Ingabe uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ucheme ngokungananazi neRussia, njengoba kwabonakala hhayi nje kuphela ezivivinyweni ezihlanganyelwe zezempi zangoFebhuwari (kanye neChina) kodwa nasekudayiseni izikhali eMoscow ngasekupheleni konyaka odlule? Ngabe lobu budlelwano buzovimba uMengameli uCyril Ramaphosa ekutheni abophe uVladimir Putin engqungqutheleni yaseGoli, ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti, yenhlangano yaseBrazil-Russia-India-China-Johannesburg - njengoba iNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe ifuna ukuboshwa (ngokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane zase-Ukraine) ? Futhi ingabe noma yiziphi zalezi zici zizosongela ingxenye eyodwa enkulu yohwebo lwaseNingizimu Afrika lokuhwebelana ngaphandle, uMthetho Wokukhula Nethuba Wase-Afrika ongenisa impahla ngaphandle kwentela e-United States, obiza izigidigidi zamarandi ngonyaka odlule kuphela?
Phakathi nenkungu yempi ekhona, kanye nomkhankaso wayo wokuzuza inzuzo ngamasosha, kuyabonakala ukuthi osopolitiki baseNingizimu Afrika bazame ukuqeda amafu okungabaza. UNgqongqoshe wezeziMali u-Enoch Godongwana ungomunye wabagwema kakhulu, ngoMeyi 14, ngesikhathi ukuphambuka UMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika othukuthele uthi abantu baseNingizimu Afrika balayishe izikhali eziya eRussia emkhunjini i-Lady R, endaweni yezempi yaseKapa ngoDisemba 2022: abenzi.โ
Ubani ongenza ububi ngokuhwebelana ngezikhali ezibulalayo, futhi iyini imiphumela ebanzi yezomnotho?
Umholi wezempi ohola phambili emhlabeni uhlala e-United States. Futhi naphezu kwezinkulumo ze-White House kanye noMnyango Wezwe mayelana ne "impi phakathi kwemibuso yentando yeningi nama-autocracy,โ laba bakamuva bangamakhasimende ezikhali athandwa ngabaphathi bakaMongameli uJoseph Biden. Njengoba I-Intercept's UStephen Semler waphetha ngesonto eledlule ngemuva kokubukeza imininingwane yezohwebo esemthethweni yango-2022, uBiden "usize ukukhulisa amandla ezempi enani elikhulu lamazwe anegunya ... I-US ithengise izikhali okungenani amaphesenti angama-57 amazwe abusa ngentando yeningi emhlabeni ngo-2022." Okuthandwa yiSaudi Arabia, Israel kanye neGibhithe kuhamba phambili ohlwini. Kulolu hlelo, kubika Axios, "I-U.S. ibale u-40% wengqikithi [yezikhali] ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kusukela ngo-2018-2022, isuka ku-33% eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, kuyilapho iRussia yehla isuka ku-22% yaya ku-16%.
Abanye abenzi bobubi bamasosha bahlanganisa abadayisi bezikhali baseNingizimu Afrika, abaholwa yisikhungo sikahulumeni iDenel kanye neParamount Group. Kodwa u-Obed Bapela, iPhini leNhloko yekomidi lenqubomgomo yezangaphandle le-African National Congress, uphikelele ekutheni angayi lapho iNhlangano Yezizwe ivotela ukuhlasela kweRussia, muva nje. bathi emsakazweni kazwelonke wakwaSAfm, โBenginabaphathi beDenel, bengikhona ngesonto eledlule ngoLwesihlanu. I-Denel ayizange ikhiqize iminyaka emithathu edlule.โ
Eqinisweni, i-Rheinmetall-Denel Munitions (RDM) iyinhlangano enkulu ehlangene eSomerset West ebilokhu ukukhiqiza nokuthengisa izikhali ezibulalayo, kuhlanganise nasemavikini amuva nje. Ngenkathi eqinile uyaphika ukuhlinzeka uPutin ngezinhlamvu (njengoba ama-RDM ngokusobala awahambisani nezibhamu zaseRussia), ngokusho kuya I-DefenceWeb kube โnokunyuka kwebhizinisi, okungenzeka kungenxa yempi yase-Ukraine. NgoZibandlela wezi-2022, ngokwesibonelo, i-RDM yamemezela i-oda lezwe le-NATO lezinhlamvu ze-Assegai ezingu-155 mm.โ
Umqondisi ophethe we-RDM oqhoshayo u-Jan-Patrick Helmsen, "Sijabule kakhulu ukuthi amakhasimende amabili - okuhlanganisa izwe eliyilungu le-NATO kanye nezwe elingelona i-NATO - aphinde abeka ithemba lawo kubuchwepheshe bethu bomlilo obungaqondile be-Assegai obufakazelwe emhlabeni wonke." I-Rheinmetall ese-Dรผsseldorf iyisikhathi eside ikhona umbimbi wemibuso yengcindezelo; kwake kwaba ngumthengisi wezikhali wesibili ka-Adolf Hitler, futhi wayengenakho ukungabaza ngokuthengisela umbuso wobandlululo.
Namuhla, "i-RDM ithumela ngaphandle kuka-80% wokukhiqizwa kwayo, ikakhulukazi e-Saudi Arabia nase-United Arab Emirates, zombili ezidume kabi ngokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu," umkhankasi omelene nezempi uTerry Crawford-Browne. khunjuzwa ngemuva kokuqhuma kuka-2018 efemini yaseKapa kwashona abasebenzi abayisishiyagalombili ngenxa yobudlabha bokuphatha be-RDM. Uqhube wathi, โUkuze kugwenywe imithetho yaseJalimane yokuthumela izikhali, iRheinmetall ibeka ngamabomu ingxenye enkulu yokukhiqizwa kwayo emazweni lapho umthetho ubuthakathaka khona.โ
Ngaphezu kwezindawo ezicindezelayo zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kube nokudayiswa kwezempi kwamasosha aseNingizimu Afrika emazweni e-NATO, okuhlanganisa nabathengi abayisikhombisa abasanda kuthenga okuhlanganisa ne-United States, njengenhlangano yezempi yokuthengwa kwempahla. I-Armscor kuvuma embikweni wonyaka odlule. Usihlalo wayo u-Phillip Dexter uzibophezele ngokusobala โekuhwebeniโ kwezinsizakalo zokuthengwa kwezikhali kanti nakuba inhlangano ebusayo inomsebenzi wokwengamela ne-National Conventional Arms Control Committee (NCACC), uhlelo lunamaphutha amakhulu.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi u-Dexter uphakathi kwezazi zezepolitiki zaseNingizimu Afrika ezivulelekile kakhulu ezisekela u-Putin tweeted ngasekupheleni kuka-April, โSibheke ngabomvu ukusingatha nokuvikela uMongameli Wenhlangano YaseRussia. Ama-Imperialists kanye nehlaya lawo le-ICC kufanele alahlwe. Kumele baqale babophe zonke izigebengu zabo zempi ngaphambi kokuba sizithathele phezulu. Nalapho sizomvikela uPutin.โ
Nokho i-Armscor ikuqinisekisile ukudayiswa kwezikhali okukhulu kweNingizimu Afrika eJalimane neBrithani, okuhlanganisa nezimpahla ezingase zifinyelele enkundleni yempi yaseRussia-Ukraine, ohlangothini lwaseNtshonalanga. Lokho ngeke kumangaze, ngoba ngo-2021, i- Ukuzuza Ngenhlupheko umbiko we-NGOs Open Secrets and Lawyers for Human Rights ihlanganisa uhlu olucindezelayo lwe-NCACC ehlulekayo, okuhlanganisa nokuvumela izikhali ze-SA zingene eYemen nge-Saudi Arabia kanye ne-United Arab Emirates.
U-Ivor Ichikowitz ozinze eGoli uphethe i-Paramount Group, yayo Mbombe izimoto ezihlomile zithole indlela yazo eLibya ekhungethwe yimpi zidlula eJordani ngo-2019. Ngokusobala ukholelwa ekujabuliseni zonke izinhlangothi ezilwa, yekubhala ngonyaka odlule, โiRussia, edlale isikhathi eside e-Afrika ngokusekela kwayo izinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko kwezempi nezombusazwe, futhi ekugcineni ngokuhlinzeka ngempahla yezokuvikela kanye nabeluleki bezempi emazweni amaningi azimele, yaqala ukuhlasela ngamabomu ngoJulayi ngemva kokuhlasela kwayo okuyinhlekelele. yase-Ukraine.โ
Futhi kulo nyaka, Ichikowitz encengekile ngokuqhubekayo UmAfrika omusha, โNaphezu kokulahlwa komhlaba wonke ngokuhlasela kwezwe lakhe e-Ukraine njengamanje, usopolitiki waseRussia ubeka phambili ubudlelwano baseRussia ne-Afrika. Uhwebo lwangonyaka odlule lwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 phakathi kweRussia ne-Afrika lungaphakamisa lokho; inyuke ngo-17%.
Evikini eledlule, URamaphosa noPutin babe nocingo lobungane โukuqinisa izibopho ezizuzisanayo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.โ Ezinsukwini ezedlule, okhulumela inqubomgomo yezangaphandle uClayton Monyela ngokufanayo ihlombe โubudlelwano obuzuzisayo nobumnene obukhona phakathi kwe-United States of America neNingizimu Afrika,โ ngesikhathi esifanayo bezwakalisa โukucasuka okukhuluโ ngeNxusa lase-U.S. u-Reuben Brigety ngoMeyi 11 ngokuqubuka kwempahla ye-Lady R: โSiyaqiniseka ukuthi izikhali zalayishwa kulowo mkhumbi futhi ngangingabheja ukuphila kwami โโngokunemba kwalokhu kugomela.โ
Ukuqinisekiswa kukaBrigety kukhumbuza uNobhala Wezwe laseMelika u-Colin Powell, owabheja (futhi walahlekelwa) ama-Iraqi ayisigidi aphila ngokuzethemba. Faka isicelo ukuthi izikhali zikaSaddam Hussein ezibhubhisayo zazithethelela ukuhlasela kwe-US ngo-2003. Cha, amasosha aseWashington awakaze awathole lawo ma-WMD.
Kanjalo nenkungu yempi idinga uGodongwana phinda, njengoba enzile ePhalamende ngesonto eledlule, ukuthi โumgomo wethu awukona ukudayisela noma yiliphi iqembu izikhali noma izinhlamvu ezingxabanweni zaseRussia-Ukraine,โ ngoba wesaba ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika izokhishwa ku-Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).
Kodwa uma lokho kwenzeka, singalindela okukhulu I-Western Multinational Corporations kumele banciphise kakhulu umkhiqizo ogxile ekuthekeliseni kwamanye amazwe ezindaweni zabo zamagatsha aseNingizimu Afrika, ikakhulukazi Imikhiqizo esengozini ye-AGOA: izimoto (lapho i-U.S. yangenisa khona u-$1.6 billion mahhala ngaphansi kwe-AGOA ngo-2022), izinsimbi namaminerali ($463 million), imikhiqizo yezolimo ($458 million), namakhemikhali ($360 million).
Lena imikhakha yaseNingizimu Afrika edinga imali enkulu kakhulu, futhi imiphumela yayo mikhulu ngokwemibandela ye-CO2 kanye ne-methane emissions, enomthelela ezinkingeni ezifana no-April-May 2022. Durban Rain Bombs eyabulala 500, noma Cyclone Freddy lokho uxoshwe abantu baseMalawi abangaphezu kwe-1000 emasontweni ambalwa edlule. Ngaphandle kwe-AGOA, lezi zinkampani maduze zizoheha unswinyo lwesimo sezulu sase-Europe ngaphansi kwe-Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism ngenxa yokukhishwa kwazo okuphezulu kwe-CO2 okushunyekiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani ezingama-27 ze-Energy-Intensive Users Group guzzle Amaphesenti angama-40 kagesi waseNingizimu Afrika ikakhulukazi walezi zinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Enqubweni yokuncibilikisa izimbiwa phansi, ziqeda ingcebo yemvelo yaseNingizimu Afrika - ngokwezinga eliphelele izindleko zezomnotho zezimayini zidlula izinzuzo - futhi adale ukungcoliswa okunamandla.
Kwezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi i-BHP Billiton's South32 isincibilikisi se-aluminium e-Richards Bay, intengo kagesi ekhokhiswa inkampani yase-Australia ingxenyana encane yaleyo ekhokhelwa abantu abajwayelekile baseNingizimu Afrika. Leso sincibilikisi sisodwa sisebenzisa okungenani u-5% wegridi kazwelonke, kodwa sifuna ukuthi ugesi usatshalaliswe kabusha emnothweni wonke - owenziwe ngisho nayisikhulu esiphezulu se-Standard Bank. Derek Cooper ngesikhathi senhlekelele yokuqala yokucinywa kuka-Eskom ngo-2008 nangemva kwalokho Usuku lwebhizinisi umlobi wekholomu UMichael Avery ngonyaka odlule - azizange zilalelwe uma kubhekwa ubudlelwano bamandla obukhona.
Ngakho-ke uma iWashington iqeda i-AGOA futhi umphumela uba ukuncipha kokuncibilika kanjalo nogesi omningi otholakala kumabhizinisi amancane nemizi ejwayelekile, kungaba isibusiso kwezomnotho ngokucasha - ngendlela efanayo ukufakwa ohlwini okumpunga kwamabhange aseNingizimu Afrika yi-Financial Action Task Force February usenayo kakade a umthelela omuhle mayelana nomthetho kanye nemithethonqubo emelene nokuxhashazwa kwemali.
Noma kwelinye icala lezinhlawulo ezihlanganisiwe zezezimali nesimo sezulu, i-Xi Jinping ka-September 2021 isimemezelo sokwehliswa - sokuthi amaphrojekthi we-Belt & Road Initiative ngeke esakwazi ukufaka izimboni zokuphehla ugesi ngamalahle โ maduze iphimisele kwiNdawo Yezomnotho Ekhethekile yaseMusina-Makhado yaseNingizimu Afrika (futhi ingase isho ukufa kwayo).
Kodwa ngokusobala izinqubo ezizuzisa iningi labantu baseNingizimu Afrika - njengokunciphisa umkhiqizo ngokusebenzisa izincibilikisi ze-guzzling kanye ezinye izijeziso zezezimali nezohwebo osekunesikhathi eside zabhalwa ngokumelene, ikakhulukazi, nonxiwankulu bemboni yezohwebo - bayaqhubeka nokufihlwa ngabadala impi. Ikakhulukazi kulabo abasendlunkulu kahulumeni ePitoli nasemahhovisi abakhiqizi bezikhali eGoli naseKapa, โโukungathathi hlangothi kuyinganekwane elula, njengoba beqhubeka nokudayisela izikhali. zombili endaweni yezingxabano ezimbi.
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