“Mhlawumbe iqiniso eliqine kakhulu langempela ama-radicals enkathini yethu abakaze babhekane nalo ngokwanele,” kubhala uMurray Bookchin ngo-1991, “iqiniso lokuthi ubunxiwankulu namuhla sebuphenduke umphakathi, hhayi nje umnotho”. Okufakwe kulo musho owodwa ingqikithi yalokho okwaqhubeza lesi sazi se-autodidactic, esashona ngomhla zingama-30 kuJulayi 2006, sineminyaka engu-85, emphumeleni omkhulu wokubhala nokucwaninga eminyakeni engu-50 edlule. Leyo ngqikithi kwakuwukuzibophezela enkolelweni yokuthi ukuhlaziywa kwezingqinamba zomphakathi kanye nezinguquko, kanye nesinyathelo soguquko esidingekayo lapho, kufanele kugxilwe kakhulu kunokugxila kwezomnotho ngokuqinile.
Ngokwemvelo, ukuzibophezela ekugxileni okunjalo kuzoletha i-Bookchin ekungqubuzaneni okuqondile ne-doyen yezincazelo zezomnotho zokuguqulwa komphakathi: Karl Marx. Indlela eyayisekelwe 'enguqukweni evamile, yezenhlalakahle', njengoba uBookchin ayichaza, into eyayidlulele ngaphandle komzabalazo wesigaba esivamile lapho u-Bookchin ayekhuthele kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930 kuya ko-1960, ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kwezomnotho okuqinile kokulawulwa kwabasebenzi. , ngeke nje ilethe uBookchin ekungqubuzaneni okujulile kobuhlakani nefilosofi nemibhalo kaMarx, kodwa futhi nasekungqubuzaneni okuqondile nabalandeli bakaMarx. Futhi lokhu kungqubuzana bekungeke kuhlale kungokomphakathi. Endabeni yakhe edumile yango-1969 ethi, Lalela, Marxist!, u-Bookchin uvula kanje: “Yonke inhlakanipho yakudala yama-thirties isibuyile futhi – i-shit mayelana “nomugqa wekilasi”, “indima yesigaba sabasebenzi”, “amaqembu aqeqeshiwe. ”, “iqembu le-vanguard”, kanye “nobushiqela bobushiqela”. Konke kubuyile futhi, kodwa ngendlela enenhlamba kunangaphambili.”
Umakadebona wepolitiki yekilasi lango-1930s eNew York, umfundi wezifundo ezatholwa eMpini Yombango YaseSpain - nokho omunye owabulawa yiQembu LamaKhomanisi leSivumelwano sikaHitler-Stalin - uBookchin wathuka ngokubekwa kwezincazelo ezindala zeMarxism eminyakeni eyishumi njenge uketshezi njengawo-1960; Izincazelo ezindala izifo zazo ezibulalayo zembulwa eSoviet Union kuphela eshumini leminyaka ngaphambili. Kodwa ngaphezu kwalokhu, uBookchin wayengazami nje kuphela ukuvikela iMarxism eguquguqukayo ekuhlulekeni kwezincazelo ezindala, kodwa wayezama ukusindisa iMarxism kubo ngokwayo, emaphutheni ayo angaphakathi. Ku-Bookchin, izinkinga ezazikhungethe inhlangano yoguquko kuze kube manje azizange zivele ekufundweni kabi komlando kaMarx, kodwa ekufundweni kabi komlando kaMarx.
Okwakubonakala njengesisekelo esizwakalayo sokuchaza uguquko lwenguquko kuMarx - isimo somnotho ngokuphelele sempilo ngaphansi konxiwankulu obusafufusa kanye nokukhula okunesiphithiphithi kanye noguquko olungenakuqhathaniswa lapho - empeleni bekuwumkhiqizo wesikhathi sawo kuphela, inqubo ejulile yoshintsho oluvela uguquko lusuka emphakathini we-feudal luye emphakathini wonxiwankulu. Okusho ukuthi, le ndawo yomphakathi bekungeyona inkundla okwakungasekelwe kuyo ukuhlaziya ukuthi lonke ushintsho lwenzeka kanjani nokuthi luzokwenzeka kanjani. Kunalokho, kwakuyimiphumela eqondile yenqubo yoguquko isuka ku-feudalism iye kwi-capitalism, yokuguqulwa kolunye uhlobo lomphakathi wezigaba uye kolunye uhlobo lomphakathi wezigaba. Ukuzama kamuva ukusebenzisa le modeli ukuchaza ukusuka konxiwankulu kuya kubukhomanisi - ukusuka emphakathini wesigaba ukuya emphakathini ongenazigaba kwakuyiphutha elikhulu likaMarx, futhi imbangela eyinhloko yokuwohloka okujulile kwenhlangano yamakhomanisi eminyakeni engama-50 eyalandela ukufa kukaMarx. Ngakho-ke kwacaca ku-Bookchin ukuthi kwakudingeka enye imodeli echazayo yenguquko yezenhlalo.
Lapho uBookchin eqala ukubhala ngokuhluleka kweMarxism ngawo-1960, akuzange kucace ngokushesha ukuthi lomfanekiso ochazayo ungase ube yini. Ngokwemvelo, njengomcabango osekhulile, kungenzeka ukuthi wayengazazi. Okusobala ukuthi wayazi ukuthi lapho inqwaba yemisebenzi endaweni yezenhlalo eyashiywa eceleni yimodeli yokuhlaziya kaMarxian. I-New Social Movements (NSMs) yeminyaka yawo-1960 - ikakhulukazi, izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abesifazane, umphakathi, kanye nesayensi yemvelo - yayiwubufakazi obucacile kuBookchin bendawo ehluke ngokuyisisekelo yesenzo soguquko sosuku lwakhe, equkethe intuthuko uMarx ayengenakuyibona kusengaphambili. Kodwa njengoba kufanele kulindelwe kumuntu ocabangayo osebenzisa ulimi lolimi njengoBookchin, kunomuzwa wokuthi kwenzeka okuthile emsebenzini kaBookchin, indlela ehluziwe lapho umuntu ekwazi ukulandelela ukukhula komcabango wakhe njengomphumela wokuhlanganyela kwakhe okuqhubekayo nomsebenzi kaMarx, eqeda amandla akhe. ifilosofi yakhe kule nqubo. Ngakho-ke, emibhalweni yakamuva, izici ekuqaleni ayezibona njengomehluko nje phakathi kwesikhathi sakhe kanye nesikaMarx zaba okunye kakhulu - zaba yizici zezenhlalo zangempela ezazilokhu zikhona kodwa ezazigejwe ngokuphelele uMarx kanye nemodeli yokuhlaziya kaMarxian. .
Ngakho-ke ama-NSM amelela indawo yokuphumula yeqiniso yenguquko kaBookchin, kodwa hhayi ngenxa yezitayela ezithile noma imininingwane yomnyakazo ngamunye, kodwa ngenxa yemiphumela eshubile yezindaba ezihlanganyelwe eziziphakamisa zonke. Okusho ukuthi, akukhona ekukhathazekeni okukhethekile kwalokhu kunyakaza ngakunye - hhayi ukulwa nabaphangi bemvelo, abobulili obuhlukile kanye nezikhulu - kodwa izindaba abazivulayo zizonke: okungukuthi, imiqondo yombuso kanye nokubusa ukunyakaza kwaqubuka ngokumelene. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi, lena kwakuyimiqondo yokuphatha kanye nokubusa eyayingahlangene kangako nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho. U-Bookchin waqala ukubona ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuguquguquka okusekelwe emfanekisweni kaMarxian kungase kugcwale kangakanani, kwakuyoba khona lonke uhla lwezigaba, futhi ukubusa okuphumela kukho, okwakuyoshiywa kungathinteki. Ngokuqondile, umgomo kaMarxist wokuqedwa kombuso wonxiwankulu oxhaphazayo wawuzoqeda kuphela ukubusa kwezomnotho kanye nokubusa, ngaleyo ndlela, okwakudingeka kwakuwuguquko oluphelele lwezenhlalakahle olwaluzothatha isikhundla nokubusa nomaphi lapho zitholakala khona.
Ngokusobala, i-Bookchin oeuvre yawo-1960 yayingeyona into ehlukile ngokuphelele: ukuguqulwa kwenkolelo-mbono kaMarx kwakuyisidingo esijulile somlando ngemva kokwehluleka kwayo ekusebenzeni, okwabonakala kakhulu ngawo-1960. Nokho, uBookchin wayehlukile ngokwezinga lokugxeka kwakhe uMarx: akekho umcabango weLeftist, ozibophezele ekunqobeni ubunxiwankulu, ngakho wenqaba ngokuphelele indawo emaphakathi kaMarx (ngokwesibonelo, isimo esasingeke simzuzele indawo yokuhlala. Isikole saseFrankfurt). Njengoba asho ngo-1969, 'iMarxism ayisasebenzi esikhathini sethu', futhi hhayi ngoba ishintsha kakhulu, noma inombono kakhulu, 'kodwa kunalokho, ngoba ayiwona umbono noma inguquko ngokwanele'. Kamuva, kwakuzodingeka aqhubekele phambili, endabeni enesihloko esithi Marxism as Bourgeois Sociology (1979), lapho aphikisa khona ngokuthi amaphutha amakhulu kaMarx abangelwa isikhundla sakhe esigxilile phakathi kwemicabango ye-bourgeois 19th century.
Ku-Bookchin, 'insumansumane' ka-Marx ye-proletariat njengama-revolutionary agents, lapho isifakwe emanzini ngokwanele, iyisibonelo esisobala semizwa yonxiwankulu bongqondongqondo. Lapha, ukubusa nokuxhumana koquqaba ohlelweni lwefekthri ngaphansi konxiwankulu kwamukelwa uMarx njengenqubo eyakhayo, eqaphela isigaba. Kungale nqubo lapho indlela yokugcina yobukhomanisi izokwakhiwa. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, iqiniso lokuthi uquqaba ludidiyelwe lube yisisindo esincane, esiphansi alinakwanga, uma lingamukelwanga. Impela ukuthi leli qoqo elididiyelwe lalizoshintsha kanjani lisuka esenzweni esihleliwe liye kwi-capitalism libe inhlangano yoguquko akuzange kuhlanganiswe ngokuphelele nethiyori yokungena kwabantu kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo wokungena kwamanye amazwe, ukubikezela ikusasa lapho uquqaba luyobe sesikhundleni soguquko, kwakusho ukuthi kwakufanele amukelwe izizukulwane zabasebenzi ngaphansi kobungxiwankulu, imboni, kanye ne-imperialism, nakuba kubhekwa njengokungathandeki. esithombeni esikhulu; lezi zinto zazizoba nzima, kodwa kwakufanele zamukelwe njengenqubekelaphambili eyenziwa umnyakazo womlando womphakathi. Ngale ndlela, uMarx wayenamathela ngokusobala esimisweni 'sokuqhubeka': ukubusa okwavela ngenxa yokuqhela ebuqaba kwakuwumkhiqizo ongemuhle kodwa odingekayo; ngokusobala ukuzibophezela awabelana ngakho namakoloniyali ekhulunyaka le-19, ababengathethelela zonke izinhlobo zonya egameni lokuyisa 'inqubekelaphambili' emhlabeni wonke (futhi ukubhala kukaMarx ngeBritish eNdiya kuyisibonelo esimangalisayo salokhu).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuBookchin, ukuba nengqondo konxiwankulu bakaMarx kuvela futhi esifisweni sakhe, ngokuvumelana nomcabango wonxiwankulu wangaleso sikhathi, sokufakazela ngokungenakuphikiswa ubuqiniso obunenjongo bemithetho yakhe yomphakathi ayesanda kuyithola; njengoba nje ososayensi bemvelo bama-Victorian babethuthukisa ubuhlakani bomuntu ngezimangalo zabo ekuvezeni inhloso yobufakazi, ngakho-ke uMarx wayehlose ukukwenza kwisayensi yezenhlalo. Kodwa kukhona ukuhlehla okuyisisekelo kusayensi yemodeli ka-Marx, njengoba lapha i-proletariat ngokwayo iba yinto ephikisanayo ekuhlaziyeni kwayo, njengoba kwenza yonke iphrojekthi yenguquko - konke okuqukethwe kokuziphatha nokuziphatha kuyasuswa, kufakwe umnyakazo womlando ojulile, omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yikuphi ukuchezuka ohlelweni luka-Marx manje kungase kubhalwe njengokungahambisani nesayensi, njengokuzicabangela ngokwakho, njengenkolelo-mbono evela emsebenzini wabaphuphi njll (into uMarx ayengayenza ngokuzimisela okukhulu ezingxoxweni zakhe noFourier et al). Ngoba 'imodeli yesayensi' ka-Marx kuphela eyembule amandla enhloso yoshintsho lwezenhlalo. Futhi, ngale ndlela yokucabanga, indawo yokuphonsela inselelo ngokuziphatha noma ngokuziphatha inselelo yamaqiniso empilo ye-proletariat ngekhulu le-19 le-capitalism iyasuswa, noma mhlawumbe yehliselwe esikhundleni sesibili ngemuva kobukhulu bemashi ebheke kubuKhomanisi.
Khona-ke ukwenqaba kukaBookchin iMarxism njengohlelo lwefilosofi nezombusazwe, kwamhlukanisa nabanye ababengamaKhomanisi ngawo-1960, futhi kwammisa ngokuqinile ngasohlangothini lwama-anarchist. Lapha u-Bookchin ngabe wahlala - ngokusemandleni onke, engabonakali kwabanye abagxeki abaningi be-anarchist - ukube bekungengenxa yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo komqondo wakhe okwenzeka lapho iminyaka yawo-1960 ingena kuma-1970s. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kungalandelelwa ngokucacile ngeziphetho ezimbili eziyinhloko u-Bookchin afinyelele kuzo kuze kube manje. Okokuqala, uma uguquko lwalumayelana nokuqedwa kwento ebanzi kakhulu kunesigaba - okungukuthi, ukubusa nokubusa - khona-ke ukuvela kwalezi zimo, kanye nendlela ebheke ekulungisweni kwazo, kwakufanele kuthethelelwe futhi kuchazwe; njengoba nje uMarx ayeyichazile imvelaphi yezigaba nombuso, ngakho uBookchin kwakuzodingeka acacise ukuvela kwezikhundla nokubusa. Okwesibili, njengoba uBookchin ayesehlise isaphulelo i-proletariat njengenxusa lezinguquko, yini manje eyayingase ithathelwe indawo? Okusho ukuthi, uma kungeyona i-proletariat, iyiphi into eyodwa noma i-ejenti engaba umfutho oyinhloko wokuguqula?
Zombili lezi zici - isidingo sokuhlola ukubusa kanye nesidingo sokuthola ozongena esikhundleni seqembu labasebenzi njenge-ejenti yoguquko - kungaholela uBookchin esiphethweni esifanayo: kusayensi yemvelo. Esikhathini sokuqala, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile yayiyoba isisekelo sokugxeka kukaBookchin isikhundla: akukho ndawo emhlabeni wemvelo lapho isimiso esifana nesigaba sabefundisi esithinta umphakathi wesintu singatholakala khona. Izinhlelo zokukala phakathi kwezilwane, yebo; izenzo zobudlova kanye nokubusa ngabaqine kakhulu emaqenjini ezilwane, yebo - kodwa hhayi uhlelo olumisiwe noluguquguqukayo lokubusa olukhula emiphakathini yabantu. Okwesibili, ubuntekenteke bemvelo yomhlaba - okungukuthi i-ecosystem yomhlaba - okulethwe cishe emadolweni awo ngonxiwankulu, manje sekuzoba yimbangela enkulu yoguquko. Isintu manje sase singenakho ukukhetha ukuthi siyafuna ukuketula ubunxiwankulu noma cha (noma ukuthi lokhu kungase kubambezeleke kuze kube isikhathi esizayo okwakungaba kuhle kakhulu ukuguquka) ukuze ukuphila kwaso kuncike ekudluleleni ngokushesha konxiwankulu. Ngaphansi kwemodeli ye-Bookchin, abemba amathuna onxiwankulu bebengeke baqhamuke ekungeneni kwe-proletariat, kodwa ekungeneni kweplanethi yonkana.
Ekuhlanganeni kwalezi ziphetho ezimbili kwakuyovela ifilosofi ephelele kaBookchin, leyo ayengayibiza ngokuthi isayensi yemvelo yezenhlalo. Futhi lokhu kuhlangana kweziphetho kunganikeza umcabango wakhe nesenzo esihlongozwayo ubunye obuphelele: ngoba ukube ubunxiwankulu bebenza umhlaba ungahlali muntu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuba khona kwezikhundla hhayi ukuxhashazwa kwezomnotho kuphela, futhi uma ukubusa kungaboniswa njengokuphambene nemvelo, kulokho. ayitholakali kwenye indawo emhlabeni wemvelo, ngakho-ke ukuhlakazwa kwayo kumele kusetshenzwe ngokuqondisisa nokuhambisana nemithetho engeyona eyezinga eliphezulu yemvelo yemvelo. Lapha, umcabango ka-Bookchin ufika umbuthano ogcwele, futhi ufaka yonke ingxenye yomkhiqizo wakhe ngengqikithi ejulile: indawo umphakathi ofuna ukufika kuyo kufanele kube indawo umphakathi ozama ukuba kuyo manje. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenza kabusha kwazo zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi, ngaphakathi komphakathi wamanje, ukuze kuhambisane nemithetho yemvelo engakhethi. Okubalulekile nokho, lokhu kusebenza kabusha kufanele kuvele emphakathini wesintu - okuwukuphela kwenqolobane yezimiso zokuziphatha ezibukwayo - futhi kuhilele ukubekwa okusebenzayo kwezimiso zomuntu emhlabeni wemvelo: isici senhlalo yemvelo esingadonsela u-Bookchin ekungqubuzaneni nezinto eziningi eziphilayo nemvelo. ukunyakaza.
Yilokhu kuhlanganisa okuphelele, lokhu kulandisa okumangalisayo kweplanethi yonke - yomphakathi wesintu ngaphakathi kwe-ecology yawo ebanzi - okuphawula u-Bookchin 'njengomcabango ogqamayo' weminyaka engu-50 edlule. Ukugqashuka kuka-Bookchin nokusho umbono wakhe kuphawuleka nakakhulu ngenxa yokuthi esikhathini esifanayo siye sabona ukwenqatshwa ngokuphelele komqondo 'wendaba enhle', emhlabeni wezemfundo kanye nezishoshovu, ngokuvuna. ye-relativism, noma ubuntu, ngokuvamile obungachazeki njengoba bungenakusebenza. Futhi ukulandisa kwe-Bookchin kukhulu kunanoma yikuphi: ukuguqulwa okuphelele kwesimo somuntu ukuze kuvumelane ngokugcwele nokuzabalaza nokukhula okungekona kwesigaba esitholakala emhlabeni wemvelo. U-Bookchin wayebazi ngokugcwele ububanzi bephrojekthi yakhe, yesimo sayo esimangalisayo. Ngempela, wake wabhala 'ngesimo sikamesiya esingajabhile' somsebenzi wakhe, ngokulwela ukuchaza inqubo ecishe ibe nenjongo eya enkululekweni. Kodwa ngokuhambisana nokuzibophezela kwakhe ku-dialectic, u-Bookchin ongumesiya wabeka inkolelo-mbono yakhe evulekele ukungezwani kwe-dialectical 'ayekwazisa kakhulu': lokho phakathi komfundi wencwadi nombhali. Ngamanye amazwi, umsebenzi wakhe kwakumele uthathwe ngabanye, ucwengwe futhi usetshenzwe kabusha.
Ngeshwa, eminyakeni yakhe edlule, ngenxa yenani elikhulayo lezingxabano nabantu abasemibuthanweni yezishoshovu nezemfundo, kanye nesitayela sokubhala esingagwegwesi sikaBookchin, abaningi babezomsola ngokukhohlwa ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekucindezelekeni okubaluleke kakhulu kolimi, kanye nokubhuqa. akukho ukuphikisa. Kodwa lo mbono olula ngokweqile uphika ama-nuances amaningi nokuphikisana okukhona kuwo wonke umphumela we-Bookchin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yehluleka ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kokungqubuzana emcabangweni wakhe, kanye nomqondo ojulile we-Hegelian lapho asebenzise khona lo mqondo. KuBookchin, ukuphikisana kwakumayelana nokuzabalaza ngokuphelele, kokubili ngomcabango nangezenzo. Yakha izingxoxo zakhe zomzabalazo wempilo ezimisweni zemvelo zokulwela impilo yabampofu kakhulu ngaphansi konxiwankulu, umuntu uthola umqondo wokuthi akuyona yonke into ezoba mnandi ohambweni oluya emphakathini ongcono. Kanjalo nasekwakhiweni kwemibono: isidingo sezinto zobumnandi noma impucuko eyeqile engxoxweni nasekuphikisaneni kwaba ilukuluku kuBookchin ezweni lapho impucuko nempucuko kusengozini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthumela okuvame ukutholakala kuyo yonke imibhalo kaBookchin kwakuwumkhiqizo wesizinda sakhe, wafunda njengoba ayesemgwaqweni eNew York ngawo-1930. Wazalwa ngo-1921 kubokufika baseRussia, bona ngokwabo bengene kwezombusazwe ngenqubo yokubalekela izinxushunxushu zomphakathi waseRevolutionary Russia, uBookchin wasika amazinyo akhe njengesishoshovu seqembu kanye nesikhulumi somphakathi ngesikhathi lapho izindaba zidingidwa khona - i-imperialism, fascism, kanye nengcindezelo - ngomqondo ongokoqobo kwakuyizindaba zokuphila nokufa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo yenkulumo-mpikiswano ngokwayo - amakhona emigwaqo yezifunda zesigaba sabasebenzi abampofu eDolobheni laseNew York - lapho izixuku, u-Bookchin asitshela khona ngo-1997, 'zazinobutha obukhulu', kwakuwukugxilisa ingqondo yomzabalazo ku-Bookchin osemusha. Ukuze kuthathwe ngokungathi sína kulezi zinkulumo-mpikiswano, ukungagwegwesi kanye nesitayela sokulwa emgwaqweni kwakuyisidingo esiphelele.
Lesi sikhathi esichazayo somqondo oqinile, osekelwa kamuva yizinto ezenzeka efekthri, kwakufanele kugxilise ku-Bookchin ukuphuthuma ukunqamula ubuhle benkulumo-mpikiswano, ukunqamula ubuchwepheshe - nokuba nzima kukho kokubili ukungqubuzana nokuphendula. Kamuva, njengoba amazwe amaningi athuthukile edlula ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zentando yeningi yezenhlalo, lapho kwavela khona inkolelo evamile yokuthi ukuntengantenga komhlaba, izingozi zangempela zomhlaba wangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II zaziyinto yesikhathi esidlule, Bookchin - kusukela ngo-1962 i-Our Synthetic Environment yakhe - wayebhala mayelana nezindleko zemvelo zonxiwankulu, kanye nenkinga ezayo eyayizolethwa yilezi. Ngakho-ke, ukuphuthuma kwakungakaqedwa ku-Bookchin, izinkinga zazingakanqamuki, zamane zashintsha indawo, kusukela kwezenhlalo kuya kwezemvelo.
Lokhu kuphuthuma ukuchaza sonke isimo senhlalo, ukuphuthuma ukubekela inselele yonke into ephambi kwakhe, kuphumele ekuqondeni okukhulu uBookchin asishiyile emsebenzini wakhe, ukuqonda kokubili komphakathi kanye nemvelo. Futhi ukuhlangana ndawonye kwale mikhakha emibili ngaphakathi kwe-Bookchin - omunye wababhali bokuqala ukwenza kanjalo - kuzokwenza umsebenzi ka-Bookchin ube muhle ngobubanzi nangokwangempela njengalowo wekhulu leminyaka lika-Marx ngaphambi kwakhe. Ngokuqondene nesitayela sakhe, thina esicwaninga emkhakheni we-anarchism kanye ne-ecology, umhlaba uyoba yindawo ebuthuntu ngokwazi ukuthi ngeke kusaba khona ukuvela epeni elikhanyayo lika-Murray Bookchin. Futhi naphezu kwezingxabano ezaqubuka mayelana nomphumela wakamuva kaBookchin, isici esizosikhumbula kakhulu yizona kanye izici zobuntu ezakhanya emakhasini omsebenzi wakhe - ukulwela ukuqonda umhlaba, kanye nokulwela ukuwenza ube indawo engcono yokuhlala. U-Bookchin ushiye umngane wakhe osenesikhathi eside, uJanet Bielh, owayengumkakhe nomngane, u-Bea, nendodana nendodakazi.
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