Emlandweni wabo we-1848 Imanifesto yamaKhomanisi, ongqondongqondo abakhulu uKarl Marx noFrederick Engels banikeza umgubho onelukuluku wohlobo oluthile lwe-capitalism yezimboni ezinonya. Ngokuqinisekile, uMarx no-Engels abazange bacabange ngobubi baleso simiso. Baqaphela ukuthi “onxiwankulu” (abatshalizimali bonxiwankulu kanye nabakhiqizi baphakathi kweminyaka eyi-19th ekhulwini) bathatha “ukuzithoba kwamandla eMvelo kumuntu” ukuze kungazuzisi isintu kodwa ukuze kubuthelele inzuzo ngobugovu ngokuvumelana nokwehliswa kwabo okungenamphefumulo “kwenani lomuntu siqu” ukuze “benana inani.” Onxiwankulu be-venal “abashiyanga okunye ukuhlangana phakathi komuntu nomuntu ngaphandle ‘kokukhokha imali,’…abacwila [umphakathi namasiko] … emanzini aneqhwa okuzicabangela ukuzidla.” Ngokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho “okugubuzele” ngaphansi kobufebe “ngenkohliso yenkolo nepolitiki,” abasunguli bobukhomanisi besimanje babhala, uhlelo lonxiwankulu “lwathatha indawo yokuxhashazwa nqunu, okungenamahloni, okuqondile, nonya . . . "Setha leyo nkululeko engenangqondo - Free Trade."
Yayingekho inkululeko yabantu abasebenzayo ngemuva nangaphandle kwezindonga zefekthri, uMarx no-Engels babazi. Babhala: “Njengabazimele bebutho lezimboni, abaholayo “babekwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezikhulu eziphelele zezikhulu nosayitsheni. Abagcini nje ngokuba yizigqila zesigaba sonxiwankulu, kanye nezoMbuso wonxiwankulu; nsuku zonke nangehora bagqilazwa umshini, ngumuntu onganakiwe, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngumkhiqizi wonxiwankulu ngayedwana. Lapho lobu bubi bumemezela ngokusobala ukuthi inzuzo iyisiphetho nenhloso yakho, kulapho buncane kakhulu, bunenzondo ngokwengeziwe futhi buba nenzondo ngokwengeziwe.”
Noma kunjalo, abasunguli “bobusoshiyali besayensi” bajatshuliswa ukuvela kwesigaba esikhulu sabasebenzi bezimboni abasebenza kanzima emafektri, ezindaweni zemikhumbi, ezimayini nasezigayweni ezadalwa wunxiwankulu. Ngokuphoqeleka ngokuncintisana “ukushintsha njalo[e] amathuluzi okukhiqiza, kanjalo nobudlelwano bokukhiqiza,” Manifesto kwaphikiswana ngokuthi, onxiwankulu bazenzela abathuna abo - "i-embitter[ed]'" proletariat, i-agent yemvelo ye-socialist kanye ne-revolution yamaKhomanisi. “Akubona nje onxiwankulu abazakhela izikhali eziletha ukufa kubo [ekugcineni amandla okukhiqiza akhulu kakhulu ukuba angadluliselwa ezigodini zonxiwa ekuhlaziyeni kukaMarx]; kuphinde kwadala amadoda okufanele asebenzise lezo zikhali - isigaba sabasebenzi besimanje - ama-proletarians."
Umbelethisi weSocialism njenge-Angle of Death
Nakuba u-Engels' futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukugxeka okukhulu kukaMarx nokuhlaziya i-capitalism kusalokhu kubalulekile esikhathini samanje, umlando olandelayo awuzange ube nomusa kakhulu othandweni lwabo lwe-dialectical ne-industrial capitalism noma ekukholweni kwabo emandleni akhululayo emboni yesimanje. I-Socialism kumodeli kaMarx yentando yeningi eqinile - noma kunoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo - ayikavelanga ekunyakazeni kwesigaba sabasebenzi kunoma yiziphi izizwe "ezithuthuke kakhulu" ezingonxiwankulu bezimboni emhlabeni - eNgilandi, ezwenikazi laseYurophu, eJapan, eChina, noma e-United States. Isigaba sabasebenzi bezimboni sijoyine futhi sakha izinhlangano zomphakathi nezombusazwe eziphindaphindekayo ezikhathini nasezindaweni ezahlukene kodwa asizange sibonakale sinoguquko ngendlela elindelwe ngokuqiniseka “kwesayensi” nguMarx no-Engels abasha. Izindawo zakudala zonxiwankulu kanye nenguquko yezimboni zisalokhu ziboshelwe ukubusa konxiwankulu kanye nombuso wonxiwankulu, sibonga kakhulu ngesikhundla sazo esikhethekile phezu kohlelo lombuso wobunxiwankulu kanye nombuso wobukhosi.
Ubudlela-ndawonye bohlobo oluhluke kakhulu ohlotsheni oluqinile nolwentando yeningi olwamukelwa uMarx lwavela phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule hhayi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi zonxiwankulu, izimboni, kanye nenguquko yonxiwankulu kodwa esikhathini esiningi esandulela izimboni, esandulela onxiwankulu, esisekelwe kubalimi, kanye nesobushiqela. amazwe aseRussia naseChina. ESoviet Union kanye nombuso, uhlobo olunamandla lombuso wezenhlalakahle lwaqala umsebenzi wokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, lwakhiqiza kabusha ukwahlukana kwezinkampani ezisekelwe ekilasini ze-Western capitalism kanye nokuya phezulu kanye nomsebenzi wabasebenzi nakuba (kungekho mehluko omncane) ngaphandle konxiwankulu kanye nobunikazi bezinkampani ezizimele ukuze benze inzuzo. wezikhungo zomnotho ezihamba phambili kanye nohulumeni ophethe umnotho kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezimpahla zomphakathi eziyisisekelo.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, izimboni zesimanje zokukhiqiza ngobuningi/zabathengi abaningi zizibonakalise zingaphansi kombelethisi we-socialism (wentando yeningi noma ngenye indlela) kunosongo olunomdlavuza empilweni yasemhlabeni. Izimbangi ezimbili ezinkulu zezimboni namandla amakhulu zengxenye yesibili ye-20th ikhulu leminyaka - i-United States yonxiwankulu bombuso kanye ne-bureaucratic-collectivist kanye ne-state-socialist Soviet Union - bobabili bahileleka ekuhlaseleni okukhulu kwemvelo ephilayo. Imvelo ehamba phambili nempilo-mauler kude futhi kude kube wuhlelo lonxiwankulu oluholwa yi-US olusetshenziswa abantu abaningi kanye nokuguga okwakhelwe ngaphakathi, oluhlala lukhiqiza kakhulu ngokwetheknoloji (futhi lucekela phansi) kunohlelo lwaseSoviet olungasekho. Lo mbuso wenhlalakahle nomnotho obhidliza iplanethi ukhulise ukufinyelela kwawo ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili kuwo wonke amaplanethi enkathini ye-neoliberal kanye neyangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Noma kunjalo, imodeli ye-vanguard/command ye-industrial state socialism eyayidlangile e-Stalinist Russia kanye nombuso waseSoviet amashumi eminyaka amaningi nayo yahileleka ebugebengwini obubalulekile bezinto eziphilayo ezibangelwa izinsalela zemvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe eyayo imodeli yokunqwabelana kwemvelo kokuhlasela kwemvelo. Uguquko lukaMao “lobukhomanisi” lwagcina njengowaphuca umbuso, umdidiyeli, kanye nomqondisi weqembu elikhulu lezimboni elakhelwa ukuxhashazwa konxiwankulu emhlabeni wonke kanye ne-eco-cidal, ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba yezinto ezimbiwa phansi okuqondiswa kakhulukazi ezinkulukazi zamazwe ngamazwe zase-US nezinye izinkampani zaseNtshonalanga. emngceleni wezimboni omkhulu waseShayina (indawo ehamba phambili emhlabeni yokudalwa kwenani lensalela yonxiwankulu kanye nokunqwabelana kusukela ngawo-1980.)
Ndawonye, nonxiwankulu bombuso waseNtshonalanga nowaseJapane ehamba phambili, imibuso emikhulu yezimboni yekhulu leminyaka elidlule kanye nenkathi yamanje ilethe isintu eweni lenhlekelele yangempela yendawo ezungezile ngenxa ye-industrial Greenhouse Effect (etholwe izazi zefiziksi zaseFrance nezaseBrithani phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kukaMarx. ). Ososayensi bomhlaba namuhla baxwayisa ngokuphuthuma okwandayo kanye nebutho ledatha embi ukuthi impucuko yezimboni yesimanje, eshisa ikhabhoni uMarx no-Engels abayamukele ngendlela yabo yolimi maphakathi no-19.th ekhulwini (noma kudala ngaphambi kokuthi "i-Anthropocene" egcwele - echaza ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kwezimali kwabonakala kude) manje iphakamisa umbono wangempela wokushabalala kwabantu. Kuyinguqulo ye-climatological enelukuluku lokuthi yini IManifesto yamaKhomanisi yathi imiphakathi lapho izinguquko ezidingekayo zihluleka khona ukwenzeka: “incithakalo evamile yezigaba ezilwayo.” (Enye inkolelo-mbono ebambekayo ithi ukukhula okumangalisayo nokukhiqiza kunenzuzo yokuthi ukumba nokushiswa ngokunganaki kukawoyela, igesi, namalahle okunikezwa iNtshonalanga eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule kube yisici esibalulekile esivumela imali ukuthi igweme uguquko lwesigaba sabasebenzi olwatholwa yilaba abasha ababili. AmaKhomanisi aprofetha.)
Ukugcwala Ukuphila
Ithemba lokusinda - ngoba yilokho okusengcupheni - libonakala lihlala ezindaweni ezishiywe ngonxiwankulu abakhulu bezimboni kanye namandla obusoshiyali ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule. Kwakamuva I-Counterpunch indaba, intatheli UGary Leech uyalandisa indlela isizwe esiyisiqhingi saseCuba “esibuchaze kabusha ngayo ubudlela-ndawonye” ngemva kokwehla kowayengumvikeli waso iSoviet Union. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, uLeech ukhombisa ukuthi, i-Cuba isiqhubekele ohlelweni lokubamba iqhaza kakhudlwana futhi okwenzeka njengemodeli evelele yezomnotho ezisimeme futhi ezinempilo, ezomnotho zamasiko avamile:
“Ngeminyaka yawo-1980, iCuba yabonisa ngokuseduze kakhulu imodeli yezwe yezenhlalakahle eyagcina yehluleka eSoviet Union….Kodwa ngokuwa kweSoviet Union kanye nokuhlakazeka kwenhlangano yohwebo yobusoshiyali, iCuba kwadingeka isungule kakhulu uma izosinda. kokubili ngokwezwi nezwi nangokomfanekiso njengesiqhingi se-socialism olwandle lwe-capitalism. Futhi bekungamasu okuphila okudala avela ngeminyaka yawo-1990s asize ekuchazeni kabusha i-socialism eCuba namuhla….Ukuwa kweSoviet Union, ngokuhambisana nokuqiniswa okuhambisanayo kokuvinjwa kwe-US iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, kwakusho ukuthi iCuba ingakwazi. akusangeni ngaphandle ukudla okwanele noma uwoyela. Izwe libhekane nokushoda kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezisekelwe ku-petroleum kanye nomanyolo ngokuthi libe elihamba phambili emhlabeni wonke kwezolimo lwe-organic. Yasabela ekushodeni kukaphethiloli ngokuba ngumholi kwezolimo zasemadolobheni ukuze kwehliswe isidingo sokuthutha ukudla amabanga amade kuya ezimakethe. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-80 omkhiqizo wezolimo wezwe manje usuyi-organic… [futhi ekhiqizwa] imifelandawonye emincane yabasebenzi. Amadlelandawonye amasha awagcinanga ngokukhuphula umkhiqizo kuphela, aphinde adala ukugudluka kubudlela-ndawonye bombuso ngokunika amandla abasebenzi ababenezwi elincane noma bengenalo nhlobo ekuqhubeni izindawo zabo zokusebenza….Le ntando yeningi yabasebenzi abasafufusa ngamadlelandawonye ayizange ibe khona nje ekukhiqizeni ezolimo, kodwa futhi. kwenzeke ekuthengisweni kwemikhiqizo…”
“Ukushintshela ekukhiqizeni okuzinzile kwezolimo kuholele ekutheni ukudla okunempilo okunempilo kube ukudla okulula nokungabizi okutholakala kubantu baseCuba. Ngenxa yokuvinjwa kwe-US, ukudla okugayiwe kubiza kakhulu futhi akutholakali kalula. Leli qiniso lihluke kakhulu kulokho ezizweni ezicebile zonxiwankulu njenge-United States neCanada lapho amabhizinisi ezolimo axhaswe kakhulu agcwala imakethe ngokudla okugayiwe okushibhile, okungenampilo kuyilapho okuhlukile kwemvelo kubiza futhi kunzima ukukuthola. Umphumela e-United States ukukhuluphala ngokweqile, isifo sikashukela nesifo senhliziyo.”
Sibonga kakhulu ngalezi zinqubo ezintsha ezimangalisayo esiqhingini esilahliwe ngabangu-20th I-socialism yezimboni zekhulu leminyaka yamaSoviet futhi yavinjwa yi-US eholwa yi-20th futhi 21st ubungxiwankulu bombuso bekhulu leminyaka, iCuba igqame phakathi kwazo zonke izizwe (ezicebile nezimpofu) ngendlela ebucayi. Abenzi be-United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) bathole ukuthi i-Cuba ukuphela kwezwe emhlabeni elihlanganisa izinga lokuphila kanye nezinga lempilo elihambisana “nokuthuthukiswa kwabantu okuphezulu” okunekhabhoni esimeme emhlabeni wonke. Umbiko we-World Wildlife Fund (WWF) uhlanganisa igrafu ebonisa izici ezimbili zezizwe zomhlaba: i-HDI (okuhlanganisa nezilinganiso zeminyaka yokuphila, ubumpofu, ukufunda nokubhala, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, nokunye okunjalo) kanye "nomlando wemvelo" - amandla nezinsiza ezisetshenziswa umuntu ngamunye ezweni ngalinye. ICuba kuphela eyaphasa kuzo zombili lezi zindawo.
Njengoba i I-University of British Columbia iphawula,
“Ngo-2006, i-WWF yamemezela iCuba njengewukuphela kwezwe elisimeme elisekelwe emvelweni wemvelo kanye nenkomba yokuthuthukiswa kwabantu. Iningi lokudla okulinywa eCuba kukhiqizwa ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali. Izimbungulu ezinhle zilwa nezimbungulu ezimbi emasimini. Inhlabathi yabo - njengemiphakathi yabo - igcwele impilo….Namuhla, imifelandawonye yezolimo yaseCuba ihlinzeka ngamaphesenti angama-80 okudla okukhiqizwa eCuba futhi uhlelo lwayo lwezolimo lwasemadolobheni luyisibonelo emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokwakhela empumelelweni yemifelandawonye yezolimo, iCuba manje isithatha izinyathelo ezintsha ezinesibindi ukwakha umnotho wokubambisana, onobulungiswa futhi ogxile kubantu.”
Ibize nge-Earth Science-friendly socialism - noma mhlawumbe ngisho nesocialism yesayensi yomhlaba.
Imbewu Entsha Egobolondweni Elidala
Khonamanjalo, phezulu endaweni eyisizinda sezimboni yamandla amakhulu aseNyakatho Melika, kwenzeke into efanayo kakhulu e-Detroit - idolobha elachithwa ngonya futhi elashiswa inhloko-dolobha ezweni elihamba phambili lonxiwankulu emhlabeni. Ngaphezulu kwamakhilomitha-skwele angama-20 (indawo ecishe ibe nkulu njengeManhattan) yaleli dolobha elidala lokukhiqizwa ngonxiwankulu (kanye nenyunyana yokukhiqiza ngobuningi) manje akunamuntu - inhlokodolobha ishiywe. Ohambweni lwakamuva oluya ekomkhulu lemboni yezimoto yaseMelika eyake yaba namandla - manje osekuyikhaya labantu abaningi abagxilile futhi abahlukaniswe kakhulu ubumpofu abamnyama nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngezinga elimangalisayo - teleSur Englishka- U-Maria Sitrin utholakele ukuthi "abantu baseDetroit bebebuyisela idolobha labo ... bedala elisha egobolondweni lakudala." Abantu abavamile abasebenzayo endaweni ephakathi kwedolobha lokulahlwa konxiwankulu basungule uhlelo lokulima lwasemadolobheni olukhulisa impilo kanye nohlelo lokubambisana olutshala ngokushesha imbewu engokoqobo nengokomfanekiso yesakhiwo somnotho esihlukile phakathi kwensalela yasemadolobheni ebolayo yohlelo lwenzuzo olwashintsha iDetroit. ukuya edolobheni laseRustbelt lokugcina:
“Abantu bebetshala ukudla emabhilidini angasasebenzi, ezindaweni ezingenamuntu, izakhiwo ezibhidliziwe nokunye ukuqhekeka kohlelo. Ngafunda… ukuthi igobolondo lamabhilidi angasasetshenziswa lihle ekugcineni imibhede yezitshalo eziphakeme ifudumele [kanye]….yabafundi - izinkulungwane zabo - ukufunda ngomphakathi, impilo, ukunakekelwa kanye nokubambisana ezikoleni zabo ngokusebenza ezingadini zesikole [kanye]… wokushintshaniswa kweresiphi yemikhiqizo emisha yamasonto onke phakathi kwenqwaba yabantu abadala kanye ne-potluck yomphakathi yangakithi [nokuthi]…umuntu angakwazi ukuthenga izaqathi, utamatisi, nezinye izithelo nemifino ngaphandle kwezitolo zamagalaji - ezihlelwe yintsha. I-Detroit yakha okusha emifantwini yakudala…. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, njengoba isimo esibucayi somnotho sijula futhi amakhono abantu okusinda ebhekene nenselelo enkulu, baphendukela komunye nomunye futhi baqalaze izindlela zokusinda. Kulokhu, indawo ezungeze izinkulungwane zezindawo ezingenamuntu, ezivame ukushiywa amabhizinisi asebethathe isikhathi eside imisebenzi kwenye indawo, noma abanikazi bezindawo abangasakwazi ukukhokha izintela noma izikweletu. Kunokuba bashiye umhlaba ushiywe dengwane, abantu bebelokhu behlangana ukuze bawenze ukhiqize. Akuwona umsebenzi omncane lona, futhi ngokubambisana kwezinkulungwane zabantu amapulazi nezingadi zasemadolobheni eDetroit zikhiqiza amathani angama-200 womkhiqizo unyaka ngamunye. Isibalo sezingadi zasemadolobheni sisuke ngaphansi kwekhulu ngaphambi konyaka ka-100 saya ngaphezu kwezi-2000 ngo-2000. Lokhu kusho ukuthini ngokwesintu ukuthi labo bantu abasebenza izingadi badla izithelo noma imifino ka-2015 ngaphezulu kunalabo abangakwenzi…. Lezi zinombolo zibaluleke kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi iDetroit 'iwugwadule lokudla' okusho ukuthi azikho izitolo ezinkulu zokudla ezithengisa umkhiqizo omusha. Lezo ezincane ezikhona zimbalwa futhi ziqhelelene phakathi, futhi umkhiqizo abanawo uvame ukuba mubi… Nakuba kunenani elikhulayo lamanethiwekhi ahlelwa amapulazi nezingadi zasemadolobheni abantu abafundisa abanye amasu okulima emadolobheni, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho. bangabantu futhi bayaqhubeka bengabantu abaningi abavele bazifundele futhi bafundisane ezindaweni abahlala kuzo.”
I-Socialism Njengesisekelo Sokusimama
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-Leech's Cuba kanye ne-Sitrin's Detroit akunakuphikwa futhi kunamandla. Bebhekene nokulahlwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kwezenhlalo, nezombusazwe (kanye nokuvinjelwa kweCuba) ngabaphezulu abaphezulu, abezimboni, kanye ne-eco-cidal, abantu ngokwabo bangenelela ukuze bakhe amasu amasha nanempilo, asimeme imvelo ukuze baphile. Bazenzele ezabo izindlela ezinempilo, ezisekela ukuphila zokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa ezingeni eliyisisekelo - ukudla. Lokhu bakwenze ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezivumelanayo nezivuselelayo - esikhundleni sokungqubuzana kanye ne-extractivist - ubudlelwano boMhlaba sonke esabelana ngawo. Cabanga nje.
Lena akuyona indlela ebekiwe IManifesto yamaKhomanisi. Akukhona ngempela mayelana nokwakhela phezu, noma ukulingisa impumelelo enkulu yezimboni, eqondwa njengebhuloho elamukelekile ekugcineni emhlabeni ongale kokuxhashazwa, inzuzo yangasese, kanye nesidingo sokukhandleka. Futhi akuphathelene “nonxiwankulu abangama-naïve “i-utopian socialism” u-Marx no-Engels abahlekisa ngayo emqulwini wabo womlando. Kumayelana nabantu abahamba ngokwemvelo nangokuphila ngaphandle konxiwankulu abanomdlavuza, ezindaweni ezilahliwe futhi ezivinjwe imali, ukuze bahlanganyele emsebenzini onzima kodwa owusizo nonokubambisana wokwakha izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa okunempilo, okusekela ukuphila nokusabalalisa kusukela phansi eMhlabeni kuya phezulu.
Kukhona ngempela umehluko obalulekile phakathi kweCuba neDetroit, lowo ama-Marxists azowazisa. Isibonelo saseCuba senzeke ngokubamba iqhaza kanye nokukhuthazwa kukahulumeni waseCuba, okuhambisana nezifiso ezizimele nezinobuhlali ngokweqiniso zeNguquko yaseCuba yango-1959. [1]. Umcwaningi waseCuba uRoberto Pérez utshela uLeech ukuthi iCuba yabeka isisekelo somphakathi osimeme emvelweni “lapho uguquko luzuza ubukhosi phezu kwemithombo yezwe, ikakhulukazi umhlaba nezimbiwa... Awukwazi ukucabanga ngokusimama,” kuchaza uPerez, “uma izinsiza zisezandleni zezwe langaphandle noma ezandleni zangasese. Noma singazi, besidala isisekelo sokusimama.” Leli yiphuzu elibalulekile. Njengombhali weMarxist ozinze eNew York City Louis Proyect waphawula ngo-May odlule, “ubunxiwankulu nepolitiki yonxiwankulu kufanele kuthathelwe indawo ukuze kuqhubeke isintu nemvelo. Uma sesikwazi ukuqeda isisusa senzuzo, umnyango uvulekele ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yemvelo okokuqala ngqa emlandweni wesintu. Ukuthi sizisebenzisa kanjani lezi zinsiza ngokwemvelo kuyokwaziswa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi isizathu sibusa umphumela hhayi imali etholwayo ngekota. Okunye,” kusikhumbuza u-Proyect, “lokhu kuwukwehlela ebunyameni, uma kungekona ukushabalala.” (Ubudlova, ngokufanele, buyaqhubeka e-US, ikhaya labantu abaningi abadutshulwa ngama-290 ezinsukwini zokuqala ezingu-270 zika-2015 kanye noMbuso Wezempi Womhlaba wonke ovame ukubulala abangenacala - muva nje iziguli ezingu-22 nodokotela oDokotela Ngaphandle Kwemingcele. indawo e-Afghanistan – phesheya ngezinga elikhulu). I-Ecosocialists: musani ukuyilahlela ngaphandle ingane ephikisana nonxiwankulu ngamanzi okugeza osozimboni!
Inhlangano yokulima yasemadolobheni ngokubambisana echazwe nguSitrin eDetroit nakwezinye izindawo zonxiwankulu, ukulahlwa konxiwankulu okuqhutshwa yinani lokushintshana kulo lonke elase-US kwenzeka ethunzini lasemadolobheni lesizwe esisalokhu sivalelwe isigaba sonxiwankulu esinamandla emhlabeni kanye nezicashile, ezingakhethwanga. kanye nobushiqela obuhlobene bemali, umbuso, uhlanga, inzalamizi, kanye ne-eco-cide. Ukuma kwayo ngokwendawo, nokho, kuyenza ngomqondo owodwa ibaluleke kakhulu kunentuthuko emangalisayo yaseCuba ethathwe uLeech. I-Detroit, ngemuva kwakho konke, ihlezi esiswini sesilo, umbuso omkhulu wonxiwankulu kanye nombuso oqhubeka nokwenza okukhulu kakhulu ukubophela umhlaba ejokeni elibulalayo, eliqothulayo, inhlekelele yemvelo. "i-treadmill yomhlaba wonke" yokukhiqiza ngobuningi, ukusetshenziswa ngobuningi, kanye nokuqoqwa okuyimfihlo, kwe-plutocratic. Uma singase siphendule umthandi wokukhiqiza ngobuningi U-Leon Trotsky ekhanda lakhe le-eco-industrial wabe esembuyisela ezinyaweni zakhe e-United States, kukuleli zwe ngaphezu kwakho konke lapho umsebenzi wenguquko edumile, yama-permaculturalist kanye ne-eco-socialist umkhulu futhi lapho amandla okukhulula alolo hlobo lwenguquko esintwini ethuthuke kakhulu.
Incwadi yakamuva kaPaul Street ithi Bayabusa: I-1% v. Democracy (I-Paradigm, 2014).
Umbhalo wokugcina
[1]. U-Leech uphawula ukuthi ukugudluka kweCuba ekuqondeni kancane izibalo kanye nendlela yokubamba iqhaza kakhudlwana kwe-socialism ngokwakhiwa kwamadlelandawonye akuqondwanga kahle ngabezindaba base-US njengokushintshela konxiwankulu. “Ngokungafani nasezizweni ezingonxiwankulu,” kuchaza uLeech, “iCuba ayizange imane idilize izinkulungwane zabasebenzi bomkhakha kahulumeni futhi ibashiye bezondla njengabangasebenzi abafuna imisebenzi ezinkampanini ezizimele. Ukudilizwa kwabasebenzi kuyinqubo yeminyaka eminingi futhi, ngenxa yezinguquko zezomnotho zika-2011, abasebenzi abaningi bazoqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Isibonelo, emikhakheni eminingi, njengezitolo, izindawo zokucima ukoma, izindawo zokudlela kanye nezokuthutha, abasebenzi banikezwe ithuba lokusungula amadlelandawonye futhi bathathe izindawo zabo zebhizinisi ezikhona….Kwesinye isimo esinjalo, abasebenzi abahlanu endaweni yokudlela ephethwe nguhulumeni. bakha umfelandawonye futhi manje baqashe indawo kuhulumeni futhi baqhube ibhizinisi njengelabo. Ngakho nakuba beyingxenye yokudilizwa kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni ngenxa yokuthi abasawusebenzeli umbuso, basaqhubeka nokwenza umsebenzi ofanayo nowangaphambili. Emehlweni abantu abaningi, inguquko enjalo empeleni ihlanganisa ukuqiniswa kweSocialism esikhundleni sokuguqukela ku-capitalism ngoba inika amandla abasebenzi asebenezwi elizwakalayo ezindaweni zabo zokusebenza-into ababengenayo ngaphansi kweSocialism futhi ababengeke babe nayo i-corporate capitalism…Ukusungulwa kwamabhizinisi amancane azimele kuchaza kabusha i-Socialism yaseCuba ngoba ikhulula abasebenzi ezinhlakeni eziphakeme ze-state socialism ngokubavumela ukuba babe ngabaphathi babo. Obunye ubufakazi bokuthi ukuvumela amabhizinisi amancane kanye namadlelandawonye ukuthi aqhamuke akumele ngempela ukuguqukela kunxiwankulu iqiniso lokuthi kuhlezi kungekho emthethweni ukusungula inhlangano. Ngenxa yokuthi umuntu uvunyelwe kuphela ukuba nomnikazi wendawo eyodwa yebhizinisi, amaketango ezinkampani alawula ukukhiqizwa kanye nezimakethe azikwazi ukusungulwa ukuze iningi lamabhizinisi lihlale lingawasekhaya futhi ligxile emphakathini…ICuba ezama ukukugwema ukungalingani okukhulu nakanjani umphumela wobungxiwankulu benkampani eyodwa lapho abasebenzi bengenalo izwi elizwakalayo ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke. Ngakho-ke nakuba abahlaziyi abaningi abavamile e-United States bebheka ukushintshela emabhizinisini amancane azimele njengesinyathelo esibheke kunxiwankulu, umbono onjalo uyalishaya indiva iqiniso lokuthi amabhizinisi amancane aphethwe abantu abazimele awahlukile konxiwankulu, ayekhona emiphakathini kudala ngaphambi kokuba imodeli yonxiwankulu ibe khona. ubukhona.”
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela