundleni salokho, akhuthaze futhi amele ukuthandwa komhlaba wonke. ukumelana.
Ngokwezempi, iZapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) ayikaze ibe namandla. Nakuba ukusekelwa kwendawo ethandwayo kulinganiselwa emashumini ezinkulungwane, inani le abavukeliโabashokobezi abanezibhamu abahlala ezintabeniโbalinganiselwa phakathi kuka-300 no-1,500 60,000. Abahlomile kahle, bangondliwa kahle, futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi bahlale bevumelanisa isu labo nezimo ezishintshayo. Ngokuphambene, ukuphikiswaโamasosha kahulumeni angu-11 1994 (ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yebutho laseMexico)โajikeleziswa njalo eChiapas. Nokho, ngemva kwezinsuku eziyi-XNUMX zomzabalazo wezikhali ekuqaleni kuka-XNUMX, i-EZLN yakwazi, ngokwamazwi omdwebi wasemngceleni uGuillermo Gรณmez-Peรฑa:
ukunquma imibandela yokuqeda umlilo, ukuphoqa uhulumeni ukuthi ahlale futhi axoxisane endaweni yawo, ukwethula embuthweni wezombangazwe waseMexico umbono omusha wekusasa lezwe, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukudala entsha. inganekwane yezombangazwe esikhathini lapho izinganekwane eziningi zezombangazwe zingenamali.
Yinganekwane yezombangazwe yamaZapatista, ukuzenzela kwawo umfanekiso kanye nokusebenzisa kwawo โubudlelwano bomphakathi,โ okuye kwasekela ukusinda kwawo nokusakazwa kwemibono yawo, ngandlela thize, kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Onodoli abancane abaphethe izibhamu ezincane
Eminyango ebanzi eseduze neReal de Guadelupe kanye ne-Avenida Insurgentes eSan Cristรณbal de las Casas, inhloko-dolobha yamakoloni yaseChiapas, amabutho amancane ahlangene. Bangonodoli bamabutho amavukela-mbuso abagqoke amajazi evolo nezifihla-buso zokushushuluza eqhweni, bephethe izibhamu ezincane zokhuni, ngayinye inophawu olubomvu lwebhandena le-EZLN entanyeni. Abanye bahlezi bejahe amahhashi, abanye baqoqene emalolini njengokungathi baya empini, kanti abanye balenga kahle emaketangeni okhiye nasezintanjeni zezinwele.
Njengoba udlula kule minyango, kumemeza abesifazane namantombazane abahlezi phakathi kwamabutho "Qinisekisa iZapatista!"โThenga iZapatista! Nakancane ukuthakasela owesifazane uyasukuma, endlale isiketi sakhe soboya esimnyama, aphakamise isandla sonodoli: โThenga oyedwa! Lona nguMarcos,โ ethula egibele ihhashi. โLona nguTacho,โ ethula isigqoko. โLona uRamona,โ ethula ibhulawuzi elimhlophe nesiketi. โThenga eyodwa,โ uyaqhubeka, โu-Anna Maria, uDavid, uMarcos,โ ebiza amagama omyalo wakwaZapatista. Yizinto zangempela lezi, iphimbo lakhe liyafuna, laba bantu ofunde ngabo emaphepheni, ngamaqhawe enguqu. Mbuze ukuthi uyawazi yini amaZapatista futhi angase agigitheke bese enamahloni, ebheka eceleni, kodwa uzoqhubeka nokuphikelela kwakheโusebenza kanzima enza labo nodoli ngezicucu zezingubo azilukayoโโThenga oyedwa! Thenga eyodwa!โ Ikhulu leminyaka ngemva kokubulawa kwakhe, u-Emiliano Zapata uhlala eMexico.
ISan Cristรณbal iyikhaya lezinqwaba zonodoli abaningi, okuyisikhumbuzo salolo suku lukaNcibijane lapho amaZapatista egcwele idolobha futhi ebhidliza ihholo ledolobha. Amasosha aseZapatista kade anyamalala emizaneni yawo ukuze anakekele amasimu awo, ukuze aphinde aphile ngaphansi kosongo lokuvinjezelwa. Kodwa onodoli bahlala beqaphile. Kubanikazi bedolobhaโabamabhange, osomabhizinisi namasoshaโlezi zibalo ezinciphayo zingamaphekula ayingozi asongela ukulondeka kwezindawo zawo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwawo. Kodwa njengonodoli, amaZapatista agcwele yonke indawo. Ziningi ngendlela engenakubalwa, futhi zihlangana namasimu eziwanakekelayo, zisebenza ngokugobela igeja noma zihlezi phansi endaweni yokudayisa emakethe yezingcweti, ziluka. Vele, ukuba khona kwebutho elikhulu, ama-Humvees, amasosha ahambayo, namasosha ahamba emigwaqweni nezibhamu zawo kubangela ukuthi amavukelambuso ahlangane kulokho okuningi. Azibonakali ngoba zikhona yonke indawo.
Kodwa akuwona amaZapatista kuphela athengisa labonodoli; ngokushesha baba isikhumbuzo esifunwa kakhulu ezimakethe zaseSan Cristรณbal, futhi ngisho nabesifazane abavela emadolobhaneni angayisekeli i-EZLN baye batholakala bezuza inzuzo yabo kuzo. Ngalo mqondo, izinganekwane zonodoli ziphumelela kangangokuthi ngisho nesitha siye sahlukunyezwa ukuze siyisakaze; kanti nokho, emadolobheni angaphandle angavikelwe kancane ofakazi bamazwe ngamazwe futhi angenwe kakhulu amasosha namasosha, onodoli cishe abekho. Yini eyenza laba nodoli bahluke esithombeni esithengisiwe sika-Che Guevara noma ezinye izithonjana zoguquko? Mhlawumbe yiqiniso lokuthi, eMexico, okungenani, ama-Zapatistas asekhona usongo, kuyilapho el Che isihambile kudala; mhlawumbe iqiniso lokuthi lokhu akulona nje inkolo yomuntu (Marcos eceleni) kodwa uphawu olujwayelekile lokumelana. Labโ onodoli bakhanyisa izithunzi ukuze baveze ukunyakaza kwenqwaba engabonakali. Khona kanye ukuba khona kwazo kubonisa ukungagwemeki komlando wenguquko.
โSivala ubuso bethu ukuze sibonakaleโ
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvela kwe-EZLN ngo-1994, isifihla-buso sokushushuluza saqhakaza njengembali emnyama endaweni yonke yamasiko. NgoZibandlela wezi-2000, lapho abakwaZapatista bememezela ukuthi bazomasha baye enhloko-dolobha yaseMexico ukuze bakhulume ngaphambi kwengqungquthela, ukukhathazeka okukhulu phakathi kwabaholi bamaqembu aphikisayo kwakungekhona ukuthi amavukela-mbuso azophatha izikhali, kodwa ukuthi azogqoka izifihla-buso. Ukwesaba okucishe kube yi-pathological of the masks kuye kwabonakala phakathi kwesigaba esibusayo, ukubukisa, ngendlela yaso, ikhungo elizungeze izifihla-buso phakathi kwentsha nakwesobunxele.
Izifihla-buso ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa nabaphangi bamabhange nezinye izigebengu โezivamile,โ kanye โnamaphekulaโ noma abalweli benkululeko, bonke abanokuthile abakufihlayo ngoba bephula izimiso zokuziphatha, zokuziphatha, nezomthetho zemiphakathi yabo. Kodwa isifihla-buso sokushushuluza ekuqaleni sasisebenza ngendlela emangalisayo: Ngobusuku Bangaphambi KukaNcibijane edolobheni elisezintabeni eziphakeme iSan Cristรณbal de las Casas, umoya ubhoboza umongo wakho, ushaye ubuso bakho, futhi umise amashiya akho. Ebusika in the ithafa yaseChiapas, ebusuku kakhulu nasekuseni kakhulu, kuyinto evamile ukubona abantu begqoke izifihla-buso ukuze bavikele ubuso babo ekushisweni yiqhwa.
Okungavamile kakhulu ukubona abantu abagqoke izifihla-buso zokushushuluza, amahembe ansundu, amabhulukwe amnyama, namakepisi ansundu anezinkanyezi ezincane ezibomvu ezinamaphuzu amahlanu, futhi bephethe izikhali zokuhlasela, izibhamu, nezibhamu zokulingisa zokhuni eziqoshwe ngesandla. Izici eziwusizo zezifihla-busoโezokwemboza ubuso beqhawe, zilivikele ekuqashelweni nasemakhazeniโaziyikholelwa imisebenzi yazo ejulile, eyisiko. Ephawula ngokusetshenziswa kwezifihla-buso emguqukweni wamaSandinista eNicaragua, uSalman Rushdie wabhala, โInhloso yangempela yomaskandi, njengoba noma yimuphi umlingisi ezokutshela, akukhona ukucasha, kodwa uguquko. Isiko lokufihla ubuso yilelo eliqonda okuningi mayelana nezinqubo ze-metamorphosis. "
Udwendwe lwezifihla-buso nemikhosi yemikhosi isetshenziswa emikhosini yamaKatolika kuwo wonke amazwe aseMelika. Kepha lapho imaski nemidlalo yeshashalazi emangazayo iphumela emigwaqweni ngamamashi, imilindelo, izivimbelo, nezenzo zokungalaleli komphakathi, le nqubo yokushintshashintsha iba nokubaluleka kwezepolitikiโukumelana okuvulekile okukhomba uguquko.
Encwadini ayibhalela u-Adolfo Gilly, u-Subcomandante Marcos wabhala, โIcala liwukuthi imaski yokushushuluza iwuphawu lokuvukela. Izolo nje bekuwuphawu lobugebengu noma ubuphekula. Kungani? Impela hhayi ngoba besihlose ukuthi kube njalo.โ
Izifihla-buso zinomphumela okungenzeka ubengahlosiwe wokwenza uhlobo โlolunye uhlobo oluqinile.โ Njengomuntu Ongabonakali Ka-Ralph Ellison, abantu bomdabu sekuyisikhathi eside bengabonakali eMexico yanamuhla. Njengoba u-Octavio Paz echaza ngokudabukisayo, โUmNdiya uhlangana nendawo kuze kube yilapho eseyingxenye engaqondakali yodonga olumhlophe ancike kulo lapho kuhwalala, yomhlaba omnyama anelulela kuwo ukuze aphumule emini bebade, yokuthula okumzungezile. .โ
Ngakho-ke imaskhi yaba wuphawu lwabo bonke labo obunikazi babo buchithwa isiko elibusayo. Ukungaziwaโukungabi nabusoโkwathiwa ngonya okwakwenza ukuba kusuke ukukhubazeka kube umthombo wamandla nosongo. Ngokuphazima kweso ayizange imele nje kuphela abantu bomdabu baseChiapas emzabalazweni wabo wobulungiswa, kodwa bonke abantu abanqatshelwe ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Ngokwakhiwa kwe-neoliberal yaseMexico kanye namandla omhlaba wonke ayisekelayo, imaski ibiza umbono owesabekayo, uhlobo lwesilo saseFrankenstein esibhekene nomdali waso: โUngenze ngaba yilokho engiyikho. Ngibheke manje!โ
Ngemuva kukaJanuwari 1, 1994, noma yimuphi omunye wezigidi zabantu abaphucwa umhlaba wayengavele agqoke imaski eqhweni aphumele esigcawini sedolobha noma isigodi sakubo kanye nezinhloso zakhe zezombusazwe, indaba yakhe, umzabalazo wakhe wawuzokwaziswa. Ngokusungula ubunikazi beqoqo, ogqoke imaski eqhweni uzuza, mhlawumbe, okukodwa kokunqoba okungokomfanekiso komhlubuki ongaphansi kwe-underdog: Udelela futhi uxosha ikilasi elalikade lidelela futhi lamxosha.
Ngokufaka imaski eqhweni kanye nama-bandoliers kanye ne-evocative yehhashi lika-Emiliano Zapata, uMarcos wazenza iqhawe lesimanje laseMexico, isiphambano phakathi kukaZapata, uChe Guevara, noSuperman; i New York Times wambiza ngokuthi โumholi wokuqala wama-guerilla wangemva kwesimanje.โ (U-Marcos ugqoke amagobolondo esibhamu awela; nokho isikhali sakhe asikhethayo, sempi nesokumisa umphakathi, isibhamu esizishintshayo, esisebenzisa izinhlamvu ezihluke ngokuphelele. Lokhu bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuqashelwa abezindaba, kodwa nokho umphumela waseshashalazini uphelele. Umthelela entsheni yaseMexico nawo waba ngokushesha, ukhomba amaZapatista "njengapholile" futhi wazuza inhlonipho kaMarcos njengengxenye yeqembu. banda, iqembu lezigelekeqe. I-machismo kaMarcos iyathukuthela, ngokubukeka, okungenani, ngenxa yokulunga kwakhe, futhi njengoba ubukhona bakhe banda uhlobo oluthile lwe-chic eguquguqukayo yadlula iMexico.
Isimo sikaMarcos njengesithakathi samqinisekisa indawo ephephile phakathi komphakathi. Uhulumeni waseMexico wafuna ngokushesha ukumdalula, kodwa lapho le nganekwane ibamba, umphakathi waseMexico wawungenaso isifiso sokwazi ukuthi ungubani ngempela; ngisho nalapho ubuyena bembulwa, inganekwane ibambe amandla ayo. Kwavela isithombe sakhe esigqunywe eqhweni, futhi sisaqhubeka nokuvela, emabhaluni nasezikibha, izilayishi zikagwayi nezinkinobho, izitikha zobhampa, amawashi, amapensela, amakhondomu, nanoma yini enye engathengiswa ngama-peso ayi-10 endaweni yokuposa eseceleni komgwaqo noma ikhonsathi ye-rock. Isigqila sikaMarcosโUkuhweba ngeMarcoโukwazile ukugcina umzabalazo weZapatista enkundleni yomphakathi.
Ukusetshenziswa komlando: UZapata uphila, umzabalazo uyaqhubeka
Enye indlela ama-Zapatistas athathe ngayo umcabango odumile iwukucela abantu bomlando, amagama, nezinsuku ukunikeza umongo wezenzo zabo nedrama yomlando ekuhambeni kwabo. Oyinhloko yalezi zibalo zomlando ngu-Emiliano Zapata. Umholi wabantu bokuqala owagqugquzela iNguquko yaseMexico ka-1910-1919 ukuba iketule ubushiqela bukaPorfirio Diaz futhi kusungulwe umthethosisekelo owasungulwa weMexico yanamuhla, ubukhona bukaZapata bukhona yonke indawo ezweni; igama lakhe linamathiselwe kukho konke kusukela ezindaweni zokugunda izinwele nasezindaweni ze-taco kuya ezinyunyaneni zezolimo futhi, vele, amabutho amavukelambuso. Ngokuvusa uZapata, kubekwa isimangalo sencazelo โyeqinisoโ yeNguquko yaseMexico: umzabalazo wabalimi obumbene kanye nemibono engokoqobo yomhlaba nenkululeko. Izazi-mlando u-Enrique S. Rajchenberg, noCatherine Hรฉau-Lambert baye baphawula ukuthi, kubo bonke abaholi baseLatin America bekhulu lama-20, mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwabo abahlala bedumile kuwo wonke amakilasi u-Emiliano Zapata, iPancho Villa, futhi ngokunokwenzeka noChe Guevara:
U-Lenin, uMao kanye noTito bakhishwe ezisekelweni zabo eminyakeni yamuva, kuyilapho [i-Villa ne-Zapata] bengagcinanga nje ngokugcina izikhundla zabo, namandla abo ande. Isizathu sokuqhubeka nokusebenza kwabo, kanye nesikaChe Guevara, sisuka phakathi kokunye, ukuthi babengaphandle ekuphatheni. Ngamanye amazwi, akwanele ukuthi umuntu amukele izimbangela ezidumile, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi aqhelelane nalokho okungcolisa noma ubani okuthintayo: amandla nezimpawu zawo.
Amandla eZapata njengophawu lwenguquko eqhubekayo anamandla ikakhulukazi eChiapas, ngoba, njengoba kuye kwaphawulwa kabanzi, inguquko yaseMexico kanye nezinguquko eyazithola ayizange ifike eChiapas. Ibutho lamavukelambuso noma izinguquko zezolimo ezenziwa ngawo-1930 ngaphansi kukaMongameli uLazaro Cardenas azizange zifike emadolobheni aseChiapan altiplano noma eSelva Lacandona, lapho. i-caciquismo (ukubusa kwendawo okwenziwa ngabanamandla abahlomile abavame ukukhonza iqembu lombuso) kanye nohlelo lwe i-encomenderos (iziza ezinkulu zomhlaba eziphethwe ngu Ladinos, noma abamhlophe) baqhubekile kwaze kwaba namuhla.
Isazi-mlando saseMexico uCarlos Montemayor ubonise ukuthi isibalo saseZapata singesiyo iqiniso lomlando waseMexico kuphela, kodwa nangokwesiko lomdabu lomlomo elingahlukanisi phakathi kwezinganekwane nomlando. Ngo-1997 Chiapas: La Rebelion indigena de Mexico, uyabhala:
Ngokuzenzakalelayo ikhalenda lomlando lisobala: sikholelwa ukuthi okwenzeka kanye kwenzeka ngalesi sikhathi kuphela, futhi akuhlangene nomzuzu olandelayo. Kumasiko omdabu isikhathi sinenye imvelo, esinye isivinini, futhi singenye yezimfihlo zokumelana namasiko namandla okulwa alaba bantu. Kubona okwedlule kutholakala kwesinye isici, esiqhubeka sihambisana nesimanje. Inkumbulo yomdabu iyinqubo yokuvuselela okwedlule. Imikhosi, imidanso, imithandazo, isiko lomlomo, amandla enkumbulo axhumana nalesi sici lapho izinto zihlala khona. Yingakho, lapho bekhuluma ngo-Emiliano Zapata (noma ngamaqhawe asuka ekunqobeni okukude, kusukela ekuzimele noma kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye) bakhuluma ngamandla aphilayo.
Lapho echazwa ngokuthi โama-neo-zapatistas,โ u-Marcos uphendule, wabeka ngenye indlela, โAsiwona ama-neo, siwukuqhubeka kwenguquko ka-1910.โ Zapata vive, la lucha sigueโ UZapata uyaphila, umzabalazo uyaqhubeka.
I-diplomacy ehlomile
AmaZapatista asho kaningi ukuthi inhloso yawo akukhona ukuthatha amandla ombuso kodwa โukuvula indawo yentando yeningi.โ Izikhathi eziningi baye badlulisela isimemo โemphakathini womhlaba wonkeโ ukuba bahlangane, baphikisane futhi baveze imibono โyezwe lapho imihlaba eminingi ingena khona.โ Bakhuluma ngokuphindaphindiwe โngokuhamba ngokubuza imibuzo.โ Nokho phakathi kwamamaki emibuzo kunephuzu elilodwa lokubabaza elifuna ukuba imibuzo ithathwe ngokungathi sรญna: iqiniso lokuthi amaZapatista aphatha izibhamu, futhi angazibeki phansi kalula.
EMexico, njengasengxenyeni enkulu yeLatin America, ukubona abalimi bephethe izibhamu akuyona into engavamile. Lapho izinto ziba zimbi kakhulu el pueblo, lapho ibhalansi yamandla nesizinda somhlaba kushintsha kakhulu ezandleni zabambalwa, abantu bakhuluma โngokuya ezintabeni,โ okusho ukuthatha izikhali ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo eqoqo. Ngakho, ukusebenzisa kwamaZapatista izikhali akusona neze into entsha eMexico, nakuba izizathu zabo zokuzithwala zinjalo.
I-EZLN yenze izitatimende eziningi esidlangalaleni ichaza ukuthi kungani bephatha izikhali. Phakathi kokucace kakhulu (futhi okunengqondo kakhulu) isitatimende sikaMarcos sokuthi bancamela ukubulawa empini yomphakathi kunokuba bafe bengabonakali futhi bengezwakali ngenxa yohudo, isifo sohudo, umalaleveva noma ezinye izifo zobumpofu ezingagwemeka.
Nokho i-EZLN, empeleni uma ingekho ngokombono, ayinabo udlame, ilondoloza ngendlela ehlelekile lokho abakubiza ngokuthi โukumiswa kokudubula okuhlaselayoโ ngisho naphakathi kwezingxabano ezingapheli. Abakaze badubule izikhali zabo ngendlela ecasulayo kusukela ngempi yezinsuku eziyi-11 ngoJanuwari 1994, lapho beqala ukulwa nezwe laseMexico.
Kulezo zinsuku ezimbalwa, kwaba nenani elikhulu lokudubulanaโlapho i-EZLN ihlasela Isizinda Sezempi SaseRancho Nuevo ngaphandle kwaseSan Cristรณbal ukuze kuqedwe usongo lwezempi nokukhulula inqolobane yezikhali; lapho amasosha ecindezela amavukela-mbuso e-EZLN emakethe yase-Ocosingo izinsuku ezimbili; nasemapulazini ahlakazekile kulo lonke elaseChiapas lapho abalimi belwela ukuvikela izindawo zabo ekuhlalweni kweZapatista. Kodwa ngisho nakulezi zimpi, igazi eliningi elaligijima kwakuyigazi leZapatista, futhi uma kukhona okwakufakazelwa kwakuwukuthi umzabalazo wezikhali wawungeke uqiniswe. Isigameko esisodwa kuphelaโisigameko sokucisha umlilo lapho amasosha e-EZLN okuthiwa abuyisela umlilo kuhulumeni edolobhaneni lase-El Bosque ngo-1998โesenza singabaze irekhodi le-EZLN โlokuceka phansi ukulwa okucasulayo.โ
Imvelo "engokomfanekiso" yobudlova, vele, ayihlukile ngokuphelele kunhlangano yeZapatista; kungase kubonakale kungaphezu kokubonakaliswa kohlobo lwenkulumo-ze oluvame kakhulu kwezombangazwe zomhlaba. Lapho uMnyango Wezwe Lase-US usebenzisa leli qhinga ukuze ufune ukusungula โingxoxo enengqondoโ nezitha zawo, ubiza lokhu kuboniswa okunonya ngokuthi โukuxoxisana ngezikhali.โ AmaZapatista avele ahileleke ekukhulumeni ngezikhali ngezinga elincane kakhuluโnokuzivikela. KumaZapatista, ukuphathwa kwezikhali kumayelana nokusinda, kodwa futhi kuhambisana nomlayezo onamandla wokudelela igunya lombuso. Ngokuphatha izikhali, amaZapatista aziveza njengangaphansi kwemithetho kodwa eyakhe.
Ngokungangabazeki inhlabathi ebomvu yaseChiapas iye yabona ukufa kwabantu abaningi, amashumi ezinkulungwane zababaleki bangaphakathi, ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi, ukubulawa okuningana kwezombangazwe, nenqwaba yanyamalala, yahlushwa, yaboshwa, futhi yaxoshwa; kube nokungqubuzana okungabaleki phakathi kwemiphakathi yaseZapatista namasosha ezempi namasoshaโfuthi, cishe kuzo zonke izimo, abalimala ngamaZapatista. Lokhu kungabi nodlame kwamasu akubona ubufakazi obuningi bombono we-pacifist njengoba kuwukuqashelwa ukuthi uma bedubula isibhamu esisodwa emuva kwezempi yaseMexico, bazobulawa ngokunganaki. Bathi, โSingamasosha ukuze kungabikho muntu ozoba amasosha ngemva kwethu.โ Noma besathule, izibhamu zibasebenzele kakhulu ekudonseni ukunaka kwabezindaba kanye nokuletha amathuba ezingxoxo eziphusile nohulumeni.
Isithombe se-jovial: izimiso zokuziphatha eziguquguqukayo zamahlaya amahle kanye nomdlalo omuhle wezemidlalo
Izibhamu eceleni, isikhali esiyinhloko samaZapatistas sihlala siyizwi, futhi, ngokuqondile, i-wisecrack. Kusukela ekuqaleni amaZapatista abengamaqili, agcona wonke umuntu, ngisho nawo uqobo. Lapho kuphawulwa ukuthi ukuthatha kwabo iSan Cristรณbal ngosuku i-NAFTA eyaqala ngalo ukusebenza โemizuzwini embalwa ngemva kwaphakathi kwamabili,โ kuphawula uMarcos, โsafike sekwephuzile njengokujwayelekile.โ Eziningi zezindaba ezibhalwe nguMarcos zithatha uhlobo lwezinganekwane zamahlaya, futhi izenzo zabo eziningi zenza uguquko lube impi yobuhlakani. Ihlaya elijwayelekile likaMarcos libukeka kanje:
Kwake kwaba khona izinyawo ezimbili. Izinyawo zombili zazihlangene kodwa zingahlangene. Enye yayibanda kanti enye yayishisa. Ngakho unyawo olubandayo lwathi onyaweni olushisayo, โUshisa kakhulu.โ Futhi unyawo olushisayo lwathi onyaweni olubandayo, โUbanda kakhulu.โ Futhi babelapho, belwa kanje, ngenkathi uHernรกn Cortes eqhamuka futhi wabashisa bobabili bephila.
Yithole?
Amanye ama-communiquรฉs asekuqaleni athandwa kakhulu agxile ebhungane elincane elibizwa ngokuthi i-DuritoโInsizwa Enzima. U-Durito ucasulwa amabhuzu amakhulu kaMarcos angaqondakali kanye nokuhlaziya kwakhe okulula kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, futhi uzibophezele ekufundiseni nge-neoliberalism kanye nempi, ekugcineni ephakamisa ukuthi amaZapatista alwela ize ngoba onxiwankulu bayiziphukuphuku bazoziphonsa phansi. . U-Durito uthatha indawo ka-Sherlock Holmes eya ku-Marcos' Watson kanye no-Don Quixote kuya ku-Marcos' Sancho Panza, efaka ukushaqeka kwamahlaya ajulile emibhalo, futhi enikeza umongo womlando nesisindo sobuhlakani kunhloso ye-Zapatista. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamahlaya kwehlisa izikhali futhi kuyajabulisa, kuqinisa ngokwengeziwe umuzwa walaba bahlubuki abagqunywe eqhweni, abashaya isibhamu njengabalingiswa abanozwela.
NgoZibandlela wezi-2002, uFernando Baltasar Garzรณn Realโijaji laseSpain elibhekele, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokubopha u-Augusto Pinochet waseChile ngamacala okubulala nokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kanye nokukhipha amacala abhekene namalungu eqembu lamaSeparatist aseBasque i-Euskadi Ta Askatasuna. (ETA)โuphonsele inselelo u-Subcomandante Marcos kwinkulumompikiswano. UMarcos wavuma, kodwa wafuna ukuthi abeke imigomo:
U-Seรฑor Baltasar Garzรณnโฆ
Ngiyazisa ukuthi ngiyayamukela inselele futhi (njengoba kugunyazwe yimithetho yama-knight-errantry), uma kubhekwa ukuthi ngiyindoda ephonselwe inselelo, kukumina ukubeka imibandela yomhlanganoโฆ.
OKOKUQALA. Inkulumo-mpikiswano izoba seCanary Islands, ikakhulukazi eLanzarote, kusukela ngo-Ephreli 3 kuya ku-10, 2003.
LESIBILI. U-Seรฑor Fernando Baltasar Garzรณn Real uzovikela iziqinisekiso ezidingekayo nezanele kanye nokuziphatha okuphephile, kuhulumeni waseSpain kanye naseMexico, ukuze iqhawe eliphonselwe inselelo kanye namaqhawe akhe ayisithupha bakwazi ukuya ku-duel futhi babuyele ekhaya ngokuphepha. Izindleko zohambo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zika-Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos kanye nethimba lakhe zizothwalwa yi-EZLN, okuyi. ama-coyucos, tostadas, ubhontshisi kanye pozol. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mayelana nokuchitha ubusuku, i-knight-errant (noma i-seafaring-knight) ngeke idinge uphahla ngaphandle kwesibhakabhaka saseCanary esinesithunzi.
ESESITHATHU. Endaweni efanayo nenkulumo-mpikiswano, ngokuhambisana kodwa hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuzobanjwa umhlangano phakathi kwabo bonke abadlali bezombangazwe, bezenhlalakahle namasiko enkingeni yaseBasque abafisa kanjalo. Ingqikithi yomhlangano izothi โIzwe Lase-Basque: Imizila.โ
Ngemuva kwalokhu kudubula okuvula umnsalo, uMarcos ubeka uchungechunge lwezimfuno ezilingana nokubiza isivumelwano phakathi kukahulumeni waseSpain nabahlukanisi baseBasque. UMarcos akawagodleli amazwi akhe aqinile kuGarzรณn kanye nohulumeni waseMexico, kodwa uthatha i-ETA ithathele izinyathelo ngenxa yokuthi muva nje wenza izenzo zodlame eziholele ekufeni kwezakhamuzi ezimbalwa ezingenacala: โU-Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos uzophinde akhulume ne-ETA, ebuza. ukuze bavale isivumelwano phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-177, ngaleso sikhathi i-ETA ingeke yenze noma yiziphi izenzo zezempi ezicasulayo.โ
Ngemva kokucela isivumelwano se-ETAโisinyathelo sesibindi somdlali woguquko ohlomile emhlabeni wonkeโuMarcos ubeka imigomo yokunqoba nokunqotshwa:
Uma u-Seรฑor Fernando Baltasar Garzรณn Real ehlula i-Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos ngendlela efanele futhi eqondile, uzoba nelungelo lokumambula kanye, phambi kwanoma ubani afisayo. U-Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, ngaphezu kwalokho, uzoxolisa esidlangalaleni futhi uzobhekana nezenzo zobulungiswa baseSpain ukuze bamhlukumeze (njengoba nje behlukumeza amaBasque lapho beboshiwe)โฆ.
Uma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uSeรฑor Fernando Baltasar Garzรณn Real ehlulwe ngendlela efanele, uyozibophezela ekwelulekeni ngokusemthethweni i-EZLN ngamacala okuthiโmhlawumbe okuyisenzo sokugcina sokuthula saseZapatista, naphambi kwezinhlangano zomthetho zamazwe ngamazweโazokwethulwa ukuze afune ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo omdabu namasiko, okuthi, ngokwephula imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nomqondo ophusile, okungakaqashelwa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni waseMexico.
Kuzophinde kwethulwe amacala obugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini ngu-Seรฑor Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, obhekene nokubulawa kwe-Acteal (okwenziwa ezintabeni zaseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Mexican ngoDisemba ka-1997), lapho kwabulawa khona izingane zomdabu ezingama-45, abesifazane, amadoda nabadala. โฆ
Amacala azokwethulwa ngendlela efanayo nezinhloko zikahulumeni waseSpain okwathi, ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaSeรฑor Zedillo eMexico, babambisene naye kulokho, nokunye, ukuhlasela abantu baseMexico baseNdiya.
Yebo, impikiswano ayizange ibe khona. Kodwa ngokuxoxisana esidlangalaleni nejaji elaziwayo neliyimpikiswano ngobuhlakani bakhe, uMarcos udalula ubuzenzisi benkulumo yamalungelo abantu evumela umbuso ukuthi uqhube udlame (njengase-Acteal naseBasque Country) kuyilapho egxeka udlame โlwabaqisayoโ njengokuthi I-ETA kanye ne-EZLN. Futhi ngokuguqula inkulumo-mpikiswano ibe yimpi kanye nenkulumo yamalungelo abantu ibe umbuzo wokuhlonipha phakathi kwama-knights errant (ephinda ebiza umphuphi omkhulu wezincwadi zesi-Spanish, isiwula, nohlanya, u-Don Quixote), u-Marcos uguqula inguquko ibe ihlaya le-postmodern slapstick. Esebenzisa amahlaya, ireferensi yemibhalo, kanye nekhampasi yokuziphatha elinganiselwe kahle, u-Marcos wabona kule nselele ithuba elihle lokusebenzelana nomphakathiโfuthi waphuma ebukeka njengomuntu ohlekisayo wesikhathi esifushane, kanye nomdlalo omuhle okufanele awuqale.
Empini yamuva nje yemidlalo enjalo yomhlaba wonke, i-EZLN yamukela inselele yokudlala umdlalo neqembu lebhola likanobhutshuzwayo lase-Italy. Encwadini ayibhalela uMassimo Moratti, uMongameli weMilan International Football Club, yangoMeyi 25, 2005, uMarcos uyabhala:
Don Massimo,
Ngiyanazisa ukuthi, ngaphezu kokuba umkhulumeli we-EZLN, ngikhethwe ngazwi linye njengoMqeqeshi OyiNhloko futhi ngaphathiswa uBudlelwane be-Intergalactic beqembu lebhola lezinyawo laseZapatista (eqinisweni, akekho omunye owayefuna ukwamukela umsebenzi)โฆ .
Mhlawumbe...ngingase ngiphakamise ukuthi, esikhundleni sokuthi umdlalo webhola ulinganiselwe kumdlalo owodwa, kungase kube 2. Owodwa eMexico nomunye e-Italy. Noma oyedwa uya futhi omunye ekubuyeni. Nendebe eyaziwa umhlaba wonke nge-โThe Pozol of Mudโ izolwelwa.
Futhi mhlawumbe ngingaphakamisa kuwe ukuthi [imali engenayo] yegeyimu e-Mexico...ingaba ngeyabantu bomdabu abaxoshwa amasosha e-Los Altos of Chiapas.
Sigijimela phezulu manje, singase sidlale omunye umdlalo e-Los Angeles, e-California, e-US, lapho umbusi wabo (obambela ama-steroid ngenxa yokuntuleka kwakhe kwama-neurons) enza inqubomgomo yobugebengu ngokumelene nabafuduki baseLatini. Wonke amarisidi alowo mdlalo azogcinelwa iseluleko sezomthetho kwabangenazo izincwadi e-USA futhi abophe izigebengu ezivela ku-โMinuteman Project.โ Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ithimba lamaphupho" laseZapatista laliphatha isibhengezo esikhulu esithi "Inkululeko ka-Mumia Abu Jamal no-Leonard Peltier."
Kungenzeka impela ukuthi uBush angeke avumele imaski yethu yokushushuluza yasehlobo yasentwasahlobo yasehlobo ukuthi idale umuzwa eHollywood, ukuze umhlangano udluliselwe enhlabathini enesithunzi yaseCuba, phambi kwesizinda samasosha esigcinwa uhulumeni wase-US, ngokungemthetho nangokungekho emthethweni. , eGuantรกnamo. Kulokhu ithimba ngalinye (elivela ku-Inter kanye ne-Ezeta) lizozibophezela ekuphuzeni okungenani ikhilogremu elilodwa lokudla nemithi ilungu ngalinye, njengophawu lokubhikisha ngokumelene nokuvinjwa kwabantu baseCuba.
Njengasencwadini eya kuJaji uGarzรณn, uMarcos usebenzisa imigomo yezemidlalo ukuchaza inkundla yokudlala yobulungisa bomhlaba. Ngokugwema uhlobo lwenkulumo-nkulumo evame ukuhlotshaniswa โnenguquko yevanguard,โ โukuvukela okudumile,โ noma โukumelana ne-anticapitalist,โ uMarcos udlulela ngale kwemibono ewumngcingo ukuze ahehe umuzwa wendawo yonke wezimiso zokuziphatha ongakhulumi nje ngamavukelambuso aphikisayo, kodwa. i-futbol abalandeli (okungangabazeki ukuthi bamele isifunda esikhulu kakhulu kunalaba baguquli be-anarchist okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla). Njengoba engumuntu othanda abantu abaningi, uMarcos wenza konke okusemandleni ukukhombisa ukuthi akasona nje isazi semibhalo ephakeme kanye nomfundi wenguquko, kodwa uwuhlobo lwezemidlalo olugcwele yonke indawo umzabalazo wakhe obanzi ngokwanele ukuthi uhlanganise namalungelo abokufika, ukuboshwa ngokungemthetho, kanye nentsha yezemidlalo. iziboshwa zezombangazwe.
One no and many yeses: Umzabalazo usaqhubeka
NgoJuni 2005, abakwaZapatista bakhipha isexwayiso esibomvu eChiapas, becela abantu bakwamanye amazwe ukuthi bashiye amadolobhana isikhathi esingaziwa, futhi babiza yonke imiphakathi yabo ukuze baxoxisane ngombuzo othi umphumela wawo, njengoba uMarcos asho, โungaba engcupheni encane lokho. sizuzile.โ Akekho owazi kahle ukuthi umbuzo wawuyini, kodwa umphumela we-consulta kwakuyiSimemezelo Sesithupha Sehlathi LaseLacandรณn, esithembisa "isiqondiso esisha sezombangazwe" sale nhlangano. Iqala ngomlando omude weminyaka eyi-12 yomzabalazo, ukuhlaziya i-capitalism yomhlaba wonke, incazelo yezinhloso zamaZapatistas, bese, ngasekupheleni kwamakhasi awo amaningi, inikeze umfundi okhuthele indlela entsha elangazelelwe:
Emhlabeni, sizohlangana ndawonye kakhulu nemizabalazo yokumelana ne-neoliberalism kanye nesintu.
Futhi sizokweseka, noma ngabe kuncane, leyo mishikashika. Ngokusemandleni ethu, sizothumela izinto ezibonakalayo njengokudla nemisebenzi yezandla kulabo bafowethu nodadewethu abadonsa kanzima emhlabeni wonke.
Futhi sizoshintshana, ngokuhloniphana, isipiliyoni, imilando, imibono, amaphuphoโฆ. Sizofuna, kusukela eLa Realidad kuya eTijuana, labo abafuna ukuhlela, ukuzabalaza kanye nokwakha okungenzeka kube ithemba lokugcina lesi sizweโebelokhu siqhubeka okungenani kusukela ngesikhathi ukhozi lwehlela phezu kwe-nopal ukuze ukushwabadela inyokaโakunakufa.
Sibheke intando yeningi, inkululeko kanye nobulungiswa kulabo bethu abanqatshelwe lokhoโฆ. Simema bonke abomdabu, abasebenzi, ama-campesino, othisha, abafundi, omama bemizi, omakhelwane, osomabhizinisi abancane, abanikazi bezitolo ezincane, osomabhizinisi abancane, abahola impesheni, abantu abakhubazekile, amadoda nabesifazane bezenkolo, ososayensi, abaculi, ongqondongqondo, abantu abasha, abesifazane, abantu abadala, ongqingili kanye nongqingili, abafana namantombazane ukuba babambe iqhaza, ngabanye noma ngokuhlanganyela, ngokuqondile nama-Zapatistas kulo mkhankaso kazwelonke wokwakha enye indlela yokwenza ezombangazwe, ngohlelo lomzabalazo kazwelonke wesokunxele, kanye noMthethosisekelo omusha.
Naphezu kwezimemezelo, kuningi mayelana nalolu hlelo olusha olungelusha nhlobo. I-Zapatistas ibilokhu ilwela ubumbano nezinye izinhlangano, futhi uhlobo lohlelo lwabo, uma kukhona, belubandakanya ngokushaqisayo eqenjini elihlomile eliguquguqukayo: Uma uphupha umhlaba onobulungiswa womphakathi wakho nawo wonke umuntu, sikhona isikhala sakho. ngaphakathi komnyakazo.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa kuvumela abantu abavela kuwo wonke amagumbi omphakathi ukuthi baveze imibono nezifiso zabo ku-Zapatismo. Lokhu, vele, ubuhlakani besu labo, nakuba lezi zibikezelo zingahlali zifanelana ngaso sonke isikhathi: Umnyakazo oheha abasekeli abaqinile bomzabalazo wezikhali kanye nezazi zefilosofi ezikhanyiselwe zokungabi nabudlova nakanjani zizoxova ezinye izimpaphe. Ama-feminists, ama-anarchists, ama-progressives, izazi zemvelo, ngisho nama-libetarians yonke imibono yephrojekthi mayelana nokunyakaza, kanti nokho, phakathi kwezinkulumo, ukunyakaza kanye nalabo abangaphakathi kuyo ngezinye izikhathi bangase babe nobulili, bangabi nemvelo kakhulu, bangene ekuphuzeni, bathuke abantu abangalungile - ingase ibangele, ivumele, noma ibangele udlame. Ukudumazeka, ukudumazeka, nokuphelelwa ukholo kungase kulandele. Kodwa ngandlela-thile amahlaya, izinganekwane, inkulumo yesithunzi nethemba, izifihla-buso, onodoli, izingoma nezithombe eziqoshiwe zisebenza ekuqiniseni izindinganiso ezibangela ukuvukela umbuso, futhi zishiye ngemva ukukhaphela noma ukukhungatheka ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngemva kweminyaka engu-12 yomzabalazo oguquguqukayo kanye nalokho ngokungangabazeki umkhankaso wobudlelwane bomphakathi wesobunxele obusha nosebenza ngempumelelo, inhlangano yeZapatistaโkanye nenhlangano yomhlaba wonke eyingxenye yawoโinabalandeli abaningi kunangaphambili. Futhi naphezu kokwehlukana okungenzeka kube khona kanye nomsebenzi ocishe uphelelwe ithemba, isifundo esisodwa esincane esiza ngalokho esiguqule ipolitiki ethuthukayo unomphela. Uma ungekho umbono oqinileโfuthi ngesithakazelo sokudala izwe lapho amagama amaningi ahambisana khonaโumgwaqo wentando yeningi, inkululeko, nobulungisa wenziwa ngokuhamba.
UJeff Conant ungumbhali nesishoshovu endaweni yaseSan Francisco Bay Area kanye nombhali we Umhlahlandlela Womphakathi Wezempilo Yezemvelo futhi I-Poetics of Resistance: I-Revolutionary Public Relations ye-Zapatista Insurgency (I-AK Press, 2010).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela