Iyiphi inzuzo esele emqondweni we-imperialism?
Umqondo we-imperialism wawuhlotshaniswa ngokwedlulele nezimpi zokuncintisana phakathi kwemibuso embalwa emikhulu yaseYurophu. Ukuthambekela kwabo kwezinkinga zangaphakathi zonxiwankulu kugqugquzele ukwanda okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kwezindawo, okugqugquzelwa izimakethe ezinkulu zezimali, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwangena emikhawulweni eyahlukene.
Kulowo mongo, amandla ezempi yamakholoni ngokuvamile ayesetshenziswa ukuze anqobe indawo futhi asungule ukuphathwa kombuso okusemthethweni futhi, kamuva, ubudlelwano obungakahleleki bamandla ezombusazwe nezomnotho we-neo-colonial.
Esikhathini sethu samanje, leyo fomula yama-imperialist isasebenza kakhulu, inento eyengeziwe eyabaluleka kakhulu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II futhi okungakaze kwenzeke nhlobo ukuyigwema kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990s: ukubusa kwezomnotho kwangemva kwempi, kwezenhlalo namasiko, kwezombusazwe kanye nezempi. I-United States, isetshenziswa ngokwandayo ngokusebenzisa izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ezinekomkhulu laseNtshonalanga imisebenzi yazo ivuna izintshisekelo zezinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe futhi ikakhulukazi abezimali.
Izikhungo zama-Imperialist ezihlanganisa amazwe amaningi zifaka iBhange Lomhlaba kanye neSikhwama Semali Samazwe Ngamazwe (i-IMF), eyasungulwa ngo-1944, kamuva neNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (i-WTO, okwakuyiSivumelwano Esijwayelekile Sango-1948 mayelana Nentela Nohwebo).
Izikhungo zezimali zeBretton Woods zanda kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-80s kanye nama-90s ngemva kokusungulwa kwebhange lezentengiselwano, kanye ne-Bank for International Settlements njengenhlangano yamabhange amaphakathi ephethwe yilawo ase-United States, Great Britain, Europe nase-Japan.
Maqondana nenkinga enzima kakhulu - ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu - I-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ngokuvamile isebenzele uphethiloli oyinhloko wenkampani kanye nezithakazelo zezimboni.
Njengoba kufakazelwa ku I-Dubai ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, izingqungquthela zesimo sezulu saminyaka yonke emhlabeni zingaphansi kokulawulwa yi-imperialism futhi yingakho zihluleka ukuphoqelela ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kuye emazingeni aqhubekayo - noma ngisho nokuqeda amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi - kuyilapho yenqaba isimiso esiphusile: ukungcola-ukhokha ukubuyisela.
Inethiwekhi enkulu ye isimo sezwe samanje Ama-NGO kanye nama-philanthro-capitalist asephenduke amandla abalulekile kanye nabagunyazi be-imperialism yesimo sezulu, njengoba kwenzeka futhi cishe kuzo zonke ezinye izinkundla zemikhakha yenqubomgomo yomphakathi yomhlaba wonke.
Amanethiwekhi engeziwe angakahleleki wamandla ombuso angatholakala ku-World Economic Forum ese-Davos, ethathe isithunzi se-futuristic brain trust, phambilini ebihlobisa i-Bilderberg Group kanye noMkhandlu wase-US on Foreign Relations.
Ngokunjalo, ukusebenzela ukubumba ukuqwashisa komphakathi, abezindaba bezinkampani kanye namaqembu ongqondongqondo amaningi anamathonya ochwepheshe banesibopho sombono kanye nezici zamasu okugcinwa kombuso wama-imperialism, manje osemadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Kepha izifundazwe zihlala zibalulekile, futhi ukusebenzisana kwezempi, kwezepolitiki kanye nokwezomnotho phakathi kwamadolobha amakhulu anamandla kusalokhu kuyisici esibalulekile sokuqina kwe-imperialism.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-70s, i-G7 bloc ibivame ukuxhumanisa amandla ezwe laseNtshonalanga, kuye ngokuhlangana.
I-US Pentagon-centred North Atlantic Treaty Organization, i-NATO, ivuselelwe eminyakeni yamuva, kuyilapho i-Five Eyes intelligence alliance (ehlanganisa i-Great Britain, i-Canada, i-Australia kanye ne-New Zealand) ixhumanisa izithakazelo zezempi ze-Anglophone.
Futhi i-Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ihlanganisa amabutho aseJapane, amaNdiya, ase-Australia kanye naseMelika e-Asia, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene nokwanda kweChina.
Kwesinye isikhathi, amandla ombuso asebenzisa uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ukulawula okubanzi - nakuba ebona ukungqubuzana okuhlukanisayo okuhlobene nokuphikisana kwezwe - futhi avumele i-UN General Assembly ivotele "ngohlelo olusekelwe emithethweni" ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezizathu zokuba semthethweni.
Iningi lala mandla ombuso lidinga ukusebenzisana kwe-comrador elite nabaholi bezwe abayizisulu be-neoliberal kwezamabhizinisi kanye nohulumeni abaningi.
Impela, selokhu kwaba nokuwohloka kwezimali emhlabeni ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yo-2000, nangesikhathi sodlame lwe-COVID-19, sekuqhamuke isici esisha esibalulekile sokufana kombuso, ikakhulukazi esihlotshaniswa nebloc yeBrazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS). akhuphukele esigabeni somhlaba.
Le minotho emaphakathi ayidlala indima enkulu hhayi ezikhungweni zamazwe ngamazwe kuphela, kodwa eqenjini le-G20 - elisingathwe yi-India ngo-2023, 2024 yiBrazil kanye no-2025 yiNingizimu Afrika.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamadlelandawonye anamandla esifunda ukuze kuhambisane ne-ajenda yezempi yase-US akukusha, njengoba iBrazil, Turkey kanye, ikakhulukazi, i-Israel ifanelwe yiziqu zesikhathi eside zama-sub-imperialist.
Leli kwakuyigama URuy Mauro Marini yaqanjwa ukugqamisa ubudlelwano baseWashington-Brasilia ngo-1965, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwabonakala kabanzi esigabeni se-semi-periphery Indodana ka-Immanuel Wallerstein isikole sezinhlelo zomhlaba.
Ukufaneleka kwe-sub-imperialism emandleni ase-US kudalulwe yikhandidethi elizimele likamongameli u-Robert F Kennedy Jnr.
Ku-an interview ngoNovemba 5, i-RFK Jr yathembisa ukuthi uma ikhethwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2024, "uzoqinisekisa ukuthi sinezinsiza ezibalulekile kithi, kuhlanganise nemithombo kawoyela ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, ukuthi sinamandla okuteleka ukuze siqiniseke. ukuze ukwazi ukuvikela labo. Futhi u-Israyeli ubucayi, futhi isizathu esibucayi yingoba uyisivikelo sethu eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kucishe kufane nokuba nesithwali sezindiza eMpumalanga Ephakathi. โ
Leyo inguqulo embi kabi, nokho ithembekile, yabalingani abancane bombuso abafiselekayo baseWashington. Ukubonakaliswa okujwayelekile kusekuphatheni kobungxiwankulu bezizwe ngezizwe, njengalapho ukucindezeleka komnotho kwakhuphuka ngo-2008-11 kanye no-2020-22 futhi yomibili imibuso yobukhosi kanye ne-sub-imperial yasebenzisa i-G20 kanye ne-IMF ukuxhumanisa ukwanda kwezimali, ukutakulwa kwebhange kanye nezinga lenzalo ehliswa ngokushesha. .
Kufanele sikuqonde kanjani-ke ukungqubuzana kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki lezi zikhungo manje ezibhekene nazo?
Ukushintsha okukhulu kwamaphethini okuqongelela imali kubonakala ezinhlelweni zama-imperialist/ama-sub-imperialist aguquguqukayo.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, lapho ukuthambekela kwenhlekelele yonxiwankulu kuphinde kuvele, iMpumalanga Asia yaba inketho yokutshala imali ekhangayo kumafemu abhekene namazinga enzuzo aphansi eNtshonalanga. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwezohwebo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezezimali kwashesha, okugqugquzelwe ukufika kwama-petrodollar (izindawo zokulondoloza uwoyela) kanye nama-Eurodollar, abeka imali endaweni eyodwa ezindaweni eziyinhloko zezimali zaseNtshonalanga.
Bese, ukuhoxiswa kokulawulwa kwezimali kwe-neoliberal okuholwa yi-US/British, kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-80, kwavumela ukukhula okunamandla kwesikweletu, ukuqaliswa kwemikhiqizo yezezimali kanye nemali eqagelayo.
Izinga lenzalo elikhuphukayo - elabekwa eWashington ngo-1979 ukuze kubhekwane nokwehla kwamandla emali e-US - kudonsele imali eningi etshalwa emazweni aseNtshonalanga kumasekethe ezezimali enhlokodolobha.
Futhi umnotho we-European Union waba iyunithi ehlangene, engahlukani kakhulu yamandla onxiwankulu, ngohlobo lwemali olulodwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1990.
Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi yokulawula yezikhungo ezihlangene maqondana namazwe anezikweletu ikakhulukazi yasebenzela izintshisekelo zezinkampani namabhange asemazweni ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi uma inkinga yezikweletu yama-'80s idlulisele amandla enqubomgomo eBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-IMF.
Le ngxenye yezezimali ye-imperialism isiphinde yaba yinkinga enkulu ngenxa yokuboleka kwezikweletu ze-COVID-19 zamazwe amaningi.
Kulo mongo, izingcindezi zezwe zezwe kanye nokungezwani kwezempi kwaba kubi kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-2010 - okubonakala ikakhulukazi njengezimpi ezigcwele e-Ukraine naseMpumalanga Ephakathi njengamanje, kodwa okungenzeka futhi kube izingxabano okungenzeka ziqubuke noma nini e-Asia Ephakathi, Izintaba ze-Himalayan, i-South China Sea kanye ne-peninsula yaseKorea.
Lokhu kwehlukana kungakhula ngokushesha, kugxilise izithakazelo ezibanzi futhi kudale isimo sengqondo โsekamuโ - iNtshonalanga iqhudelana nalokho okuholwa yiChina/Russia okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqondanisa kwezindawo eziningi ezihlukene, okubuye kube nomthelela omkhulu ekulweni nama impiriyali emhlabeni wonke.
Izingxabano ziye zafinyelela ekufudukeni kwezisebenzi, ezohwebo kanye nezezimali, njengoba kufakazelwa ukwanda kokucwaswa kwabokufika kanye nokugxeka okungakwesokudla โkwembulunga yonkeโ.
Lokhu kugqame ekunqobeni kwabantu abaphiko lwesokudla ngamavoti amathathu ka-2016: uBrexit, uDonald Trump e-US, noRodrigo Duterte ePhilippines, kwalandelwa amanye amavoti okuhlanganisa neBrazil, Italy futhi manje i-Argentina neNetherlands.
Isisekelo sokuntula ukholo kwezombusazwe ezikhululekile akukhona nje ukuphatha budedengu kwalokho abakuvumelayo ukuthi kubizwa ngokuthi "i-polycrisis" eyenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomthwalo wemfanelo wezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa futhi nokwehla kwezilinganiso zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke (ikakhulukazi ezohwebo/GDP) ngemuva komphumela ka-2008. โekuhwebeni komhlabaโ noma yini The Economist imigomo "slowbalisationโ kanye nombiko wakamuva we-UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ubhekisela kuwo ngokuthi โisivinini sokudayisaโ ukukhula.
Ngokungeziwe kulawa maphutha avunywa ngokusobala ohlelweni, impi yezohwebo yase-US-China, eqala ngo-2017, kanye nokuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine ngo-2022 kubonisa okunye ukungqubuzana kanye nemikhawulo ngaphakathi kokwandiswa kwendawo yenhloko-dolobha.
Kodwa izingxabano eziningi ezinjalo - ezizalwa ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi konxiwankulu - akuzona ngempela i-inter-imperial in character. Bakhombisa umlingiswa okhohlakele ngaphakathi kwe-sub-imperialism - lapho umongameli waseRussia u-Vladimir Putin weqa khona umugqa ngokuhlasela i-Crimea ngo-2014 kanye ne-Ukraine yonke ngo-2022 - nangaphakathi kwe-imperialism - isibonelo lapho uMgcinimafa wase-US ethatha izinyathelo ezinzima ngokumelene nokuhlanganiswa kwezimali kweRussia. , ikhipha iMoscow ohlelweni olukhulu lokuthengiselana ebhange futhi yathatha amakhulu ambalwa ezigidigidi zamaRandi ezimpahla zayo ezisemthethweni ezihlakazeke budedengu kanye ne-oligarch.
Kunzima ukucabanga nge-imperialism yangaleso sikhathi ngaphandle kokuthinta okungenani zonke lezi zimo nokubalula izikhungo ezibambe amandla ombuso.
Sidinga amathuluzi omqondo - ikakhulukazi i-sub-imperialism, nakuba leli gama lihluke kakhulu kuma-third World nationalists - ukuhlasela ngayinye yalezi zinqubo.
Lokhu, kule nqubo, kuzosivumela ukuba seqe inguqulo elula emelene nama impiriyali ethi โisitha sesitha sami umngane wamiโ, evame ukutholakala kulokho okubizwa nge-campist logic.
Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka esikusebenzisayo kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu, isibonelo ekulweni nokuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine kanye nokuhlasela kokuqothulwa kohlanga kuka-Israel-US, nohlaziyo olungaguquki.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 Amazwana
Ngokukhula kwe-Brics kuza ukukhukhuleka ekuthuthukisweni kwama-imperialism, mhlawumbe ukuncintisana okuthile, kodwa azikho iziqinisekiso zomhlaba ozinze kangcono. Mhlawumbe sizoba ne-imperialism enkulu, cabanga ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokho.