Izintatheli kumele zibe sebhizinisini lokuhlinzeka umphakathi ngolwazi ngesikhathi. Kodwa abanye - ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni eziphezulu zomsebenzi
- sebengabadlali emidlalweni yamandla yenhloko-dolobha yezwe.
Futhi abaningi babonakala bejabulela ukulingisa abaphathi behhovisi abafuna ukunquma lokho umphakathi okungafanele ukwazi.
Lapho ikhasi lokuqala le-New York Times lixoxa indaba yobunhloli basekhaya be-National Security Agency, abahleli baleli phephandaba babenesizathu esihle sokuziqhenya. Noma kwakubonakala kanjalo. Kodwa kwakukhona indaba engemuva ekhathazayo: I-Times yayigcine i-scoop ngaphansi kweso isikhathi eside.
I-White House yenza konke ebingakwenza - okuhlanganisa, njengesinyathelo sokugcina, umhlangano kamongameli wasekuqaleni kukaDisemba owaletha umshicileli we-Times u-Arthur Sulzberger kanye nomhleli omkhulu uBill Keller eHhovisi le-Oval - emizamweni yayo yokuncenga i-Times ukuthi ingayibiki le ndaba. . Okujabulisayo ukuthi leyo mizamo yagcina ibhuntshile. Okubi wukuthi baphumelele isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
รขโฌลIsinqumo sokubamba indaba ngonyaka odlule bekungesami,รขโฌ kusho u-Keller, ngokombhalo we-Washington Post owavela ezinsukwini ezingu-10 ngemva kwendaba ye-Timesรขโฌโข evimbela i-blockbuster yangoDisemba 16. Wengeze wathi: รขโฌลIsinqumo sokuqhuba indaba ngeviki ephelileyo ngesami. Ngikhululekile ngazo zombili izinqumo.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, ayikho indlela yokuba nengxoxo egcwele yokusonta kwangaphakathi kwenqubo ababhali bemidiya abakuthola kuthakazelisa kakhulu ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngalokho esasikwazi, nini, futhi kanjani - nalokho engingakwazi ukukwenza.
Kuzo zonke izinkomba, i-Times yayinendaba eyisisekelo ngaphambi kokhetho ngoNovemba 2004, lapho uBush ehlula owaphikisana naye uJohn Kerry. Ngamanye amazwi, ukube labo abaphethe i-New York Times baziphathe njengezintatheli esikhundleni sabadlali bezombangazwe - ukube bebedalule le mfihlo ebalulekile esikhundleni sokuyigcina - kunezizathu ezizwakalayo zokukholelwa ukuthi umphumela wokhetho lukamongameli kungenzeka ukuthi uhlukile.
Okufakwe emagcekeni amatshe kwezinye izinkantolo inkolelo yokuthi โUbulungisa bubambezelekile bunqatshelwa ubulungiswa.โ Kungashiwo okufanayo nangobuntatheli, obuthola amandla amaningi ekufikeni kwesikhathi. Uma kubambezeleke kakhulu, ubuntatheli bunqatshelwa - noma okungenani bunciphe kakhulu.
Nokho izintatheli ezimbalwa ezivelele ziye zazwakalisa uhlobo oluxakile lobumbano lwabezindaba ngokulibaziseka kwe-Times kwendaba ye-NSA isikhathi eside.
Cabanga ngendlela intatheli yezobunhloli yaseWashington Post uDana Priest, isibonelo, aphendule ngayo esicelweni รขโฌลumbono wakho nge-NY Times ebambe indaba yobunhloli yasekhaya unyaka wonke,รขโฌ phakathi nengxoxo ku-inthanethi yangomhla zingama-22 kuZibandlela. โAwu, okokuqala: angazi ukuthi kungani benze kanjalo,โ kuphendula uPriest. รขโฌลKodwa ngizobanikeza ithuba lokungabaza ukuthi kwakunesizathu esihle futhi, njengoba indaba yabo yasho, benza okwengeziwe ngokubika kulowo nyaka ukuze baneliseke ngezinto ezithile. Ngemva kokufunda indaba nokulandelayo, akucaci ukuthi kungani lokhu kungalimaza ikhono elibalulekile. Nalapha futhi, uma uhulumeni engacabangi ukuthi abantu ababi bakholelwa ukuthi amafoni abo ayacoshwa, babukela phansi isitha!รขโฌ
Futhi ukukhetha โukubanika ithuba lokungabaza,โ abanye abagxeki bemithombo yezindaba ngokuvamile abanokuqonda baye baphuma endleleni yabo ukuze bazwakalise ukusekela abaphathi bezindaba ze-Times.
Ukuhoxisa esahlulelweni somhleli omkhulu we-New York Times kungase kufane nokuhlehlisa isahlulelo somphathi omkhulu kahulumeni wase-United States. Futhi njengoba kwenzeka, kulokhu, izinhloso zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ezifungelwe ngayinye azibonakali zingqubuzana - ngencazelo yempi yase-Iraq noma ubuhlakani bokufaka izwe lempi. Ngokuzenzisa eceleni, izahlulelo ezisebenzayo ezivela kumhleli ophethe we-New York Times zidlulela ngalรฉ kwezobuntatheli.
รขโฌลKuze kube manje, intshiseko yokuphenya ubuqotho bokuqoqwa kwezobunhloli baseMelika ikakhulukazi ngamajuba, anezisusa zawo ezisolwayo futhi, noma ngabe yikuphi, angalubeki udaba,รขโฌ uBill Keller wabhala endabeni ethi. wavela ku-Times ngoJuni 14, 2003, ngaphambi nje kokuba abe ngumhleli omkhulu. Futhi Keller
waphetha: รขโฌลIqiniso liwukuthi umshini wokuqoqa ulwazi oklanyelwe ukuqondisa abaholi bethu ezindabeni zempi nokuthula ubonisa izimpawu zokonakala. Emqondweni wami, lena yinkinga ekhathazayo, kodwa hhayi ngoba yenza impi esiyinqobile ibe yize. Kuyinkinga ngoba kuyasiqeda amandla ngenxa yezimpi esisabhekene nazo.รขโฌ
(Ngendlela, inkulumo kaKeller ethi "impi esizoyinqoba" ibhekisele empini yase-Iraq.)
Indaba yobunhloli basekhaya be-NSA ayikapheli. Izimbobo ezengeziwe ziyavela ezicelweni zokulawula umonakalo zokuphatha kukaBush. Abagxeki bemidiya abaqinisekisa ukuthi ibaluleke kangakanani indaba - kodwa babeke izaba zokulibaziseka isikhathi eside ukuyiphula - bayingxenye yenqubo yokuhlaziya engapheli.
รขโฌลIngxabano yasekhaya yobunhloli yindaba ebaluleke kakhulu,รขโฌ kubhala u-Sydney Schanberg kuVillage Voice yamanje. Ukubambezeleka okude ngaphambi kokuba i-Times ishicilele le รขโฌลindaba ebaluleke kakhuluรขโฌ akubonakali kumkhathaza kakhulu. รขโฌลIphepha belibambe lolu daba isikhathi esingangonyaka ngesikhathi kuncenga abaphathi kodwa lanquma, ngemuva kwemicabango nokubika okwengeziwe, ukuthi ukubaluleka kwalo kudinga ukushicilelwa.รขโฌ Le nkulumo kufanele ibukeke iyinqaba kancane emehlweni ezintatheli, kodwa I-Schanberg ayifaki noma yikuphi ukugxeka, imane iphawule nje: รขโฌลLapho ngimi khona (i-Iรขโฌโขma Times alumnus), iphepha kufanele lithole udumo ngokulikhipha nokuyishicilela.รข
Ukuthembeka kochwepheshe akukwazi ukuchaza izinga lokugxekwa kwabezindaba okungagxeki okuvela ezintathelini. Abaningi, njengoSchanberg, bafuna ukugxila ebubini bokuphatha kukaBush - njengokungathi akusizwanga futhi akusizwanga ukubambezeleka kwe-New York Times. Eqala ingosi yakhe kaZibandlela 24 ngokuqhunyiswa kukaGeorge W. Bush โngokugomela ilungelo laphezulu lomongameli,โ umgxeki wezindaba waseLos Angeles Times u-Tim Rutten waqhubeka nendatshana eyacishe yaqinisekisa ilungelo laphezulu labahleli abakhulu. ukubamba izindaba ezibalulekile isikhathi eside kakhulu. Echitha ukugxekwa okuqinile njengomsebenzi รขโฌลama-paranoids,รขโฌ u-Rutten unikeze udumo kuphela embusweni: รขโฌลI-New York Times ifanelwe ukubonga nokunconywa ngenkonzo eyenzile esizweni.
Ukuphikiswa okuqinile kobufakazi obunjalo kwavela ngoDisemba 26 kumlobi wephephandaba i-Miami Herald u-Edward Wasserman, owabhala: รขโฌลElinye lamaphutha ahlala isikhathi eside emcabangweni wokuziphatha okuhle kubuntatheli umbono wokuthi ukwenza okulungile kusho ukuzigodla, lokho okubi kugwenywa ngokushiya. izinto ngaphandle, ukubika okuncane noma ukungabiki lutho. Uma ungabaza, bulala amazwi acashuniwe, ubambe indaba โ lokho kuyisinqumo sesimilo. Kodwa ukuthula akulona icala. Inemiphumela. Kulokhu, ivikele labo abangaphakathi kuhulumeni abakholelwa ukuthi umthetho uyahlupha, akumele badlale ngemithetho, nganoma yimiphi imithetho, ngisho neyakhe imbala.
Nakuba izintatheli eziningi zibonakala zimagange ukululaza ukubaluleka kokwenqaba kwe-Timesรขโฌโข ukushicilela ebikwazi ngaphandle kokulibala isikhathi eside, u-Wasserman unikeza ukucaciseleka: รขโฌลIngabe ukubambezeleka akulimazanga? Siyazi ukuthi izinkulungwane zabantu zazingaphansi kokungenela kukahulumeni izikhulu ezazicabanga ukuthi kwakungeke kuthethelelwe ngisho nangaphansi kwesethi yemithetho evumela kakhulu. Siyazi futhi ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi ulwazi lwalokhu kungqubuzana nomthetho lwalugcinwe kumathwasa amancane, impendulo yesistimu yezombusazwe yahlehliswa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, futhi amandla alo okulungisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla avinjwa. Angazi ukuthi i-Timesรขโฌโข ibicabangani. Mhlawumbe bavele baphelelwa amandla. Mhlawumbe bebengafuni ukuxabana ne-White House ngaphambi kokhetho. Kodwa ngikholelwa ukuthi ukugodla ulwazi olunembile olubaluleke kakhulu emphakathini kuyisinyathelo esibucayi kakhulu noma iyiphi inhlangano yezindaba engasithatha. Isihlamba โ รขโฌหUbuwazi kodwa awusitshelanga?รขโฌโข โ sibonisa ukukhaphela kochwepheshe okubalulekile.
Mhlawumbe ngo-2007 sizofunda ukuthi i-New York Times yayinendaba eqhumayo mayelana nokunye ukwephulwa kukahulumeni kwenkululeko yomphakathi noma olunye udaba olubalulekile, kodwa yalubamba kwaze kwaba ngemva kokhetho lwekhongolose lwangoNovemba 2006. Uma kunjalo, abagxeki abambalwa bemithombo yezindaba nezinye izintatheli bangaphinda basebenzise izingcezu zabo mayelana nokunikeza i-Times inzuzo yokungabaza futhi bazise ikhwalithi yendaba ebalulekile egcine ivele.
Incwadi yakamuva ka-Norman Solomon ithi รขโฌลWar Made Easy: How Presidents and Pundits keeps spin us to death.รขโฌ Ukuze uthole ulwazi, vakashela ku: www.WarMadeEasy.com
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Nikela