INingizimu Afrika ingenye yezindawo okunzima kakhulu ukulwa nazo kuphethiloli, okuhlanganisa nezakhiwo ze-petrochemical ezihlala zishisa idolobha lesithathu ngobukhulu, iTheku, elasungulwa ngabamhlophe ogwini olusempumalanga maphakathi no-19.th ikhulu leminyaka. Isilinganiso saseNingizimu Afrika sikhipha amathani ayi-9 e-CO2 ngonyaka, okuyi-11th eliphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe anezakhamuzi okungenani eziyizigidi eziyi-10. Futhi kukalwa nge-CO2/capita/GDP - ukuze kuhlolwe amandla ekhabhoni emnothweni - izinga eliphakeme lesithathu emhlabeni, ngemuva kwe-Kazakhstan ne-Czech Republic kuphela.
Akekho isilinganiso, nokho, ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo lobandlululo lobuhlanga olwaphela ngo-1994, okungenani ngokwepolitiki, kanye nezinqubo 'zezigaba zobandlululo' ezathatha indawo yalo, kwakusho ukuthi abesilisa abamhlophe abacebile basenamandla amakhulu nengcebo, futhi bangcolisa kakhulu. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezakhamizi zezwe - ikakhulukazi abamnyama nabesifazane - ziphila ngobumpofu, ngaphansi komugqa osemthethweni wama-$3.30/ngosuku. Ngokukhuphuka kwamanani kagesi, amandla awo aya ngokuya, angcolile ngokuyingozi: izinkuni, amalahle noma upharafini wokufudumeza, amalambu nezitofu. 'Bashintshe amandla' emuva ngesikhathi, abakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zikagesi wezitolo zakwa-Eskom. Intengo yehora le-kiloWatt iphindeke kane enanini kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ngenxa yesinqumo sokwakha amajeneretha amabili amakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni asebenza ngamalahle asakhiwayo. Inkohlakalo, ukubambezeleka kanye nomkhiqizi kabhayela ongakwazi ukusebenza u-Hitachi kuphindwe kabili izindleko zokwakha izitshalo ezimbili ze-MegaWatt ezingama-4800 zisuka ku-$8 billion ngayinye lapho uxhaso luhlelwa ngo-2010 (ikakhulukazi iBhange Lomhlaba, emalini ebolekiwe enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zabolekiswa) zafinyelela ku-$15 billion ngasinye namuhla.
Ingabe lezi zimo ezigcwele ukungqubuzana esikalini sikazwelonke zingase zibangele umnyakazo ojulile we-Climate Justice ('CJ'), osebenzisa amandla endawo, futhi wengeze amandla avuselelwe entsheni? Lona ngumbuzo obuzwe abaningi bosomaqhinga bezwe bezobulungiswa bezemvelo kanye ne-eco-socialist, ngemuva kwekota yekhulu leminyaka yenkululeko yezombangazwe. Kodwa inkululeko iye yahlanekezelwa kakhulu yi-neoliberal-nationalist ideology kanye nemikhuba yonxiwankulu abancane, okuhlanganisa ukucindezelwa ngezikhathi ezithile kokuvukela kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Kulolu hlelo, ubulungiswa bezemvelo bubekwe eceleni.
Endaweni, izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi zibhekene nokuphikiswa. I-petrochemical complex ivame ukufaka ushevu idolobha lesithathu ngobukhulu, iTheku, elasungulwa izifiki ezimhlophe ogwini olusempumalanga maphakathi no-19.th ikhulu leminyaka. Lapho, indawo ehluza uwoyela enkulu kunazo zonke e-Afrika ihlaselwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokunukubezeka kwendawo kanye nasemhlabeni jikelele iSouth Durban Community Environmental Alliance (SDCEA). Impi yekhulunyaka yashuba ngo-2019 ngoba, amakhilomitha ayi-1200 phansi oLwandlekazini i-Indian abiza, ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-45 (imiphongolo ebiza izigidi ezingama-300) kawoyela omusha wasogwini kanye ne-condensate yegesi yatholwa yi-Total. Kumenyezelwe ngu osopolitiki abajabule ngokuthanda okukhulu, ukungabaza kuba khona kamuva athuthukile mayelana nezimo ezinzima kakhulu zokukhishwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-2800km ukhuphuka ogwini eRovuma enyakatho yeMozambique nenani elikhulu nakakhulu legesi (Inani lamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 liphonswa nxazonke), amanye awo i-Total ithenga e-Anardarko, ne-ExxonMobil ne-Eni eshisayo ezithendeni zayo. Izizinda zegesi ezindala ePande naseTemane, maphakathi nezwe, zikhona idliwe yiSasol, lapho u-20% udala amandla okusetshenziswa endaweni kanti ama-80% ampontshwa ibanga elingu-900km liyiswa endaweni eyinhloko yokuhluza ephakathi nezwe eNingizimu Afrika eSecunda. Lapho, amaconsi kaphethiloli owuketshezi akhanywa ngamandla amakhulu kangangokuthi leli dolobha elincane labangu-40,000 XNUMX liyindawo yomhlaba wonke. umthombo owodwa omkhulu wephoyinti lokukhishwa kwe-CO2. Izishoshovu zendawo ezilwa kanzima lapha ziholwa yi- I-Vaal Environmental Justice Alliance.
Maphakathi neTheku, izinkampani zikawoyela zigcwele phama amakhilomitha amathathu ukuya ogwini ngokubhoboza okuhlola cishe amakhilomitha amane ukushona e-Agulhas Current, okuwumzila wamanzi olwandle oluneziyaluyalu, ngemuva kweGulf Coast. Kodwa ngaphandle kwazo zonke izishoshovu ezimelene nowoyela - ukuhlukaniswa, 'ikhabhoni engashi' kanye 'nezingcindezi zempahla ecindezelwe', kanye nemibhikisho eqondile - emelene nezikhulu zikawoyela, ezine kuzo zilindele izigidigidi zamadola enzuzweni uma sezisungule ama-rigs: I-ExxonMobil, i-Statoil, i-Eni ne-Sasol, ngokulandelana enkulu kunazo zonke evela e-US, Norway, Italy naseNingizimu Afrika.
ITheku selivele liyisizinda sikawoyela sesifunda sabacwengi be-Shell kanye ne-BP, kanye ne-Engen ephethwe yiMalaysia. Eduze, ngaphakathi kwechweba elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Afrika, kunezindawo ezinkulu zokugcina uwoyela. Ogwini olubandayo lwe-Atlantic ogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika eSaldanha, i-Aramco yaseSaudi Arabia nayo icubungula ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ekugcineni uwoyela. Futhi amahora amabili enyakatho yeTheku e-Richards Bay โ okuyikhaya letheminali enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yokuthumela amalahle โ umphathi wechweba likamasipala, uTransnet, uhlose ukumisa itheminali ye-LPG. Kukho konke lokhu kubeka engcupheni kwemvelo yasolwandle, izinkampani ziyakhuthazwa inkulumo-ze kahulumeni ethi 'Blue Economy'.
I-SDCEA, inhlangano emelene nowoyela kuleli, ihlale ixhumanisa impilo yendawo kanye nokulimala kwemvelo ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, futhi iphikisana nokucekelwa phansi kolwandle egameni lezakhamuzi zendawo, izinkulungwane zabadobi, amapulazi amancane asogwini kanye nabatshuzi. Ukunqoba kufake ukwehlisa ukukhishwa kwesulphur yokucwenga kanye ukubambezeleka ukunwetshwa kwe-port-petrochemical complex eseduze kwamabhiliyoni angama-25. Izinga lesifuba somoya eSikoleni Samabanga Aphansi i-Settlers, phakathi kwezikhungo ezimbili ezinkulu zokuhluza, senyukele ku-52% wezingane ezazifunda ngo-2004, kodwa manje sehle kakhulu. Kepha iqembu alikakazivali izindawo zokuhluza - inhloso ye-SDCDEA - noma lehlise umthamo wazo wama-350,000 / ngosuku. Futhi ngenkathi I-SDCEA iyagcizelela ukuthi kungabe kusaba khona ukuhlolwa kukawoyela negesi phesheya kwezilwandle - futhi okuyingozi kakhulu, inkampani yezinkampani zikahulumeni iTransnet iphindaphinde kabili ubukhulu bepayipi likawoyela elisuka eThekwini liya endaweni esetshenziswa kakhulu, eGoli, kuphrojekthi eyindida yamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.8 kusukela ngo-2005-18.
Ukujoyina iSDCEA, ezinze emiphakathini yabamnyama yaseThekwini eWentworth, Merebank, Clairwood kanye naseMlazi (futhi ngokwezinga elithile neBluff, indawo eyayihlala abamhlophe), bangabasebenzi bezokongiwa kwemvelo abavela. I-Oceans Not Oil futhi Izilwandle Zasendle. Kodwa i-SDCEA iholile, kanye nayo umsebenzi ophansi Ama-NGO amadlelandawonye, โโekulweni nowoyela negesi yasogwini, ehla nasezansi nogu ukusuka eMozambique ukuya eKapa. Enkabeni yezwe, kuphinde kube nezimpi zabashokobezi enkantolo zabalimi kanye nabezemvelo ukuze babhekane nezinsongo zefemu yaseMelika i-Rhino zokuthi bazoquleka ezintabeni ezinhle zoKhahlamba kanye namapulazi aseduze kwaKwaZulu-Natal. Engxenyeni eyihlane laseKaroo, uphiko lwakwaShell luyahoxa ngemuva kokuhlehla kwenkantolo. Noma kunjalo, usantula ukwazi ngesimo sezulu, uMkhandlu kahulumeni Wokucwaninga Ngesayensi Nezimboni uhlela okukhulu ipayipi legesi ezweni lonke.
'I-Coalanization' iyaqhubeka
Izimayini zamalahle zihlinzeka ngamaphesenti angama-90 emikhiqizo ka-Eskom, kanye namathani alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-80 okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Izimpi ezinkulu ezilwa namalahle zenzeka ngenxa yokulimala kwawo endaweni kwezempilo yomphakathi, amanzi, umhlaba nomoya. Ngezizathu zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, impi iqhutshwa ngokuqhubekayo amandla amathathu: ama-NGO, abameli kanye nemiphakathi ezindaweni zamalahle ezibhubhisayo. Ngeshwa abasebenzi abahleliwe empeleni basekela amalahle, nakuba lokho kungashintsha.
Ngokuvamile, izishoshovu zendawo azikakabi amadlangala futhi azikaphumeleli njengoba, isibonelo, inhlangano yaminyaka yonke yaseJalimane i-Ende Gelรคnde, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi umphakathi awukahlelwa kahle ukuze uqonde futhi usebenze ngepolitiki yesimo sezulu. Ngakho inqubekelaphambili njengamanje incike ekucindezelweni kosozimali, amasu omthetho endaweni enzima, kanye nemibhikisho yasendaweni ikakhulukazi. Okunye ukuphazamiseka komphakathi kwenzeka ezindaweni eziseduze nezimayini zamalahle kanye nezizinda zokuphehla ugesi ngamalahle, njengokuvinjwa kwemigwaqo, kanti abanye basebenzisa izinkantolo ukuvimbela izakhiwo ezimbili ezizimele ezisebenza ngamalahle ukuba zakhiwe, kuze kube manje ngempumelelo.
Ukuqhekeka kuvimbele ukuvela komnyakazo ojwayelekile wokulwa namalahle, futhi empeleni ngokumelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Amanye ama-NGO anezinhlelo ezithile asebenzisana namazwe ngamazwe. IGreenpeace Africa, isibonelo, ikhipha ucwaningo olubalulekile olumelene nokungcoliswa komoya namanzi embonini yamalahle, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile izibandakanya ezenzweni eziqondile ngokumelene nenkampani eyinhloko kagesi kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni, nakuba ngokuvamile lezi zincane futhi zingokomfanekiso. Igatsha laseNingizimu Afrika la 350.org kuhloswe ngokukhethekile abaxhasi bezimali embonini yamalahle - impumelelo uma iqhathaniswa namabhange endawo amaningana - futhi iwumgogodla wobubanzi "decoalonize Afrikaโ umkhankaso. (Impumelelo yayo enkulu ifunwe kulo nyaka eLamu, eKenya โ uma kuqhathaniswa nephrojekthi yaseShayina elindelwe ukuthengwa kwamalahle aseNingizimu Afrika kuze kuthuthukiswe izimayini zaseKenya). Ngeshwa i-engeli ye-CJ ichazwa kancane kancane yilawa ma-NGO, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ayinto eyodwa ngokwemvelo noma awakazweli ngokwanele ubuhlanga, isigaba, ubulili, isizukulwane nokunye ukungalingani.
Labo abanombono oqondile we-CJ bahlanganisa ama-NGO endawo anabalingani bawo abasemphakathini. Okugqame kakhulu ukuthi โImpilo emva kwamalahle,โ ehlanganisa amaqembu azikhandlayo I-Earthlife Africa futhi umsebenzi ophansi, kanye nabameli abaqhubekayo e- Isikhungo Samalungelo Ezemvelo (CER). Kwesinye isikhathi bazama ukuphikisana nokuhlolwa koMthelela Wezemvelo ngezizathu zokuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu akubandakanyi kahle ekuhleleni, futhi bahlukumeza izinhlangano zombuso ukuze zidalulwe kanye nokuqiniswa ngokuqinile kwemithetho yezemvelo. Kwesinye isikhathi abalingani babo bahileleka emibhikishweni emikhulu, nakuba owokugcina omkhulu - okungenani owawumasha abangu-10,000 - wawungasekupheleni kuka-2011 lapho iTheku libambe ingqungquthela yonyaka ye-UN yesimo sezulu. I-counter-summit yayingcolile, njengoba kunjalo embule ukuhlukana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamafilosofi amabili: CJ (eyaholwa ngaleso sikhathi ngu IDemocratic Left Front, osekuthule manje) kanye ne-Climate Action (ama-NGO ajwayelekile njenge-WWF).
Namuhla, inethiwekhi enamandla kakhulu yezishoshovu ezimelene namalahle Imiphakathi Ethintekile Ezimayini Ihlangene Esenzweni. Ezinye zihlanganisa i Inethiwekhi Yomphakathi Yezimayini Nezobulungiswa Kwezemvelo yaseNingizimu Afrika kanye Nabesifazane Abavela Emiphakathini Ethintekile Ezimayini Bahlangene Ekusebenzeni. Esifundazweni saseMpumalanga esinothe ngamalahle, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amabili athinteke kakhulu, i-Emalahleni (Witbank) ne-Carolina, la maqembu kanye Umkhandlu Wezinguquko WaseNingizimu Afrika abe nomthelela obalulekile, kokubili ekuhleleni nasekukhuthazeni umbono we-eco-socialist. Kodwa-ke, akukho ukunqoba okukhulu okusengafunwa, ngaphandle kwe-Earthlife kanye ne-CER kusetshenziswa i-Environmental Impact Assessment ukuze kubambezeleke ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo ezintsha ezizimele ezisebenza ngamalahle.
Impi esezingeni eliphezulu yokulwa namalahle iqhutshelwa emngceleni wesiqiwu esidala kunazo zonke e-Afrika, iHluhluwe-iMfolozi, edume ngokuzalanisa obhejane abamhlophe ngu-Ian Player ngesikhathi sebezoshabalala eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Esangweni eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yepaki kukhona izigodi ezimbili ezingomakhelwane: iSomkhele - lapho izishoshovu zizame ukuvala imayini yamalahle ekhula ngokushesha - kanye neFuleni, lapho kuze kube manje zivimbe enye ukuba ivuleke. Ngaphakathi kwaseSomkhele, indlu yezimayini ezinze eGoli iTendele kanye nezicukuthwane zendawo ziphikisana neMfolozi Community Environmental Justice Organisation, isekelwa yizazi zemvelo ngokwesiko likaPlayer, ikakhulukazi abameli. Kirsten Youens futhi I-Global Environmental Trust. Iqembu lokugcina Uchaza, โIminyaka eyisikhombisa le mayini ibisebenza ngaphandle kwelayisense esemthethweni yokusebenzisa amanzi. Imayini iphinde yagubha futhi yahambisa amakhulu amathuna ngaphandle kwezimvume ezidingekayo futhi yahoxisa isinxephezelo esasivunyelwene ngaso emindenini ngokumbiwa kwezinsalela zokhokho bayo - udaba olubucayi kakhulu esikweni lamaZulu. Imayini ithathe indawo yamakhulu abantu ngaphandle kokubanxephezela ngomhlaba wabo, izindlu zabo kuphela.โ
Kodwa sekuqubuke ukungezwani phakathi kwamadoda akwaSomkhele ezwakalisa isidingo esikhulu somsebenzi - ngisho emayini yamalahle eyingozi - ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi abesifazane bekhuluma ngokuzilondoloza kwabo amakhaya, umoya ohlanzekile, ukutholakala kwamanzi, amapulazi amancane kanye nendlela yokuziphilisa ngakolunye. Abasebenzi basezimayini kanye nabaholi bezinhlanga abasebenzisana nenkampani yamalahle bawine umzuliswano wakamuva - umbango wokwandiswa kwemayini yaseSomkhele ekhona - empini yasenkantolo yango-Agasti 2018, kodwa icala lisadluliswa. Ikhombisa isidingo esikhulu sesu le-Just Transition kanye noxhaso olwanele lokuqashwa komunye umuntu owakha imvelo, onengqondo, esikhundleni sokumba amalahle.
EGoli, izishoshovu zaseSomkhele kanye neFuleni zinomunye umsizi obalulekile: ukuhlangana kwe-eco-feminist yabalimi besifazane bezwekazi lonke, izazi zezemvelo kanye nabahlaziyi be-NGO abayinkimbinkimbi eqenjini i-African Women Unite against Destructive Extraction, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi. WoMin. Bangabantu obala kakhulu ekulweni namalahle kusetshenziswa izindaba zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Izinhlangano ezinjengalezi ezilwa namalahle ngezinye izikhathi zisebenza ngokuphambana neqoqo elihlukile lezinhlangano ezizimele ezihlose ukunciphisa umonakalo wendawo ovela ezimayini, futhi ezingavamisile ukuthi uma zike zicabange ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma ukulahlekelwa okukhulu komnotho okubangelwa ukuqedwa kwensiza engavuseleleki. Izimpikiswano ezinjalo 'ziyibhokisi langaphandle' lama-NGO alwela izinguquko njengoba nje evuma ukuthi umqondo wawo ufanelekile ukushiya amaminerali, uwoyela negesi ngaphansi komhlaba. Umhlangano wabo waminyaka yonke waseKapa uyenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo imboni yezimayini ibuthana 'Indaba Yezimayini' (igama lokugcina elisho ukubonisana) futhi yaziwa ngokuthi I-Alternative Mining Indaba.
Kusukela umcimbi oqhutshwa yi-NGO ngokuvamile ihluleka 'ukuxhuma amachashazi' phakathi kwezikhalazo zezimayini ezincane kanye nezinkinga ezinkulu ezifana nesimo sezulu, ukukhethwa kwamandla kanye nokuphangwa kwezinsiza ezijwayelekile, abagxeki bahlele i-Thematic Social Forum kaNovemba 2018 mayelana Nezezimayini kanye Nezokukhishwa kwe-Extractivism eGoli. Yanikeza umbono obucayi kakhulu, ofuna โilungelo lokuthi cha!โ ukuze kuthathwe umhlaba wezinkampani kanye namaminerali. I-CJ yayiyitimu engaguquki lapho, futhi.
Izishingishane ezimbili nebhomu lemvula
Maphakathi no-2019, ukuphikisana nemikhawulo yazo zonke lezi zindlela kwagxila lapho amakhulu ezishoshovu zesifunda Inethiwekhi Yokubambisana Yabantu BaseNingizimu ne-Afrika babambe umhlangano wabo waminyaka yonke emnyuziyamu kazwelonke e-Dar es Salaam, eTanzania. Amalungu e-Rural Women Assembly anikeze ubufakazi ezindaweni ezihlaselwe yizishingishane eMozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi kanye neNingizimu Afrika. Kwakuwukusizana kwabo ngokumelene nezikhukhula, phakathi namasonto asabekayo kaMashi-April 2019, okwavumela ukusinda lapho kubhekene neziphepho eziphindwe kabili ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili.
U-Idai no-Kenneth bekuyizishingishane ezimbi kakhulu ezake zabhalwa kulesi sifunda, futhi phakathi kwaba 'neBhomu Lemvula' ngoMsombuluko wePhasika elicekele phansi iNingizimu yeTheku kanye nezindawo ezisezansi nogu. Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi lezi zivunguvungu zazinamandla kakhulu ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ngoba izinga lokushisa lolwandle i-Indian Ocean offshore Beira, Mozambique besanda ephakeme kunokujwayelekile ngamadigri angaphezu kwama-2, umthelela wawo bekuwukwenza i-Idai okukhulu kakhulu. Njengoba kunemimoya eqinile engu-195 kph phezulu, i-Idai yaba isiphepho sesithathu esibhubhisa kakhulu eNingizimu Nenkabazwe emlandweni oqoshiwe (kulandela izishingishane e-Madagascar ngo-1892 kanye ne-Indonesia ngo-1973).
Ohulumeni balinganisela ukufa kuka-Idai kwabayi-1,078: abantu baseMozambique abangama-602, abaseZimbabwe abangama-415, kanye nabaseMalawi abangama-60, nabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili abalahlekelwe futhi balinyazwa, kanye nezinsongo eziqhubekayo zekholera. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zommbila waseMozambique naseZimbabwe zacekelwa phansi, hhayi nje kuphela ngenxa yezikhukhula kodwa nesomiso esihlasele kwezinye izindawo.
Imvula ephansi eZimbabwe ayikaze ibonwe. Umthombo oyinhloko wamandla wezwe, uMfula iZambezi, wehla ngokwanele ukuze ucime ukuphakelwa kukagesi ngamanzi eDamu laseKariba, ichibi lokwenziwa elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Isikhungo Somhlaba Wonke Sokunciphisa Izinhlekelele Nokubuyisela iqinisekisa, โIMozambique ikleliswe endaweni yesithathu emazweni ase-Afrika achayeka kakhulu ezingozini eziningi ezihlobene nesimo sezulu futhi ahlushwa iziphepho ezikhathini ezithile, isomiso, izikhukhula, nezinye izifo eziwubhadane ezihlobene nazo.โ
Ukuxhumana phakathi kweCyclone Idai nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwaqashelwa lapha yilabo abanonembeza womphakathi. Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ikakhulukazi wathumela amabutho akhe ahlomile kanye nochwepheshe ukuze basize ekwakheni kabusha amapulangwe ukuze kubuyiselwe ugesi omkhulu ovela eMozambique, osuka edamini elikhulu laseCahorra Bassa eMfuleni iZambezi. INingizimu Afrika ibhekane nokucinywa kukagesi ngesonto u-Idai, ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kokuphakelwa kuka-1 MW. Isikhungo esikhulu esiza abantu baseMozambique kwakuyinhlangano esiza abantulayo eNingizimu Afrika, Isipho Sabaphi, ehlinzeka ngosizo emhlabeni wonke.
Emasontweni amahlanu kamuva, ngo-Ephreli 22, imvula engu-170 mm yana eThekwini nasezindaweni eziseningizimu, kwashona abangu-71. Irekhodi langaphambili lalingo-Okthoba 2017 lapho kuphela i-108 mm yehla ngosuku. Futhi ngesonto elilandelayo, iCyclone Kenneth yahlasela iMozambique - eduze nezizinda zikawoyela negesi ezisenyakatho ezisanda kutholwa - emngceleni onabantu abambalwa neTanzania, ngakho-ke nakuba imimoya ifinyelele ku-225 km ngehora, kwaba nokufa abambalwa.
Izivunguvungu kanye nebhomu lemvula kwembula ubungozi obubi besifunda, kanjalo nesomiso sango-2019 ezindaweni ezikhiqiza ukudla kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika, eMozambique naseZimbabwe kanye nokushoda kwamanzi eKapa okwathi kusukela ngo-2015-18 kwashiya ompompi bezindlu zedolobha becishe bomile. Ngenkathi iMozambique iqala ukusimama, uhlelo lwezingxoxo lukamabonakude oludume kakhulu โ Inhlangano Yezokusakaza yaseNingizimu Afrika Inkulumompikiswano Enkulu - yenza i-Cyclone Idai indawo eyinhloko embangweni ovuthayo wamahora amabili mayelana nokuthi zingaxhuma kanjani izinkinga zamandla kanye nesimo sezulu, nokuxazulula kokubili.
Okuphinde kucace kakhudlwana ngemva kwesimo sezulu esibi sika-2019, esaseNingizimu Afrika indima 'engaphansi' esifundeni, okuhlanganisa njengamandla ayinhloko abangela ukulimala kwemvelo. Kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu โ futhi kulula โ ukukhombisa ukuthi abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abacebe kakhulu โbanesikweletu sesimo sezuluโ ngalo monakalo. Izinkampani ezingaphansi kweshumi nambili ezisebenza eNingizimu Afrika - eziholwa yi-BHP Billiton, i-Sasol, iGlencore, i-Anglo American, i-Arcelor Mittal nezinye izindlu ezincibilikisa nezimayini ku-Energy Intensive Users Group - yizo ezibhekene no-40% wokusetshenziswa kukagesi. Ngokuvamile, njengososayensi wesimo sezulu waseNyuvesi yaseManchester uKevin Anderson uveza, โCishe u-50% wokukhishwa kwekhabhoni emhlabeni wonke uvela emisebenzini elinganiselwa ku-10% wabantu bomhlaba wonke,โ inkomba yendlela ukungabi nabulungisa kwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.
I-Climate Justice idinga ukuthi hhayi kuphela izakhamuzi eziphuma phambili kakhulu emlandweni emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa futhi izakhamuzi zaseNingizimu Afrika nezinhlangano ze-'Global North', ziqale ukuvuma icala, futhi zihlonze izindlela zazo zombili. khokha izinxephezelo zomonakalo, ngokuya ngezimiso ezijwayelekile zokukhokha komngcolisi, futhi ngokushesha zinciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngesu elicacile lokuphuma.
Leli phuzu lavezwa ngemuva kweCyclone Idai yoMkhandlu Wabesifazane Basemakhaya: โAmazwe amathathu manje ahlaselwe yile nhlekelele eqhubekayo โ iZimbabwe, iMozambique kanye neMalawi โ aphakathi kwamazinga aphansi kakhulu emhlabeni. Sifuna ukuthi amazwe acebile aqhubeka nokungcolisa umkhathi woMhlaba ngesisi esingcolisa umoya azibophezele ekukhokheleni isinxephezelo somonakalo nokulahlekelwa ukuphila okubangelwe yilesi siphepho sakamuva.โ
As evezwe ngu-Anabela Lemos, umqondisi we Justica Ambiental! (Friends of the Earth Moรงambique), โAbantu baseMozambique bayazi ukuthi lesi yisiphithiphithi sezulu. Bayazi ukuthi kwenzakalani. Bazofika baphonse inselelo kuwo wonke umuntu emazweni asenyakatho futhi babuze: kungani uqhubeka nokwenza lokhu kithi? Yekani lesi sibhicongo.โ
Ozinze eHarare Isikhungo Sokubusa Kwemithombo Yemvelo eHarare ikhiphe isitatimende esicacisa ukuthi izinxephezelo zingenziwa kanjani:
amazwe anothileyo kumele abhadale izikwelede zawo lozulu ebantwini beZimbabwe โ kodwa uhulumende weZanu PF kanye lomphathintambo wezemali uMthuli Ncube angeke bathenjwa ukuthi baphathe iholo. Kunalokho, sidinga ama-ejensi athembekile emphakathini ukuze athole usizo futhi adlulisele ngqo kubantu abavamile abathintekile. Lokhu kungenziwa nje ngokuhlela inhlelo zokubhadala endaweni ezitshiyeneyo eZimbabwe, ukuze wonke umuntu ohlala kulezondawo athole inkokhelo yokunxeshezelwa. Kunesidingo sokunxephezela imindeni ngokufa kwabantu, ukucekelwa phansi kwemizi ngisho nokulahlekelwa ukudla, imfuyo kanye nezitsha zasendlini. Isimo sibi ezifundazweni ezintekenteke lapho ohulumeni bebeke khona izinto ezibalulekile - okubeka ukuphepha kwabantu emsebenzini wokusiza abantu wama-NGO kanye nabafisela okuhle.
Lokhu akukashintshi zonkeinto - kodwa kungenzeka futhi kufanele
Yize lezi zehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu zokulimala kwesimo sezulu ziya ngokusobala, ukwakhiwa kwenhlangano ye-CJ yaseNingizimu Afrika bekunzima. Esinye isizathu umehluko wefilosofi phakathi kobulungiswa bezemvelo nezinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kunyakaza kuhlangana ezindaweni ezithile zobumbano, njenge ukuvikela ekumbiweni kwamalahle emngceleni we Hluhluwe-iMfolozi reserve (lapho ubhejane omhlophe wasindiswa khona ekuqothulweni).
Kodwa kunezixhumanisi ezimbalwa ezingekho ngaphambi kokuthi zikhiqize ukunyakaza kazwelonke ngesisindo esilinganayo, ukusho, Umkhankaso Wokwenza Imithi eyayifuna ukuthi imithi ye-AIDS ejwayelekile itholakale emhlabeni wonke. Ukunqoba kwabo kwenyuse iminyaka yokuphila kusukela eminyakeni engama-52 kuya kwengama-64 kusukela ngo-2005-15, ngokuthola izidakamizwa ezisindisa impilo kubantu abayizigidi ezinhlanu baseNingizimu Afrika ababengakwazi ukuyithenga phambilini.
Igebe elilodwa ekugqugquzeleni isimo sezulu ukwehluleka ukuhlela kabusha ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngendlela uNaomi Klein enza ngayo ngo-2014: Lokhu Kushintsha Konke. Lokho kuzobandakanya ukuhlanganisa yonke inhlobo yemizabalazo mayelana namandla, ezokuthutha, ezolimo, ukukhiqiza, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezisemadolobheni kanye nezinqubo zokulahlwa kwemfucuza ezidala ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu - isinyathelo ngasinye sendlela, sigcizelela izinqubomgomo kanye namaphrojekthi 'weJust Transition' ashintsha abasebenzi basuke emisebenzini engcolile baye emisebenzini ehlanzekile. ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umholo, kanye nokuzwela umthelela wendawo.
Inhlangano yesimo sezulu izobe isidinga ubunye benhloso kukho konke kusukela emfundweni edumile, ukulwela impi, ukumela abezindaba, ukubheka inqubo yenqubomgomo kazwelonke ukunxenxa izishayamthetho, ukufaka izikhalazo zokulawula - njengoba imvelo yasePitoli kanye nezinkonzo zezimayini ziziphatha sengathi zazisemaphaketheni abanukubezi - ukwakha umthetho wamacala athinta isimo sezulu ezinkantolo. Kuzodinga ukwesekwa okwengeziwe okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene eziyisisekelo kanye nezinhlangano ezixhasa ngezimali okwamanje ezikhulisa izingxabano, izimpi ze-turf kanye nepolitiki 'yesilo'. Okunye okudingekayo ubuholi obuqinile bentsha, lapho izimpawu zihlanganisa ukubonakaliswa okuningana kwendawo kwe Isimo Sezulu: eqinile eKapa naseGoli, kodwa enekhono lokusabalala ezweni lonke nasezwenikazi lonke. Inethiwekhi eyodwa ethembisayo kwakuyi- Umfelandawonye Wentsha YaseNingizimu Afrika Wokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu.
Izihlakaniphi ezicabanga ngamasu ngezikhathi ezithile zazibandakanyiwe kubushoshovu be-CJ, ikakhulukazi ithimba lama-eco-socialists elalihlanganiswe isazi sezomnotho sezepolitiki saseNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand uVishwas Satgar ukuthuthukisa ubude bencwadi. Isimo Sezulu ukugxeka. I-Satgar iphinde yasiza ekuhlanganiseni umkhankaso we-South African Food Sovereignty Campaign owasungulwa ngo-2018. Umqulu Wobulungiswa Besimo Sezulu Sabantu. Ithimba le-Alternative Information and Development Centre lihlanganise ndawonye unyaka ka-2017 Izigidi Zemisebenzi Yesimo Sezulu incwajana kanye nomkhankaso wokweseka ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, okuhlanganisa nezindawo zamalahle. Olunye ucwaningo olungcono kakhulu lokulwa namalahle luvela kusisekelo. Izintatheli eziphenyayo ezinokugxila kwesimo sezulu zingafundwa njalo ku Daily Maverick (eholwa nguKevin Bloom) kanye no Imeyili & Nomgcini (ikakhulukazi uSipho Kings).
Imibono ye-CJ yaseNingizimu Afrika ibonwa njengehluke kakhulu kunendlela Yesinyathelo Sesimo Sezulu, ngenxa yamasiko awo-1990 obulungisa bezemvelo kanye nokusungulwa kuka-2004 (kwamazwe ngamazwe) Durban Group for Climate Justice. Kodwa-ke, iNingizimu Afrika isalokhu ingumphakathi ongalingani emhlabeni wonke futhi amasiko omzabalazo ahluke kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezizodinga ukuhlanganisa ukuze kuqhamuke umbutho ofanele we-CJ kazwelonke: abameli bobulungiswa bezemvelo (okuhlanganisa nabasesigabeni esiphakathi abanonembeza), imiphakathi ehola kancane. , abesifazane, abasebenzi futhi ikakhulukazi intsha.
Ngokuphambene, phezulu-phansi Inethiwekhi ye-SA Climate Action Network inezinsiza eziningi kanye nokwethembeka kwangaphakathi kuhulumeni kanye nenhloko-dolobha, kodwa inobukhona obuphansi kakhulu emizabalazweni ebalulekile ebalulekile - futhi ngokuvamile, ukungena ngaphakathi kusho ukugunyaza izinqubomgomo ezibuthakathaka zesimo sezulu njenge-UNFCCC, noma iNingizimu Afrika. Uhlelo Lwezinsiza Oludidiyelwe amandla kanye Izimo Zokunciphisa Isikhathi Eside ye-decarbonization. Ambalwa kakhulu amaqembu avala leli gebe.
Izingcezu ezibomvu neziluhlaza, hhayi ama-fusions - kodwa esikhathini esizayo?
Njengokucutshungulwa kokugcina futhi mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, iNingizimu Afrika iphinde iveze izingxabano zakudala phakathi kwezazi zemvelo kanye nabasebenzi abahleliwe mayelana nokuqashwa. Ngokuvamile ngokunganaki, iGreenpeace walwa ngezikhathi ezithile nezinyunyana ezimbili ezinkulukazi, iNational Union of Metalworkers of South Africa (Numsa) kanye neNational Union of Mineworkers, amalungu azo ahlanganisa nabasebenzi abasemikhakheni edla ikhabhoni. Imizabalazo yabo yokuthola amaholo angcono ezimbonini zikagesi, ezimbonini zezimoto, ezimayini, ezincibilikisayo kanye nezinye izimboni ezisindayo yavulwa ngokusobala kusukela izinyunyana zaphinde zavela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, futhi amandla azo enhloso ayebalulekile ekuqedeni ubandlululo. Kodwa basamelene nokulahlekelwa kwemisebenzi eyizi-100,000 esifundeni esikhulu samalahle, eMpumalanga, ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni akakaze anikeze imininingwane ngokuthi kusho ukuthini ngenkulumo ephindaphindwayo, iJust Transition.
Abasebenzi beNumsa bake baba ngabagqugquzeli abanombono wentando yeningi yamandla avuselelekayo, kwathi ekuqaleni kwawo-2010, inyunyana athuthukile esinye sezitatimende ze-Just Transition ezifisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa iNumsa yabe isiphenduka ngowezi-2017-19 ukuthi ilwe nezazi zezemvelo ze-Climate-Action phezu kuka-10,000 MW wamaphrojekthi angasese elanga nomoya afakwa ikakhulukazi yizinkampani zase-Europe.
Njengesekela lomholi wenyunyana uKarl Cloete wachaza, "igunya lamaphrojekthi Amandla Avuselelekayo kufanele kube ukufeza ukuhlinzekwa kwesevisi, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomhlaba wonke, ukuqeda amandla kanye nokuhlinzeka ngenzuzo elinganayo emiphakathini nakubasebenzi ababandakanyeka ngokuqondile ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla."
Umongameli we-Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union, uJoseph Mathunjwa, kuvunyelwene ukuthi umfuziselo ozimele kufanele ulahlwe: โUma sikushiyela emakethe, ngeke sifinyelele ezimpandeni zesimo sezulu kanye nenhlekelele yemvelo futhi abasebenzi bazolahlwa emikhakheni ekhona yezimayini nezamandla.โ
I-SA Federation of Trade Unions enezi-800,000 ibambe umhlangano phakathi konyaka wezi-2018 Ingqungquthela Yekilasi Lokusebenza ngenkulumo efanayo: โKufanele sigqugquzele uguquko olujulile ohlelweni lwamanje lwezomnotho lokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa, ngesikhathi esifanayo sifaka nokuvikela ukukhathazeka kwabasebenzi ezitolo. Kufanele sithole indlela yokubuyisana nezithakazelo zabasebenzi abasezimbonini ezithinta ugesi kanye nezabasebenzi ababhekene nomthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.โ
Kafushane, imigqa yempi phakathi kwezishoshovu zezabasebenzi nezesimo sezulu yadwetshwa emikhakheni emihlanu yokusebenza: isivinini, isikali, ububanzi, indawo kanye nombuso:
- Izinyunyana - ikakhulukazi iNumsa - zazifuna a Kancane ukushintshela ezintweni ezivuselelekayo ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi umbuso ngeke uvikele imisebenzi.
- Inhloso yabo efanele isikali ukuphehlwa kukagesi, ukudluliswa kwegridi kanye nokusatshalaliswa bekuhlale kukazwelonke, hhayi amasu ahlukaniselwe amazwe, "okukhiqiza okuncane okugxilile" athandwa yi-Climate Action neoliberals (le ndlela yokugcina yenza ukwabiwa kabusha kukagesi ngezinga elibanzi ukusuka kwabacebile kuye kwabampofu kube nzima kakhulu).
- The ububanzi Okufunwa yizinyunyana kuvame ukuncipha - ekuvikeleni imisebenzi ekhona esebenza ngamandla angcolile - kodwa endabeni yeNumsa, iphinde yakhuthaza ukuthi kube nombono owandile wangemva kobunxiwankulu.
- Inkinga yendawo - 'isikhala' โ inameva, njengoba izindawo ezinelanga, ezinomoya kanye namandla amakhulu eNingizimu Afrika ngokuvamile azihlangani nezizinda zamalahle ezimaphakathi nezwe kanye nezikhungo zikagesi, ngakho abameli be-CJ bazithole benenselelo yokubhekana nalokhu kuhlukana ngokucace kakhudlwana.
- Ekugcineni, kwaba nemibono ehlukene mayelana nendima ye- isimo, ikakhulukazi i-parastatal Eskom, njengoba iNumsa kanye nezinye izinyunyana zaphikelela ukuyihlenga njengengxenye yohlelo lwabo lwezombusazwe olucacile, kuyilapho izakhamuzi eziningi nezishoshovu ze-CJ zase zilahle ithemba ngenxa yenkohlakalo ejulile yesikhungo samandla kanye nokuchema nokuchema kwamalahle. .
Zimbalwa kakhulu izingosi ezikhuthazayo zomsebenzi ohlanganyelwe lapho lezi zihlukaniso ezinhlanu ekugcizeleleni zingahlanganiswa. Indlela yeMillion Climate Jobs ye-Just Transition ayizange ibe nezimpande. Izinyunyana bezivikela kakhulu. Abaningi bezemvelo - ikakhulukazi abavela kwabamhlophe abaphakathi - bebengazi ngokukhathazeka kobulungisa.
Nakuba ngo-2015 omkhulu ingqungquthela phakathi kweNumsa, abezemvelo kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi babhekane nezamandla kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngesithembiso esikhulu, ngesikhathi sokushoda okungaguquki kanye nokucinywa kukagesi, akuzange kulandelelwe. Le ngqungquthela imemezele ukuphikiswa โnezixazululo ezingamanga njengokwethulwa kwamandla enuzi ngezinga elikhulu, ukuqhekeka, ama-agrofuels/ama-biofuels, ukuhweba ngekhabhoni, 'amalahle ahlanzekile' kanye nokuthathwa kwe-carbon." Kodwa isidingo sokuhlanganisa, izimfuno ezihlanganyelwe kuhulumeni zeNguquko Elungile, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, okusazocutshungulwa, asenzeki kangako.
Isigaba sabasebenzi sinezimo ezimbalwa lapho, uma kungenjalo ukukhiqiza, okungenani ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphehlwa ngamalahle kwenziwa ipolitiki. Mhlawumbe umbutho wezokuhlalisana kwabantu basezindaweni zasemadolobheni owawukhathalela kakhulu isimo sezulu ngesikhathi sangemuva kobandlululo kwakuyiKomiti Yezinkinga Zogesi yaseSoweto, eyayilwa umzabalazo omude weminyaka eyishumi ubulungiswa bamandla. Ngokwengxenye babedumile ngokukhuthaza u-85% wezakhamuzi zamalokishi amakhulu ukuthi zicabange amandla kagesi 'njengezivamile,' yingakho kuxhunywa ugesi ngokungemthetho. Bakuthethelela lokhu ngokwengxenye ngenxa yabo abaholi abanombono njalo ezibucayi futhi umbhikisho Isizukulwane sakwa-Eskom esenziwe ngamalahle. โInqobo nje uma u-Eskom esebenzisa amalahle, ngeke ngikhokhe,โ omunye umholi utshele Izindaba ze-MSN ngoMashi, wenqaba ukushintsha isimo sakhe "ngaphandle uma besixhuma kugridi yesistimu sonozungezilanga."
Lokhu-ke kwaba, ngo-2019, ipolitiki yamanje ye-hybrid-CJ engagculisi eyenzeka. Kube nengxubevange yezempi esekelwe kubathengi, lapho izishoshovu eziholayo zazifuna ukuthi kuqedwe uphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi futhi ukufinyelela elangeni kwenziwe emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganiswe nemizabalazo enzima yomphakathi ngokumelene nokuhlola, ukumba, ukucwengwa kanye nokushiswa kwamalahle, uwoyela. kanye negesi. Izinyunyana zabasebenzi abangakwesokunxele ziphakamise izinguqulo eziqinile ze-eco-socialism kodwa zavikela imisebenzi yazo ngokuphelelwa yithemba okuqondakalayo. Intsha ekhulayo kanye nesigaba esiphakathi nezazi ngemvelo ithandele i-CJ, kodwa ukuqina kwayo bekungakahlolwa. Isigcawu Sesenzo Sesimo Sezulu esivamile sihlala singelutho futhi singenanjongo.
Kulo mongo, iningi lezakhamizi lalingenandaba, futhi abantu abahola imali ephezulu baphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezifana nezindawo ezicebe kakhulu ze-First World. Lawa kwakungamadoda nabesifazane abambalwa ababethathe izintambo eziphakeme zamandla aguquguqukayo, lapho inzuzo kanye nokutholwa okusha kwakumnandi kakhulu ukukhahlela imilutha yabo - ngaphandle uma labo abathuthukisa ipolitiki ye-CJ behleleka kangcono kakhulu, futhi babe nesibindi ngokwanele sokuqubuka komlilo okwakuza ngokungenakugwemeka. .
Patrick Bond okugunyaziwe Ipolitiki Yezobulungiswa Besimo Sezulu futhi ufundisa endaweni Inyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand School of Governance. Lesi sihloko siphinde sanyatheliswa ngabakwa- Izindaba ezinobuthi, eNyuvesi yaseWarwick 'Uchwepheshe Bobuthi' iphrojekthi.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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